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Back-angle enhancements of elastic alpha -scattering cross sections have been observed for nuclei at the ends of the 1p, 2s-1d, and f7 / 2 shells. Strong reduction of this enhancement occurs if excess neutrons enter the next open major shell. The results are discussed in terms of intermediate alpha structure.
Pion-production cross sections have been measured for the reaction 40Ar+40Ca--> pi ++X at a laboratory energy of 1.05 GeV/nucleon. A maximum in the pi + cross section occurs at mid-rapidity, which is anomalous relative to p+p and p+nucleus reactions and compared to many other heavy-ion reactions. Calculations based on cascade and thermal models fail to fit the data.
Inclusive energy spectra of protons, deuterons, and tritons were measured with a telescope of silicon and germanium detectors with a detection range for proton energies up to 200 MeV. Fifteen sets of data were taken using projectiles ranging from protons to 40Ar on targets from 27Al to 238U at bombarding energies from 240 MeV/nucleon to 2.1 GeV/nucleon. Particular attention was paid to the absolute normalization of the cross sections. For three previously reported reactions, He fragment cross sections have been corrected and are presented. To facilitate a comparison with theory the sum of nucleonic charges emitted as protons plus composite particles was estimated and is presented as a function of fragment energy per nucleon in the interval from 15 to 200 MeV/nucleon. For low-energy fragments at forward angles the protons account for only 25% of the nucleonic charges. The equal mass 40Ar plus Ca systems were examined in the center of mass. Here at 0.4 GeV/nucleon 40Ar plus Ca the proton spectra appear to be nearly isotropic in the center of mass over the region measured. Comparisons of some data with firestreak, cascade, and fluid dynamics models indicate a failure of the first and a fair agreement with the latter two. In addition, associated fast charged particle multiplicities (where the particles had energies larger than 25 MeV/nucleon) and azimuthal correlations were measured with an 80 counter array of plastic scintillators. It was found that the associated multiplicities were a smooth function of the total kinetic energy of the projectile. NUCLEAR REACTIONS U(20Ne,X), E / A=240 MeV/nucleon; U(40Ar,X), Ca(40Ar,X), U(20Ne,X), Au(20Ne,X), Ag(20Ne,X), Al(20Ne,X), U(4He,X), Al(4He,X), E / A=390 MeV/nucleon; U(40Ar,X), Ca(40Ar,X), U(20Ne,X), U(4He,X), U(p,X), E / A=1.04 GeV/nucleon; U(20Ne,X), E / A=2.1 GeV/nucleon; measured sigma (E, theta ), X=p,d,t.
Exclusive pi - and charged-particle production in collisions of Ar+KCl is studied at incident energies from 0.4 to 1.8 GeV/u. Complete disintegration of both nuclei is observed. The correlation between pi - and total charge multiplicity shows no islands of anomalous pion production. For constant numbers of proton participants the pi - multiplicity distributions are Poissons. For central collisions <n pi -> increases smoothly and to first order linearly with the c.m. energy. Disagreement with the firestreak model is found. Pacs numbers: 25.70.Hi, 24.10.Dp
Lambda 's produced in central collisions of 40Ar+KC1 at 1.8-GeV/u incident energy were detected in a streamer chamber by their charged-particle decay. For central collisions with impact parameters b<2.4 fm the Lambda production cross section is 7.6±2.2 mb. A calculation in which Lambda production occurs in the early stage of the collision qualitatively reproduces the results but underestimates the transverse momenta. An average Lambda polarization of -0.10±0.05 is observed. PACS numbers: 25.70 Bc
Pion production and charged-particle multiplicity selection in relativistic nuclear collisions
(1982)
Spectra of positive pions with energies of 15-95 MeV were measured for high energy proton, 4He, 20Ne, and 40Ar bombardments of targets of 27Al, 40Ca, 107,109Ag, 197Au, and 238U. A Si-Ge telescope was used to identify charged pions by dE / dx-E and, in addition, stopped pi + were tagged by the subsequent muon decay. In all, results for 14 target-projectile combinations are presented to study the dependence of pion emission patterns on the bombarding energy (from E / A=0.25 to 2.1 GeV) and on the target and the projectile masses. In addition, associated charged-particle multiplicities were measured in an 80-paddle array of plastic scintillators, and used to make impact parameter selections on the pion-inclusive data. NUCLEAR REACTIONS U(20Ne, pi +), E / A=250 MeV; U(40Ar, pi +), Ca(40Ar, pi +), U(20Ne, pi +), Au(20Ne, pi +), Ag(20Ne, pi +), Al(20Ne, pi +), U(4He, pi +), Al(4He, pi +). E / A=400 MeV; Ca(40Ar, pi +), U(20Ne, pi +), U(4He, pi +), U(p, pi +), E / A=1.05), GeV; U(20Ne, pi +), E / A=2.1 GeV; measured sigma (E, theta ), inclusive and selected on associated charged-particle multiplicity.
Energy spectra and angular distributions have been measured of 3He and 4He fragments emitted from Ag and U targets, bombarded with 2.7-GeV protons, and 1.05-GeV/nucleon alpha particles and 16O ions. All cross sections increase dramatically with projectile mass. No narrow peaks are found in the angular distributions or in the energy spectra.
Double-differential cross sections have been measured for high-energy p, d, t, 3He, and 4He particles emitted from uranium targets irradiated with 20Ne ions at energies of 250, 400, and 2100 MeV/nucleon and 4He ions at 400 MeV/nucleon. By using the shape and yield of the proton energy spectra, the shape and yield of the d, t, 3He, and 4He energy spectra can be deduced at all measured angles for all incident projectile energies by assuming that they are formed by a coalescence of cascade nucleons, using a model analogous to that of Butler and Pearson, and Schwarzschild and Zupancic-caron.
A simple model is proposed for the emission of nucleons with velocities intermediate between those of the target and projectile. In this model, the nucleons which are mutually swept out from the target and projectile form a hot quasiequilibrated fireball which decays as an ideal gas. The overall features of the proton-inclusive spectra from 250- and 400-MeV/nucleon 20Ne ions and 400-MeV/nucleon 4He ions interacting with uranium are fitted without any adjustable parameters.
The energy spectra of protons and light nuclei produced by the interaction of 4He and 20Ne projectiles with Al and U targets have been investigated at incident energies ranging from 0.25 to 2.1 GeV per nucleon. Single fragment inclusive spectra have been obtained at angles between 25° and 150°, in the energy range from 30 to 150 MeV/nucleon. The multiplicity of intermediate and high energy charged particles was determined in coincidence with the measured fragments. In a separate study, fragment spectra were obtained in the evaporation energy range from 12C and 20Ne bombardment of uranium. We observe structureless, exponentially decaying spectra throughout the range of studied fragment masses. There is evidence for two major classes of fragments; one with emission at intermediate temperature from a system moving slowly in the lab frame, and the other with high temperature emission from a system propagating at a velocity intermediate between target and projectile. The high energy proton spectra are fairly well reproduced by a nuclear fireball model based on simple geometrical, kinematical, and statistical assumptions. Light cluster emission is also discussed in the framework of statistical models. NUCLEAR REACTIONS U(20Ne,X), E=250 MeV/nucl.; U(20Ne,X), U(α,X) E=400 MeV/nucl.; U(20Ne,X), Al(20Ne,X), E=2.1 GeV/nucl.; measured σ(E,θ), X=p, d, t, 3He,4He. U(20Ne,X), U(α,X), E=400 MeV/nucl.; U(20Ne,X), E=2.1 GeV/nucl.; measured σ(E, θ), Li to O. U(20Ne,X), U(12C,X), E=2.1 GeV/nucl.; measured σ(E, 90°), 4He to B. Nuclear fireballs, coalescence, thermodynamics of light nuclei production.
Results are presented from a search for the decays D0 -> K min pi plus and D0 bar -> K plus pi min in a sample of 3.8x10^6 central Pb-Pb events collected with a beam energy of 158A GeV by NA49 at the CERN SPS. No signal is observed. An upper limit on D0 production is derived and compared to predictions from several models.
Particle production in central Pb+Pb collisions was studied with the NA49 large acceptance spectrometer at the CERN SPS at beam energies of 20, 30, 40, 80, and 158 GeV per nucleon. A change of the energy dependence is observed around 30A GeV for the yields of pions and strange particles as well as for the shapes of the transverse mass spectra. At present only a reaction scenario with onset of deconfinement is able to reproduce the measurements.
The transverse mass spectra of Omega hyperons and phi mesons measured recently by STAR Collaboration in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 130 GeV are described within a hydrodynamic model of the quark gluon plasma expansion and hadronization. The flow parameters at the plasma hadronization extracted by fitting these data are used to predict the transverse mass spectra of J/psi and psi' mesons.
We argue that the shape of the system-size dependence of strangeness production in nucleus-nucleus collisions can be understood in a picture that is based on the formation of clusters of overlapping strings. A string percolation model combined with a statistical description of the hadronization yields a quantitative agreement with the data at sqrt s_NN = 17.3 GeV. The model is also applied to RHIC energies.
A steep maximum occurs in the Wroblewski ratio between strange and non-strange quarks created in central nucleus-nucleus collisions, of about A=200, at the lower SPS energy square root s approximately equal to 7 GeV. By analyzing hadronic multiplicities within the grand canonical statistical hadronization model this maximum is shown to occur at a baryochemical potential of about 450 MeV. In comparison, recent QCD lattice calculations at finite baryochemical potential suggest a steep maximum of the light quark susceptibility, to occur at similar mu B, indicative of "critical fluctuation" expected to occur at or near the QCD critical endpoint. This endpoint hat not been firmly pinned down but should occur in the 300 MeV < mu c B < 700 MeV interval. It is argued that central collisions within the low SPS energy range should exhibit a turning point between compression/heating, and expansion/cooling at energy density, temperature and mu B close to the suspected critical point. Whereas from top SPS to RHIC energy the primordial dynamics create a turning point far above in epsilon and T, and far below in mu B. And at lower AGS energies the dynamical trajectory stays below the phase boundary. Thus, the observed sharp strangeness maximum might coincide with the critical square root s at which the dynamics settles at, or near the QCD endpoint.
Strangeness enhancement is discussed as a feature specific to relativistic nuclear collisions which create a fireball of strongly interacting matter at high energy density. At very high energy this is suggested to be partonic matter, but at lower energy it should consist of yet unknown hadronic degrees of freedom. The freeze-out of this high density state to a hadron gas can tell us about properties of fireball matter. The hadron gas at the instant of its formation captures conditions directly at the QCD phase boundary at top SPS and RHIC energy, chiefly the critical temperature and energy density.
Relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions create a "fireball" of strongly interacting matter at high energy density. At very high energy this is suggested to be partonic matter, but at lower energy it should consist of yet unknown hadronic, perhaps coherent degrees of freedom. The freeze-out of this high density state to a hadron gas can tell us about properties of fireball matter. Date (v1): Thu, 19 Dec 2002 12:52:34 GMT (146kb) Date (revised v2): Thu, 16 Jan 2003 15:11:47 GMT (146kb) Date (revised v3): Wed, 14 May 2003 12:49:35 GMT (146kb)
With new data available from the SPS, at 40 and 80 GeV/A, I review the systematics of bulk hadron multiplicities, with prime focus on strangeness production. The classical concept of strangeness enhancement in central AA collisions is reviewed, in view of the statistical hadronization model which suggests to understand strangeness enhancement to arise chiefly in the transition from the canonical to the grand canonical version of that model. I. e. enhancement results from the fading away of canonical suppression. The model also captures the striking strangeness maximum observed in the vicinity of sqrt s approx 8 GeV. A puzzle remains in the understanding of apparent grand canonical order at the lower SPS, and at AGS energies.
Transverse momentum event-by-event fluctuations are studied within the string-hadronic model of high energy nuclear collisions, LUCIAE. Data on non-statistical pT fluctuations in p+p interactions are reproduced. Fluctuations of similar magnitude are predicted for nucleus-nucleus collisions, in contradiction to the preliminary NA49 results. The introduction of a string clustering mechanism (Firecracker Model) leads to a further, significant increase of pT fluctuations for nucleus-nucleus collisions. Secondary hadronic interactions, as implemented in LUCIAE, cause only a small reduction of pT fluctuations.
Hadronic yields and yield ratios observed in Pb+Pb collisions at the SPS energy of 158 GeV per nucleon are known to resemble a thermal equilibrium population at T=180 +/- 10 MeV, also observed in elementary e+ + e- to hadron data at LEP. We argue that this is the universal consequence of the QCD parton to hadron phase transition populating the maximum entropy state. This state is shown to survive the hadronic rescattering and expansion phase, freezing in right after hadronization due to the very rapid longitudinal and transverse expansion that is inferred from Bose-Einstein pion correlation analysis of central Pb+Pb collisions.
A selection of recent data referring to Pb+Pb collisions at the SPS CERN energy of 158 GeV per nucleon is presented which might describe the state of highly excited strongly interacting matter both above and below the deconfinement to hadronization (phase) transition predicted by lattice QCD. A tentative picture emerges in which a partonic state is indeed formed in central Pb+Pb collisions which hadronizes at about T = 185 MeV, and expands its volume more than tenfold, cooling to about 120 MeV before hadronic collisions cease. We suggest further that all SPS collisions, from central S+S onward, reach that partonic phase, the maximum energy density increasing with more massive collision systems.
We investigate the sensitivity of several observables to the density dependence of the symmetry potential within the microscopic transport model UrQMD (ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model). The same systems are used to probe the symmetry potential at both low and high densities. The influence of the symmetry potentials on the yields of pi-, pi+, the pi-/pi+ ratio, the n/p ratio of free nucleons and the t/3He ratio are studied for neutron-rich heavy ion collisions (208Pb+208Pb, 132Sn+124Sn, 96Zr+96Zr) at E_b=0.4A GeV. We find that these multiple probes provides comprehensive information on the density dependence of the symmetry potential.
Diese Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Untersuchung des Emissionsverhaltens der K+ Mesonen in Au + Au Stößen bei 1AGeV. Das Experiment wurde mit dem Kaonen-Spektrometer KaoS am Schwerionensynchrotron SIS der Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung GSI durchgeführt. In zahlreichen Untersuchungen relativistischer Schwerionenstöße wurde eine kollektive Bewegung der Nukleonen beobachtet, die als Fluß bezeichnet wird. In nichtzentralen Stößen wurde u. a. ein gerichteter Seitwärtsfluß der Nukleonen und Pionen in die Reaktionsebene und ein elliptischer Fluß senkrecht zur Reaktionsebene gefunden. Der Nukleonenfluß wird als hydrodynamischer Effekt aufgrund des Drucks in der Reaktionszone interpretiert, während der Fluß der Pionen als Folge der Endzustandswechselwirkung verstanden wird. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Untersuchung des Flußphänomens auf die positiv geladenen Kaonen erweitert. Die Kaonen, die ein seltsames Quark enthalten, stellen eine besonders geeignete Sonde der dichten Reaktionszone dar. Wegen der großen mittleren freien Wegläange sollten die Kaonen fast ungestört nach außen emittiert werden. Zur Untersuchung dieser Fragestellung wurden die spektralen Energieverteilungen und die azimutalen Winkelverteilungen studiert. Um diese in Abhängigkeit von der Zentralität der Schwerionenreaktion zu untersuchen, wurden Stoßparameter und Anzahl der partizipierenden Nukleonen experimentell bestimmt. Dazu wurden die mit dem Großwinkel-Hodoskop bestimmte Teilchenmultiplizität und die mit dem Kleinwinkel-Hodoskop bestimmte Ladungssumme der Projektilspektatoren benutzt. Der Nachweis der Projektilspektatoren mit dem Kleinwinkel-Hodoskop erlaubt ferner, für jedes Ereignis die Reaktionsebene einer Schwerionenreaktion zu bestimmen. Der Emissionswinkel der positiv geladenen Kaonen konnte dann in Bezug auf die Reaktionsebene untersucht werden. Die Energiespektren der Kaonen, die bei Theta CM ~ 90° und Theta QCM ~ 130° in zentralen Stößen gemessen wurden, haben einen Steigungsparameter (Temperatur) von etwa 87MeV. Die transversalen kinetischen Energiespektren bei vier verschiedenen Rapiditätsintervallen in zentralen Stößen haben einen Steigungsparameter von etwa 90MeV und keine Abweichung von einem thermischen Verhalten innerhalb der Meßgenauigkeit. Die Ausbeuten sind dagegen unterschiedlich. Bei R¨uckw ¨ artswinkel bzw. bei Targetrapidität wurde ein fast doppelt so großer Wirkungsquerschnitt wie bei Schwerpunktrapidität gemessen. Die polare Winkelverteilung der positiv geladenen Kaonen ist also nicht isotrop. In dieser Arbeit konnte zum ersten Mal der elliptische Fluß der positiv geladenen Kaonen nachgewiesen werden: K+ Mesonen werden bevorzugt senkrecht zur Reaktionsebene emittiert. Die azimutale Anisotropie ist am stärksten für periphere und semi-zentrale Stöße und im Bereich der Schwerpunktrapidität. Im Gegensatz zu den Pionen zeigt die Stärke der Anisotropie keine Abhängigkeit vom Transversalimpuls. Während im Falle der Pionen die azimutale Anisotropie auf die Abschattung durch die Spektatoren zurückgeführt wird, kann dieser Effekt die Kaonendaten nicht erklären, da die K+ Mesonen eine große mittlere freie Weglänge in Kernmaterie besitzen. Mikroskopische Transportmodellrechnungen wie RBUU und QMD können den elliptischen Fluß der Kaonen nur unter Berücksichtigung des Kaon-Nukleon-Potentials im nuklearen Medium wiedergeben [Li97, Wan98a]. Als ein anderer experimenteller Hinweis auf das KN-Potential im Medium wurde das Verschwinden des gerichteten Seitwärtsflusses der Kaonen vorhergesagt [Li95a]. Die Analyse der experimentellen Daten in einem Rapiditätsintervall von y/yStrahl = 0:2 ~ 0:8 zeigt keine in die Reaktionsebene gerichtete Flußkomponente.
We present a detailed study of chemical freeze-out in nucleus-nucleus collisions at beam energies of 11.6, 30, 40, 80 and 158A GeV. By analyzing hadronic multiplicities within the statistical hadronization approach, we have studied the chemical equilibration of the system as a function of center of mass energy and of the parameters of the source. Additionally, we have tested and compared different versions of the statistical model, with special emphasis on possible explanations of the observed strangeness hadronic phase space under-saturation.
Cancer has become one of the most fatal diseases. The Heidelberg Heavy Ion Cancer Therapy (HICAT) has the potential to become an important and efficient treatment method because of its excellent “Bragg peak” characteristics and on-line irradiation control by the PET diagnostics. The dedicated Heidelberg Heavy Ion Cancer Therapy Project includes two ECR ion sources, a RF linear injector, a synchrotron and three treatment rooms. It will deliver 4*10 high 10 protons, or 1*10 high 10 He, or 1*10 high 9 Carbons, or 5*10 high 8 Oxygens per synchrotron cycle with the beam energy 50-430AMeV for the treatments. The RF linear injector consists of a 400AkeV RFQ and of a very compact 7AMeV IH-DTL accelerator operated at 216.816MHz. The development of the IH-DTL within the HICAT project is a great challenge with respect to the present state of the DTL art because of the following reasons: • The highest operating frequency (216.816MHz) of all IH-DTL cavities; • Extremely large cavity length to diameter ratio of about 11; • IH-DTL with three internal triplets; • The highest effective voltage gain per meter (5.5MV/m); • Very short MEBT design for the beam matching. The following achievements have been reached during the development of the IH-DTL injector for HICAT : The KONUS beam dynamics design with LORASR code fulfills the beam requirement of the HICAT synchrotron at the injection point. The simulations for the IH-DTL injector have been performed not only with a homogeneous input beam, but also with the actual particle distribution from the exit of the HICAT RFQ accelerator as delivered by the PARMTEQ code. The output longitudinal normalized emittance for 95% of all particles is 2.00AkeVns, the emittance growth is less than 24%, while the X-X’ and Y-Y’ normalized emittance are 0.77mmmrad and 0.62mmmrad, respectively. The emittance growth in X-X’ is less than 18%, and the emittance growth in Y-Y’ is less than 5%. Based on the transverse envelopes of the transported particles, the redesign of the buncher drift tubes at the RFQ high energy end has been made to get a higher transit time factor for this novel RFQ internal buncher. An optimized effective buncher gap voltage of 45.4KV has been calculated to deliver a minimized longitudinal beam emittance, while the influence of the effective buncher voltage on the transverse emittance can be neglected. Six different tuning concepts were investigated in detail while tuning the 1:2 scaled HICAT IH model cavity. ‘Volume Tuning’ by a variation of the cavity cross sectional area can compensate the unbalanced capacitance distribution in case of an extreme beta-lambda-variation along an IH cavity. ‘Additional Capacitance Plates’ or copper sheets clamped on drift tube stems are a fast way for checking the tuning sensitivity, but they will be replaced by massive copper blocks mounted on the drift tube girders finally. ‘Lens Coupling’ is an important tuning to stabilize the operation mode and to increase or decrease the coupling between neighboring sections. ‘Tube Tuning’ is the fine tuning concept and also the standard tuning method to reach the needed field distributions as well as the gap voltage distributions. ‘Undercut Tuning’ is a very sensitive tuning for the end sections and with respect to the voltage distribution balance along the structure. The different types of ‘plungers’ in the 3rd and 4th sections have different effects on the resonance frequency and on the field distribution. The different triplet stems and the geometry of the cavity end have been also investigated to reach the design field and voltage distributions. Finally, the needed uniform field distribution along the IH-DTL cavity and the corresponding effective voltage distribution were realized, the remaining maximum gap voltage difference was less than 5% for the model cavity. The several important higher order modes were also measured. The RF tuning of the IH-DTL model cavity delivers the final geometry parameters of the IH-DTL power cavity. A rectangular cavity cross section was adopted for the first time for this IH-DTL cavity. This eases the realization of the volume tuning concept in the 1st and 2nd sections. Lens coupling determines the final distance between the triplet and the girder. The triplets are mounted on the lower cavity half shell. The Microwave Studio simulations have been carried out not only for the HICAT model cavity, but also for the final geometry of the IH-DTL power cavity. The field distribution for the operation mode H110 fits to the model cavity measurement as well as the Higher Order Modes. The simulations prove the IH-DTL geometrical design. On the other hand, the precision of one simulation with 2.3 million mesh points for full cross section area and the CPU time more than 15hours on a DELL PC with Intel Pentium 4 of 2.4GHz and 2.096GRAM were exploited to their limit when calculating the real parameters for the two final machining iterations during production. The shunt impedance of the IH-DTL power cavity is estimated by comparison with the existing tanks to about 195.8MOmega/m, which fits to the simulation result of 200.3MOmega/m with reducing the conductivity to the 5.0*10 high 7 Omega-1m-1. The effective shunt impedance is 153 MOmega/m. The needed RF power is 755kW. The expected quality factor of the IH-DTL cavity is about 15600. The IH-DTL power cavity tuning measurements before cavity copper plating have been performed. The results are within the specifications. There is no doubt that the needed accuracy of the voltage distribution will be reached with the foreseen fine tuning concepts in the last steps.
HADES ist ein hochauflösendes Dielektronenspektrometer, welches derzeit an der GSI in Darmstadt aufgebaut wird. Ziel ist die Messung von Leptonenpaaren, die in schwerioneninduzierten Reaktionen entstehen. Die invariante Masse der Leptonenpaare soll mit einer Genauigkeit von ~ 1% bestimmt werden. Das HADES-Detektorsystem verwendet Vieldraht-Proportionalkammern zur Rekonstruktion der Teilchenspuren. Aus diesen werden in Verbindung mit der Feldinformation des supraleitenden Magneten die Teilchenimpulse gewonnen, welche wiederum in die invariante Masse eingehen. Über die Driftzeit1 werden die genauen Durchstoßpunkte der Teilchenbahnen durch die verschiedenen Ebenen der Driftkammern erhalten. Dazu ist es erforderlich, die Driftgeschwindigkeit der Elektronen im verwendeten Zählgas zu kennen. Änderungen im Mischungsverhältnis des Zählgases (Helium und Isobutan), aber auch Verunreinigungen des Gases (H2O) können die Driftgeschwindigkeit beeinträchtigen. Verunreinigungen (O2) können weiterhin die Effizienz der Driftkammern verschlechtern. Ziel war deshalb der Aufbau eines Monitorsystems, welches auf Änderungen der Gasmischung und auf eventuelle Kontaminationen (im wesentlichen O2 und H2O) sensitiv ist. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Driftgeschwindigkeitsmonitor getestet. Er erlaubt eine Messung der Driftgeschwindigkeit mit einer Genauigkeit von bis zu 0,1% (sigma), allerdings bei anderen elektrischen Feldstärken als in den HADES Driftkammern. Während der einwöchigen Strahlzeit im Mai 2000 wurde die Driftgeschwindigkeit mit dem Prototypen des Driftgeschwindigkeitsmonitors gemessen. Die druckkorrigierte Driftgeschwindigkeit erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf die Gasqualität. Die Messungen ergaben, daß die Ortsauflösung in den HADES Driftkammern nicht von Driftgeschwindigkeitsschwankungen dominiert wird. Eine Extrapolation der Meßergebnisse auf die in den HADES Driftkammern vorherrschenden Feldstärkeverhältnisse ist möglich. Eine relative Signalhöhenmessung ist sensitiv auf den Sauerstoffgehalt des Zählgases bis in den ppm-Bereich. Zwei endgültige Versionen des Driftgeschwindigkeitsmonitors wurden aufgebaut und in das HADES Detektorsystem integriert. Je ein Driftgeschwindigkeitsmonitor wurde am Gasein- und am Gasausfluß aufgestellt, um die Driftgeschwindigkeit dort zu messen und Vergleiche zwischen Frischgas und aus den Kammern ausströmendem ”alten“ Gas zuzulassen. Die Auslese und Datenanalyse des Monitorsystems wurde automatisiert.
Fluctuations and NA49
(2005)
A systematic analysis of data on strangeness and pion production in nucleon–nucleon and central nucleus–nucleus collisions is presented. It is shown that at all collision energies the pion/baryon and strangeness/pion ratios indicate saturation with the size of the colliding nuclei. The energy dependence of the saturation level suggests that the transition to the Quark Gluon Plasma occurs between 15 A·GeV/c (BNL AGS) and 160 A·GeV/c (CERN SPS) collision energies. The experimental results interpreted in the framework of a statistical approach show that the effective number of degrees of freedom increases in the course of the phase transition and that the plasma created at CERN SPS energies may have a temperature of about 280 MeV (energy density ~ 10 GeV/fm exp-3). The presence of the phase transition can lead to the non–monotonic collision energy dependence of the strangeness/pion ratio. After an initial increase the ratio should drop to the characteristic value for the QGP. Above the transition region the ratio is expected to be collision energy independent. Experimental studies of central Pb+Pb collisions in the energy range 20–160 A·GeV/c are urgently needed in order to localize the threshold energy, and study the properties of the QCD phase transition.
We argue that the measurement of open charm gives a unique opportunity to test the validity of pQCD-based and statistical models of nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies. We show that various approaches used to estimate D-meson multiplicity in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV give predictions which differ by more than a factor of 100. Finally we demonstrate that decisive experimental results concerning the open charm yield in A+A collisions can be obtained using data of the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden am Schwerionensynchrotron (SIS) der Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung/Darmstadt (GSI) Untersuchungen zur Produktion geladener K-Mesonen in Kohlenstoff induzierten Schwerionenreaktionen durchgeführt. Im Energiebereich von 1 bis 2 AGeV wurden dazu spektrale Verteilungen von Pionen, Kaonen und Antikaonen aus Kernreaktionen der Stoßsysteme C + C und C + Au unter verschiedenen Laborwinkelbereichen mit dem Kaon-Spektrometer (KaoS) aufgenommen. Da es sich um Kaonproduktion unterhalb der Nukleon-Nukleon-Schwelle handelt, spielen Eigenschaften der Kernmaterie eine Rolle, die Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind. Sowohl für Kaonen als auch für Antikaonen wurde eine polare Anisotropie der Winkelverteilung festgestellt. Die unter verschiedenen Laborwinkelbereichen aufgenommenen K+- -Spektren decken im Schwerpunktsystem einen Winkelbereich von 60 Grad < Theta CM < 150 Grad ab und lassen sich gut durch eine Winkelverteilung der Form sigma inv alpha (1 + a2 cos exp 2 Theta CM) beschreiben. Im Rahmen der Meßgenauigkeit konnte keine Abhängigkeit der polaren Anisotropie von der kinetischen Energie der Kaonen und Antikaonen festgestellt werden. Es lässt sich jedoch zeigen, dass es von der Einschussenergie abhängig eine Winkeleinstellung gibt, bei der der totale Wirkungsquerschnitt vom Anisotropieparameter a2 unabhängig bestimmt werden kann, wenn die oben angegebene Parametrisierung der wahren Winkelverteilung genügt. Die Anregungsfunktion sigma K+- (E Beam) für Antikaonen ist steiler als die für Kaonen, jedoch lassen sich beide Produktionswirkungsquerschnitte als Funktion der Differenz aus der pro Nukleon normierten Gesamtenergie und der Energie an der NN-Schwelle durch sigma K alpha (mK + sqrt s - sqrt s th) beschreiben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich dieses identische Verhalten der derart auf die Excess-Energie korrigierten Kaon- und Antikaonproduktion jedoch nicht nur in den totalen Wirkungsquerschnitten, sondern auch in der Form der spektralen Verteilungen widerspiegelt. Ebenso scheinen die pro Partizipant normierten K+- -Multiplizitäten bei gleicher Excess-Energie gleichermaßen stark von der Größe des Stoßsystems abzuhängen. Das etwa um einen Faktor 10 erhöhte K-/K+-Verhältnis im Vergleich zur K+- -Produktion in Proton-Proton-Stößen konnte nicht durch triviale Mediumeffekte wie Absorption oder sequentielle Mehrfachstöße erklärt werden. Dies kann als Hinweis auf eine eventuelle Modifikation der effektiven K+- -Massen in dichter Materie verstanden werden, wie sie die theoretische Hadronenphysik auf der Basis von QCD und chiraler Störungstheorie vorhersagt. Das benutzte relativistische RBUU-Modell kann die gemessenen Kaon- und Antikaonverteilungen nur unter der Annahme solcher Massenmodifikationen erklären. Die K- -Massenmodifikation hat interessante Konsequenzen für die Astrophysik und stellt somit eine Verbindung zu einem weiteren faszinierenden Teilgebiet der modernen Physik dar. Aufgrund der K- -Massenmodifikation erwarten G. E. Brown und H. A. Bethe ein Kaonkondensat in Neutronensternen ab einer Dichte von rho ~ 3 rho 0. Dies limitiert die Masse von Neutronensternen auf etwa 1.5 M ?. Für Supernovaüberreste von mehr als 1.5 M ?. erwarten sie die Bildung von schwarzen Löchern. Für das asymmetrische Stoßsystem 12C + 197 Au kann das Schwerpunktsystem nur berechnet werden, wenn z. B. mit dem geometrischen Modell mittlere Projektil- und Targetpartizipantenanzahlen (< A Projectile part >= 6 bzw. < A Target part >= 16 ) angenommen werden. Die damit ermittelten Wirkungsquerschnitte deuten auf eine stärkere polare Anisotropie als für das 12C + 12C-System hin. Wird aus der in symmetrischen Stößen gemessenen Abhängigkeit der K+- -Produktion von der Systemgröße die Anzahl der Partizipanten im 12C + 197Au-System ermittelt, so stimmt diese für K+ mit den Vorhersagen des geometrischen Modells in etwa überein, für K- werden hingegen nur halbsoviel Partizipanten ermittelt. Dies deutet auf eine starke K- -Absorption in der Targetspektatormaterie hin. Abschließend sei noch angemerk, dass die KaoS-Kollaboration bereits weitere Messungen zur K+- -Produktion in den Stoßsystemen Ni+Ni und Au+Au sowie in asymmetrische, protoninduzierten p + A Reaktionen durchgefüuhrt hat. Nach dem innerhalb der nächsten zwei Jahre zu erwartenden Abschluss der Analyse dieser Daten liegt somit eine systematische Studie der K+- -Produktion unterhalb der NN-Schwelle vor, die einen maßgeblichen Beitrag zum Studium der Eigenschaften von Hadronen in dichter Kernmaterie und zum Verhalten von Kernmaterie unter extremen Bedingungen liefern wird.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer ergänzenden Korrekturmethode auf die bei hohen Multiplizitäten auftretende Ineffizienz des im Rahmen des NA35-Experiments benutzten zentralen Spurdetektors, der NA35-Streamerkammer, sowie die Analyse der damit aufgenommenen Kern-Gold-Ereignisse. Diese, speziell für hohe Multiplizitäten und große Rapiditäten konzipierte Korrekturmethode zeigt im Bereich um Midrapidity gute Übereinstimmung mit den traditionellen Korrekturmethoden als auch mit den Daten des zweiten, zur Streamerkammer komplementären Spurdetektors, der NA35-TPC, für hohe Rapiditäten. Es ist somit eine Erweiterung der Streamerkammerakzeptanz je nach Stoßsystem um 0.5-1 Rapiditätseinheiten gelungen, die eine 4-Pi-Extrapolation auf den vollständigen Phasenraum erlaubt. Die Analyse der damit korrigierten Daten zeigt für die Rapiditätsverteilung der negativen Hadronen eine systematische Verschiebung der gemessenen sowie extrapolierten mittleren Rapidität weg von Midrapidity des Nukleon-Nukleon-Stoßes bei zunehmender Asymmetrie des Stoßsystems. Die Formen der Rapiditätsverteilungen scheinen sich jedoch zu gleichen und die Multiplizität skalierte in etwa mit dem Massenverhältins der Projektilkerne. Ebenso zeigt die spezifische Produktionsrate für negative Hadronen pro partizipierendem Nukleon keine signifikante Projektilabhänigkeit, sie liegt bei ~ 1.7 h-/N part.Protons. Die Rapiditätsverteilungen der Nettoprotonen skalieren oberhalb midrapidity mit der Projektilmasse und deutet auf keine Abhängigkeit des stoppings von der Größe des Projektilkerns hin. Sämtliche Projektilnukleonen scheinen im wesentlich schwereren Targetkern demnach gleichviel Energie zu deponieren (gleich stark abgebremst zu werden). Die Transversalimpulsspektren der Nettoprotonen lassen sich gut durch die Verteilungen thermischer Quellen beschreiben, wobei sich für das Stoßsystem 2d+197Au eine Temperatur der Quelle von ungefähr 160MeV, also im Bereich des Hagedorn-Limits, ergibt. Im Falle der 16O+197Au-Daten ergeben sich Temperaturen größer 200MeV. Diese Arbeit schließt die Akzeptanzlücke zwischen den zwei komplimentären Spurdetektoren im NA35-Experiment und ermöglicht damit die Studie von Schwerionenstößen im nahezu vollständigen Phasenraum für zentrale Kern-Gold-Kollisionen.
Im Rahmen des Schwerionenexperimentes NA49 am CERN-SPS (Super-Proton-Synchrotron) wurde für das TPC-Detektorsystem eine Meßapparatur zur hochpräzisen Bestimmung der Driftgeschwindigkeit von Elektronen im TPC-Gas entwickelt. Für die Driftgeschwindigkeitsmessung standen zwei im mechanischen Aufbau verschiedene Driftgeschwindigkeitsmonitore zur Verfügung, zum einen der am CERN entwickelte und gebaute CERN-Monitor und zum anderen der im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit an der GSI konstruierte und gebaute Goofie. Mit dem CERN-Monitor wurde der Einfluß der Temperatur und des Druckes auf die Messung untersucht und ein Korrekturverfahren beschrieben, das es erlaubt, die Driftgeschwindigkeit im Detektorsystem der TPCs unter den jeweiligen Experimentbedingungen zu bestimmen. Ferner wurden der Einfluß der Gasverunreinigungen Wasser und Sauerstoff und der Gasbeimischungen Methan und Kohlendioxid auf die Driftgeschwindigkeitsmessung diskutiert. Der statistische Fehler der Driftgeschwindigkeit wurde zu 0.08 % und der systematische Fehler zu 0.13 % bestimmt. Die Zusammensetzung des TPC Gases wurde während der dreißigtägigen Strahlzeit im November '94 anhand der relativen Änderung der Driftgeschwindigkeit überwacht. In die Gasüberwachung ging hier nur der statistische Fehler ein. Es konnten signifikante Gasmischungsänderungen beobachtet und die Änderung in den einzelnen Komponenten ermittelt werden. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse stehen im Einklang mit den aus der Amplitudenmessung erhaltenen Daten. Die Bestimmung der absoluten Driftgeschwindigkeit beinhaltet den genannten statistischen und systematischen Fehler und weist damit einen Gesamtfehler von 0.15 % auf. Der Gesamtfehler der absoluten Driftgeschwindigkeit ermöglicht eine Bestimmung der absoluten Ortskoordinaten der Teilchentrajektorien in der VTPC bis auf 1000 µm und in der MTPC bis auf 1700 µm. Die Ergebnisse der Driftgeschwindigkeitsmessung wurden anhand der unabhängig aus denDaten des Lasersystems und der Time-of-Flight-Messungen gewonnenen Driftgeschwindigkeitsdaten diskutiert. Anhand von Transversalimpuls und Rapidiätsverteilungen in der VTPC wurde der Einfluß der Driftgeschwindigkeit auf die TPC-Auswertung gezeigt. Es wurden Vergleichsmessungen zwischen dem CERN-Monitor und Goofie durchgeführt, die gezeigt haben, daßbeide Systeme den gestellten Anforderungen entsprechen.
Using CORSIKA for simulating extensive air showers, we study the relation between the shower characteristics and features of hadronic multiparticle production at low energies. We report about investigations of typical energies and phase space regions of secondary particles which are important for muon production in extensive air showers. Possibilities to measure relevant quantities of hadron production in existing and planned accelerator experiments are discussed.
The knowledge of the build up time of space charge compensation (SCC) and the investigation of the compensation process is of main interest for low energy beam transport of pulsed high perveance ion beams under space charge compensated conditions. To investigate experimentally the rise of compensation an LEBT system consisting of a pulsed ion source, two solenoids and a drift tube as diagnostic section has been set up. The beam potential has been measured time resolved by a residual gas ion energy analyser (RGA). A numerical simulation for the calculation of self-consistent equilibrium states of the beam plasma has been developed to determine plasma parameters which are difficult measure directly. The results of the simulation has been compared with the measured data to investigate the behavior of the compensation electrons as a function of time. The acquired data shows that the theoretical rise time of space charge compensation is by a factor of two shorter than the build up time determined experimentally. In view of description the process of SCC an interpretation of the gained results is given.
High perveance negative ion beams with low emittance are essential for several next generation particle accelerators (i. g. spallation sources like ESS [1] and SNS [2]). The extraction and transport of these beams have intrinsic difficulties different from positive ion beams. Limitation of beam current and emittance growth have to be avoided. To fulfill the requirements of those projects a detailed knowledge of the physics of beam formation the interaction of the H- with the residual gas and transport is substantial. A compact cesium free H- volume source delivering a low energy high perveance beam (6.5 keV, 2.3 mA, perveance K= 0.0034) has been built to study the fundamental physics of beam transport and will be integrated into the existing LEBT section in the near future. First measurements of the interaction between the ion beam and the residual gas will be presented together with the experimental set up and preliminary results.
For investigation of space charge compensation process due to residual gas ionization and the experimentally study of the rise of compensation, a Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) system consisting of an ion source, two solenoids, a decompensation electrode to generate a pulsed decompensated ion beam and a diagnostic section was set up. The potentials at the beam axis and the beam edge were ascertained from time resolved measurements by a residual gas ion energy analyzer. A numerical simulation of self-consistent equilibrium states of the beam plasma has been developed to determine plasma parameters which are difficult to measure directly. The temporal development of the kinetic and potential energy of the compensation electrons has been analyzed by using the numerically gained results of the simulation. To investigate the compensation process the distribution and the losses of the compensation electrons were studied as a function of time. The acquired data show that the theoretical estimated rise time of space charge compensation neglecting electron losses is shorter than the build up time determined experimentally. To describe the process of space charge compensation an interpretation of the achieved results is given.
Low energy beam transport (LEBT) for a future heavy ion driven inertial fusion (HIDIF [1]) facility is a crucial point using a Bi+ beam of 40 mA at 156 keV. High space charge forces (generalised perveance K=3.6*10-3) restrict the use of electrostatic focussing systems. On the other hand magnetic lenses using space charge compensation suffer from the low particle velocity. Additionally the emittance requirements are very high in order to avoid particle losses in the linac and at ring injection [2]. urthermore source noise and rise time of space charge compensation [3] might enhance particle losses and emittance. Gabor lenses [4] using a continuous space charge cloud for focussing could be a serious alternative to conventional LEBT systems. They combine strong cylinder symmetric focussing with partly space charge compensation and low emittance growth due to lower non linear fields. A high tolerance against source noise and current fluctuations and reduced investment costs are other possible advantages. The proof of principle has already been shown [5, 6]. To broaden the experiences an experimental program was started. Therefrom the first experimental results using a double Gabor lens (DGPL, see fig. 1 ) LEBT system for transporting an high perveance Xe+ beam will be presented and the results of numerical simulations will be shown.
The determination of the beam emittance using conventional destructive methods suffers from two main disadvantages. The interaction between the ion beam and the measurement device produces a high amount of secondary particles. Those particles interact with the beam and can change the transport properties of the accelerator. Particularly in the low energy section of high current accelerators like proposed for IFMIF, heavy ion inertial fusion devices (HIDIF) and spallation sources (ESS, SNS) the power deposited on the emittance measurement device can lead to extensive heat on the detector itself and can destruct or at least dejust the device (slit or grit for example). CCD camera measurements of the incident light emitted from interaction of beam ions with residual gas are commonly used for determination of the beam emittance. Fast data acquisition and high time resolution are additional features of such a method. Therefore a matrix formalism is used to derive the emittance from the measured profile of the beam [1,2] which does not take space charge effects and emittance growth into account. A new method to derive the phase space distribution of the beam from a single CCD camera image using statistical numerical methods will be presented together with measurements. The results will be compared with measurements gained from a conventional Allison type (slit-slit) emittance measurement device.
Investigation of the focus shift due to compensation process for low energy ion beam transport
(2000)
In magnetic Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) sections space charge compensation helps to enhance the transportable beam current and to reduce emittance growth due to space charge forces. For pulsed beams the time neccesary to establish space charge compensation is of great interest for beam transport. Particularly with regard to beam injection into the first accelerator section (e.g. RFQ) investigation of effects on shift of the beam focus due to space charge compensation are very important. The achieved results helps to obviate a mismatch into the first RFQ. To investigate the space charge compensation due to residual gas ionization, time resolved measurements using pulsed ion beams were performed at the LEBT system at the IAP and at the CEA-Saclay injektion line. A residual gas ion energy analyser (RGIA) equiped with a channeltron was used to measure the potential destribution as a function of time to estimate the rise time of compensation. For time resolved measurements (delta t min=50ns) of the radial density profile of the ion beam a CCD-camera was applied. The measured data were used in a numerical simulation of selfconsistant eqilibrium states of the beam plasma [1] to determine plasma parameters such as the density, the temperature, the kinetic and potential energy of the compensation electrons as a function of time. Measurements were done using focused proton beams (10keV, 2mA at IAP and 92keV, 62mA at CEA-Saclay) to get a better understanding of the influence of the compensation process. An interpretation of the acquired data and the achieved results will be presented.
Influence of space charge fluctuations on the low energy beam transport of high current ion beams
(2000)
For future high current ion accelerators like SNS, ESS or IFMIF the beam behaviour in low energy beam transport sections is dominated by space charge forces. Therefore space charge fluctuations (e. g. source noise) can drastically influence the beam transport properties of the low energy beam transport section. Losses of beam ions and emittance growth are the most severe problems. For electrostatic transport systems either a LEBT design has to be found which is insensitive to variations of the space charge or the origin of the fluctuations has to be eliminated. For space charge compensated transport as proposed for ESS and IFMIF the situation is different: No major influence on beam transport is expected for fluctuations below a cut-off frequency given by the production rate of the compensation particles. Above this frequency the fluctuations can not be compensated by particle production alone, but redistributions of the compensation particles helps to compensate the influence of the fluctuations. Above a second cut-off frequency given by the density and the temperature of the compensation particles their redistribution is too slow to reduce the influence of the space charge fluctuations. Transport simulations for the IFMIF injector including space charge fluctuations will be presented together with a determination of the cut-off frequencies. The results will be compared with measurements of the rise time of space charge compensation.
Vortrag gehalten am 12. Januar 2005 in Frankfurt am Main, am Physikalischen Verein, anläßlich der Verleihung des Philipp-Siedler-Wissenschaftspreises an Dipl.-Phys. Christine Meurer, als Anerkennung für ihre Diplomarbeit "Xi- und Xi+ Produktion in Pb+Pb Stößen bei 40 A GeV am CERN SPS" (urn:nbn:de:hebis:30-13740). Am CERN, dem Europäischen Kernforschungszentrum, werden Bleiatomkerne auf nahezu Lichtgeschwindigkeit beschleunigt und zur Kollision gebracht. Dabei wird die Materie in einer Art Feuerball extrem verdichtet und erhitzt. Unter diesen Bedingungen brechen die Bestandteile der Atomkerne, die Nukleonen, auf und der Blick auf die eigentlichen Bausteine der Materie, die Quarks, wird möglich. Nach der Kollision expandiert der Feuerball und viele neue Teilchen, darunter auch die sogenannten seltsamen Teilchen, entstehen. Ihre Besonderheiten werden im Vortrag diskutiert: Ergebnisse zur Produktion des seltsamen Xi- -Teilchens in Pb+Pb-Stößen bei einer Energie von 40 A GeV werden vorgestellt. Aus dem transversalen Massenspektrum bei mittlerer Rapidität erhält man einen inversen Steigungsparamenter von T Xi- = (210±11±21)MeV . Die Integration des Rapiditätsspektrums liefert eine totale Anzahl der s im gesamten Phasenraum von (2.41 ± 0.15 ± 0.24) Teilchen pro Kollision. Desweiteren wird die Anregungsfunktion des Xi- -Hyperons sowie seine Zentralitätsabhänigkeit bei 40 A GeV diskutiert.
New results on the production of Xi and Omega hyperons in Pb+Pb interactions at 40 A GeV and Lambda at 30 A GeV are presented. Transverse mass spectra as well as rapidity spectra of these hyperons are shown and compared to previously measured data at different beam energies. The energy dependence of hyperon production (4Pi yields) is discussed. Additionally, the centrality dependence of Xi- production at 40 A GeV is presented.
First results on the production of Xi- and Anti-xi hyperons in Pb+Pb interactions at 40 A GeV are presented. The Anti-xi/Xi- ratio at midrapidity is studied as a function of collision centrality. The ratio shows no significant centrality dependence within statistical errors; it ranges from 0.07 to 0.15. The Anti-xi/Xi- ratio for central Pb+Pb collisions increases strongly with the collision energy.
High perveance negative ion beams with low emittance are essential for several next generation particle accelerators (i. g. spallation sources like ESS [1] and SNS [2]). The extraction and transport of these beams have intrinsic difficulties different from positive ion beams. Limitation of beam current and emittance growth have to be avoided. To fulfill the requirements of those projects a detailed knowledge of the physics of beam formation the interaction of the H- with the residual gas and transport is substantial. A compact cesium free H- volume source delivering a low energy high perveance beam (6.5 keV, 2.3 mA, perveance K= 0.0034) has been built to study the fundamental physics of beam transport and will be integrated into the existing LEBT section in the near future. First measurements of the interaction between the ion beam and the residual gas will be presented together with the experimental set up and preliminary results.
A LEBT system consisting of an ion source, two solenoids, and a diagnostic section has been set up to investigate the space charge compensation process due to residual gas ionization [1] and to study experimentally the rise of compensation. To gain the radial beam potential distribution time resolved measurements of the residual gas ion energy distribution were carried out using a Hughes Rojanski analyzer [2,3]. To measure the radial density profile of the ion beam a CCD-camera performed time resolved measurements, which allow an estimation the rise time of compensation. Further the dynamic effect of the space charge compensation on the beam transport was shown. A numerical simulation under assumption of selfconsistent states [4] of the beam plasma has been used to determine plasma parameters such as the radial density profile and the temperature of the electrons. The acquired data show that the theoretical estimated rise time of space charge compensation neglecting electron losses is shorter than the build up time determined experimentally. An interpretation of the achieved results is given.
To fulfil the requirements of ESS on beam transmission and emittance growth a detailed knowledge of the physics of beam formation as well as the interaction of the H- with the residual gas is substantial. Space charge compensated beam transport using solenoids for ion optics is in favour for the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) between ion source and the first RFQ. Space charge compensation reduces the electrical self fields and beam radii and therefore emittance growth due to aberrations and redistribution. Transport of H- near the ion source is negatively influenced by the dipole fields required for beam extraction and e--dumping and the high gas pressure. The destruction of the rotational symmetry together with the space charge forces causes emittance growth and particle losses within the extraction system. High residual gas pressure near the extractor together with the high cross section for stripping will influence the transmission as well as space charge compensation. Therefore a detailed knowledge of the interaction of the residual gas with the beam and the influence of the external fields on the distribution of the compensation particles is necessary to reduce particle losses and emittance growth. Preliminary experiments using positive hydrogen ions for reference already show the influence of dipole fields on beam emittance. First measurements with H- confirm these results. Additional information on the interactions of the residual gas with the beam ions have been gained from the measurements using the momentum and energy analyser.
Vortrag gehalten an der Tagung "The XVI International Conference on Ultrarelativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, organized by SUBATECH Laboratory", in Nantes, France, 18-24 Juli 2002.
Rapidity distributions for Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperons in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV and for K 0 s mesons at 158 AGeV are presented. The lambda multiplicities are studied as a function of collision energy together with AGS and RHIC measurements and compared to model predictions. A different energy dependence of the Lambda/pi and anti-Lambda/pi is observed. The anti-Lambda/Lambda ratio shows a steep increase with collision energy. Evidence for a anti-Lambda/anti-p ratio greater than 1 is found at 40 AGeV.
The experiment NA49 at the CERN SPS is a large acceptance detector for charmed hadrons. The identification of neutral strange hadrons Lambda and AntiLambda is based on the measurement of their charged decay particles and the reconstruciton of the decay vertex. The charged particles were measured with the 4 time projection chambers (TPC), two of them are situated inside 2 large dipole magnets, the two others are downstream of the magnet. Lambda and AntiLambda baryons have been measured in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 160 GeV/nucleon over a wide range in rapidity (1 - 5) and transverse momentum (0 - 3 GeV/c). Particle yields and spectra will be shown for the different energies. The results will be put into the existing systematics of Lambda-production as a function of beam energy.