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During the co-translational assembly of protein complexes, a fully synthesized subunit engages with the nascent chain of a newly synthesized interaction partner. Such events are thought to contribute to productive assembly, but their exact physiological relevance remains underexplored. Here, we examine structural motifs contained in nucleoporins for their potential to facilitate co-translational assembly. We experimentally test candidate structural motifs and identify several previously unknown co-translational interactions. We demonstrate by selective ribosome profiling that domain invasion motifs of beta-propellers, coiled-coils, and short linear motifs may act as co-translational assembly domains. Such motifs are often contained in proteins that are members of multiple complexes (moonlighters) and engage with closely related paralogs. Surprisingly, moonlighters and paralogs assemble co-translationally in only some but not all of the relevant biogenesis pathways. Our results highlight the regulatory complexity of assembly pathways.
Through its role in intron cleavage, tRNA splicing endonuclease (TSEN) plays a critical function in the maturation of intron-containing pre-tRNAs. The catalytic mechanism and core requirement for this process is conserved between archaea and eukaryotes, but for decades, it has been known that eukaryotic TSENs have evolved additional modes of RNA recognition, which have remained poorly understood. Recent research identified new roles for eukaryotic TSEN, including processing or degradation of additional RNA substrates, and determined the first structures of pre-tRNA-bound human TSEN complexes. These recent discoveries have changed our understanding of how the eukaryotic TSEN targets and recognizes substrates. Here, we review these recent discoveries, their implications, and the new questions raised by these findings.
Translational riboswitches are cis-acting RNA regulators that modulate the expression of genes during translation initiation. Their mechanism is considered as an RNA-only gene-regulatory system inducing a ligand-dependent shift of the population of functional ON- and OFF-states. The interaction of riboswitches with the translation machinery remained unexplored. For the adenine-sensing riboswitch from Vibrio vulnificus we show that ligand binding alone is not sufficient for switching to a translational ON-state but the interaction of the riboswitch with the 30S ribosome is indispensable. Only the synergy of binding of adenine and of 30S ribosome, in particular protein rS1, induces complete opening of the translation initiation region. Our investigation thus unravels the intricate dynamic network involving RNA regulator, ligand inducer and ribosome protein modulator during translation initiation.
tRNAs are L-shaped RNA molecules of ~ 80 nucleotides that are responsible for decoding the mRNA and for the incorporation of the correct amino acid into the growing peptidyl-chain at the ribosome. They occur in all kingdoms of life and both their functions, and their structure are highly conserved. The L-shaped tertiary structure is based on a cloverleaf-like secondary structure that consists of four base paired stems connected by three to four loops. The anticodon base triplet, which is complementary to the sequence of the mRNA, resides in the anticodon loop whereas the amino acid is attached to the sequence CCA at the 3′-terminus of the molecule. tRNAs exhibit very stable secondary and tertiary structures and contain up to 10% modified nucleotides. However, their structure and function can also be maintained in the absence of nucleotide modifications. Here, we present the assignments of nucleobase resonances of the non-modified 77 nt tRNAIle from the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. We obtained assignments for all imino resonances visible in the spectra of the tRNA as well as for additional exchangeable and non-exchangeable protons and for heteronuclei of the nucleobases. Based on these assignments we could determine the chemical shift differences between modified and non-modified tRNAIle as a first step towards the analysis of the effect of nucleotide modifications on tRNA’s structure and dynamics.
This cumulative thesis discusses the development of optimized force field parameters for Magnesium and resulting improved simulations of Magnesium-RNA interactions, including the in silico exploration of binding sites. This thesis is based on four publications as well as unpublished data. A fifth publication that was written during the time of the Ph.D. is discussed in the Appendix. This publication analyzes monovalent ion-specific effects at mica surfaces.
Nucleic acids in general and RNA in particular are fundamental to life itself. Especially in the folding and function of RNA, metal cations are crucial to screen the negatively charged nucleic acid backbones to allow for complex functional structures. They stabilize the tertiary structure of RNA and even drive its folding. Furthermore, similarly to proteins, RNAs can catalyze multiple reactions, rather than consisting of the 20 amino acids of a protein, RNA constitues of only four different building blocks. Metal cations play an important role here as additional cofactors. One essential ion is Magnesium (Mg2+), commonly referred to as the most important cofactor for nucleic acids. Mg2+ carries two positive charges. Its comparably small size and high charge result in a high charge density that has strong polarizing effects on its surroundings. Furthermore, Mg2+ forms a sharply defined first hydration shell with an integer number of coordinating water molecules. As a result, an exclusion zone exists around the ion within which no water molecules are observed. Moreover, Mg2+ displays a high solvation free energy and a low exchange rate of waters from its first hydration shell. Finally, it contains a strong preference towards oxygens . Together, this makes Mg2+ a particularly well suited interaction partner for the charged non-bridging phosphate oxygens on nucleic acid backbones and explains its crucial biological role.
The immense number of physiological and technological functions and applications indicates the significant scientific attention Mg2+ received. In experimental studies, however, severe difficulties arise for multiple reasons: Mg2+ is spectroscopically silent and cannot be detected directly by resonance techniques like NMR or EPR. Indirect observation is possible, either by detecting changes in the overall RNA structure with and without bound Mg2+, or by replacing the Mg2+ ion with another spectroscopically visible ion. In the latter, however, it cannot be guaranteed that the altered ion does not also alter the interaction site or even the whole structure. Another detection method is X-ray crystallography, but here challenges arise from Mg2+ being almost indistinguish- able from other ions as well as from water if not for very high resolutions and precise stereochemical considerations.
Alternatively, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can be performed, with the power of adding atomistic insight to the interplay of metal cations and nucleic acids. MD simulations, however, are only as accurate as their underlying interaction models and the development of accurate models for the description of Mg2+ faces challenges especially in describing three properties:
(i) Polarizability. Commonly used simple models like the 12-6 type Lennard-Jones model typically fail to reproduce simultaneously thermodynamic and structural properties of a single ion in water. Alternative strategies include the use of a 12-6-4 type Lennard-Jones potential as proposed by Li and Merz, where the additional r−4 term explicitly accounts for polarization effects. The resulting Lennard-Jones potential is thereby more attractive and more long-ranged than for typical models of the 12-6 type.
(ii) Kinetics. Most Mg2+ models either fully ignore considerations about the timescales on which water exchanges from the first hydration shell of the ion or use inappropriate methodology to calculate the underlying kinetics. A realistic characterization of the involved timescales is imperative to be able to describe a seemingly simple process like the transition from inner-to-outer sphere binding and vice versa. This transition governs most biochemical reactions involving Mg2+ and therefore subsequent processes can only by as fast as the transition itself. However, already the previous step – the exchange of a water from the first hydration shell of the ion – is described my current Mg2+ models up to four orders of magnitude too slowly, which makes the observation of such events on the timescale of a typical simulation difficult or even impossible. Alln ́er et al. [48] as well as Lemkul and MacKerell explicitly considered the exchange rate into their parameter optimization procedure. To compute the rate, both studies applied Transition State Theory along a single reaction coordinate – the distance towards one of the exchanging waters. However, it could be shown that the water exchange from the first hydration shell requires at least the consideration of both exchanging water molecules in order to be able to realistically record the underlying rate using Transition State Theory. Furthermore, the model of Alln ́er et al. significantly underestimates the free energy of solvation of the ion.
(iii) Interactions between Mg2+ and nucleic acids. Typically, ionic force field parame- terization concentrates on the optimization of solution properties. The trans- ferability of these solution optimized parameters towards interactions with biomolecules, however, often fails.
The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is crucial for the highly organized packaging and transcription of the genomic RNA. Studying atomic details of the role of its intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in RNA recognition is challenging due to the absence of structure and to the repetitive nature of their primary sequence. IDRs are known to act in concert with the folded domains of N and here we use NMR spectroscopy to identify the priming events of N interacting with a regulatory SARS-CoV-2 RNA element. 13C-detected NMR experiments, acquired simultaneously to 1H detected ones, provide information on the two IDRs flanking the N-terminal RNA binding domain (NTD) within the N-terminal region of the protein (NTR, 1–248). We identify specific tracts of the IDRs that most rapidly sense and engage with RNA, and thus provide an atom-resolved picture of the interplay between the folded and disordered regions of N during RNA interaction.
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and their derivates are the most promising cell source for cell therapies in regenerative medicine. The application of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as cell-free therapeuticals requires particles with a maximum regenerative capability to enhance tissue and organ regeneration. The cargo of mRNA and microRNA (miR) in EVs after hypoxic preconditioning has not been extensively investigated. Therefore, the aim of our study was the characterization of mRNA and the miR loading of EVs. We further investigated the effects of the isolated EVs on renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. We found 3131 transcripts to be significantly regulated upon hypoxia. Only 15 of these were downregulated, but 3116 were up-regulated. In addition, we found 190 small RNAs, 169 of these were miRs and 21 were piwi-interacting RNAs (piR). However, only 18 of the small RNAs were significantly altered, seven were miRs and 11 were piRs. Interestingly, all seven miRs were down-regulated after hypoxic pretreatment, whereas all 11 piRs were up-regulated. Gene ontology term enrichment and miR-target enrichment analysis of the mRNAs and miR were also performed in order to study the biological background. Finally, the therapeutic effect of EVs on human renal tubular epithelial cells was shown by the increased expression of three anti-inflammatory molecules after incubation with EVs from hypoxic pretreatment. In summary, our study demonstrates the altered mRNA and miR load in EVs after hypoxic preconditioning, and their anti-inflammatory effect on epithelial cells.
SARS-CoV-2 contains a positive single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 30 000 nucleotides. Within this genome, 15 RNA elements were identified as conserved between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. By nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we previously determined that these elements fold independently, in line with data from in vivo and ex-vivo structural probing experiments. These elements contain non-base-paired regions that potentially harbor ligand-binding pockets. Here, we performed an NMR-based screening of a poised fragment library of 768 compounds for binding to these RNAs, employing three different 1H-based 1D NMR binding assays. The screening identified common as well as RNA-element specific hits. The results allow selection of the most promising of the 15 RNA elements as putative drug targets. Based on the identified hits, we derive key functional units and groups in ligands for effective targeting of the RNA of SARS-CoV-2.
We report here the nuclear magnetic resonance 19F screening of 14 RNA targets with different secondary and tertiary structure to systematically assess the druggability of RNAs. Our RNA targets include representative bacterial riboswitches that naturally bind with nanomolar affinity and high specificity to cellular metabolites of low molecular weight. Based on counter-screens against five DNAs and five proteins, we can show that RNA can be specifically targeted. To demonstrate the quality of the initial fragment library that has been designed for easy follow-up chemistry, we further show how to increase binding affinity from an initial fragment hit by chemistry that links the identified fragment to the intercalator acridine. Thus, we achieve low-micromolar binding affinity without losing binding specificity between two different terminator structures.