580 Pflanzen (Botanik)
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Semi-dry grasslands were once widely distributed communities, but today they represent some of the most vulnerable habitats in Central Europe. European and national legislation and non-governmental organizations have managed to protect some of the remaining fragments. However, despite their status as Natura 2000 habitats, they are often endangered due to improper management, fragmentation and edge effects from adjacent croplands. By using a sample of 44 semi-dry hay meadows in the south-eastern Alpine Foreland of Styria, we investigated how species-richness and trait composition of semi-dry grassland species respond to variation in patch size, connectivity, abiotic site factors and management regimes. We used linear regression models to identify the most important drivers for richness of typical semi-dry grassland species and thus conservation value. The number of typical semi-dry grassland species was highest in well-connected fragments, i.e. units that shared two or more borders with neighbouring species-rich grasslands. Furthermore, large semi-dry grasslands (> 8000 m²) had highest numbers of semi-dry grassland species and highest relevance for conservation; no difference was found among smaller fragment sizes. Unregular management was associated with increased presence of competitive species which replaced stress-tolerant specialists. Our study indicates that under eutrophication, small fragment size and isolation, only large semi-dry grasslands can sustain a high number of species with high conservation value. The conservation value of smaller semi-dry grassland fragments could be improved by buffer zones, adapted mowing treatments and periodical sheep grazing.
In this paper we aim to present data on current state of steppe-like grasslands dominated by feather grasses (Stipa spp.) in the Transylvanian Lowland (Romania), and to investigate whether management type affects species composition, biodiversity, or the occurrence of rare and endangered vascular plant species in these grasslands. Twelve grassland stands, originating from nine areas and belonging to two associations, Stipetum lessingianae and Stipetum pulcherrimae from the alliance Stipion lessingianae (Festucetalia valesiacae, Festuco-Brometea), were investigated by phytosociological sampling. Our data set contains 60 relevés originating from differently managed grasslands: grazed and abandoned stands as well as former grasslands afforested with Pinus nigra. Transylvanian stands of the Stipion lessingianae occur on steep, south-facing slopes. The species composition has an accentuated sub-continental character, including several steppe elements of Siberian and Pontic origin, many of them reaching the western edge of their distribution in this region. By comparing the species composition of the two associations, we identified 12 differential species for the Stipetum lessingianae and 19 for the Stipetum pulcherrimae, but these associations also contained many species in common, which underlines their close syntaxonomic relatedness. Grazing vs. abandonment had only a slight influence on species composition and vegetation structure, while afforestation with pines resulted in strong transformations: decreased cover of the herb layer, increased cover of litter, decreased representation of diagnostic (i.e. typical) species of the two associations but increased frequency of woody, ruderal, and mesophytic grassland species. As the Stipion lessingianae belongs to the priority habitats of the Habitats Directive, these alterations call for grassland restoration measures. Our study revealed a lack of high-quality data on the vegetation of steppe-like dry grasslands in southeast Europe, where they have their largest and best-developed stands on the continent. Thus, we emphasize the need for compiling such data and for developing a consistent supranational vegetation classification of Festucetalia valesiacae communities in this region.
This paper compiles and synthesizes the present knowledge of dry grassland vegetation on sandy soils in northern Ukraine, based on published and unpublished sources. In total, 391 relevés from 29 association-level syntaxa of the class Koelerio-Corynephoretea (inch Sedo-Scleranthetea and Festucetea vaginatae), as well as of the alliance Agrostion vinealis from the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea were used for the analysis. Based on cluster analysis and comparison of synoptic tables, a compact classification scheme of the sandy dry grassland vegetation in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the plains region of Ukraine has been developed. It comprises 10 associations from the Koelerio-Corynephoretea and one from the Agrostion vinealis (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea). The Koelerio-Corynephoretea include four orders in Ukraine: Alysso-Sedetalia, Trifolio arvensis- Festucetalia ovinae, Corynephoretalia canescentis, and Sedo acris-Festucetalia. The Alysso-Sedetalia are represented by two associations, the Aurinio saxatilis-Allietum podolici and the Minuartio auctae- Festucetum pallentis from West Podillya. The associations Stipetum pulcherrimae, Astragalo-Stipetum, and Poetum versicoloris, which also had been included in the Alysso-Sedetalia by some authors, are assigned to the class Festuco-Brometea based on their species composition. All Ukrainian stands of the Trifolio arvensis-Festucetalia ovinae are assigned to the association Thymo pulegioides-Festucetum ovinae. They develop on granite outcrops within Ukrainian crystalline shield. Communities of the Corynephoretalia canescentis are described from the Polissya region, where fluvioglacial sediments dominate. These relevés are provisionally assigned to the associations Corniculario aculeatae-Cory- nephoretum canescentis and Corynephoro-Silenetum tataricae. Sedo acris-Festucetalia communities have mainly been recorded in the Dnieper Valley, and some relevés come from Zhytomyr Polissya. This order includes two alliances. The Koelerion glaucae is represented by two associations, namely Veronica dillenii-Secalietum sylvestris and Diantho borbasii-Agrostietum syreistschikovii. The Festucion beckeri is represented by three associations (Centaureo borysthenicae-Festucetum beckeri, Chamaecytiso ruthenici-Festucetum beckeri and perhaps Poo bulbosae-Caricetum colchicae), which are distributed in the Dnieper Valley. The Agrostion vinealis alliance from the Galietalia veri order has been assigned to the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. The present analysis revealed a significant similarity among the previously described associations of this alliance, which allowed the reduction of them to one association, the Koelerio-Agrostietum vinealis. It occurs mostly in the Dnieper Valley and its left bank tributaries. Among the right bank tributaries, it occurs only along lower stretches of rivers and around their confluences with the Dnieper. Most of the dry grassland communities on sandy soils within the study area require further detailed investigation.
We first report from the 5th Dry Grassland Meeting held from 28th to 30st of August 2008 in Kiel, Germany. Then we take stock of the achievements of the German Arbeitsgruppe Trockenrasen and the international Working Group on Dry Grasslands in the Nordic and Baltic Region towards establishment of vegetation databases of dry grasslands in these study regions. At the conference, the European Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) was founded as an international platform of dry grassland researchers and conservationists. As networking tools it provides a homepage on the internet, publishes a quarterly electronical bulletin, and will organise the future European Dry Grassland Meetings. In the last part of this contribution, we give a short introduction to the five articles of this Special Feature. Four of them make a major contribution to supra-national classification of Koelerio-Corynephoretea and Festuco- Brometea communities, respectively, by providing syntaxonomic overviews based on comprehensive data from eastern European countries for which only few data have been available until now. The other major focus of the Feature papers is on degradation and restoration of various types of dry grasslands.
We give a report of the fourth annual symposium of the Dry Grassland Working Group, which was organized in conjunction with the second workshop ‘Floristics and geobotany - Contributions to applied questions’, from 6 to 8 Sept. 2007 in Freising-Weihenstephan. The symposium was entitled ‘Restoration and spontaneous establishment of dry and semi-dry grasslands at traditional and urban-industrial sites’. Additionally, the aims of the Dry Grassland Working Group are shortly outlined and the next symposia of both groups are announced.
Wir untersuchen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Artenzusammensetzung, dem Artenreichtum und den Umweltbedingungen der Schwermetallrasen und Trockenrasen der Bottendorfer Hügel in Nord-Thüringen. In diesem Gebiet wachsen primäre und sekundäre Schwermetallrasen und verschiedene Trockenrasengesellschaften auf nicht-schwermetallhaltigen Böden mit einer artenreichen Xerothermrasen-Flora. Anhand von 206 Aufnahmen unterscheiden wir neun Pflanzengesellschaften aus sechs Verbänden der Klassen Koelerio-Corynephoretea (Sedo-Veronicion, Alysso-Sedion) und Festuco-Brometea (Festucion pallentis, Koelerio-Phleion, Festucion valesiacae, Cirsio-Brachypodion). Vier Trockenrasengesellschaften, in denen die Metallophyten Armeria maritima subsp. halleri und Minuartia verna subsp. hercynica häufig Vorkommen, werden als spezielle Subassoziationen (armerietosum halleri) von vier Assoziationen (Teucrio-Festucetum, Thymo-Festucetum, Filipendulo-Helictotrichetum, Adonido-Brachypodietum) neu beschrieben. In einer DCA mit angezeigten Umweltvektoren bilden die Gesellschaften klare Gruppen. Das Teucrio-Festucetum armerietosum und Thymo-Festucetum armerietosum sind in der DCA mit den Gehalten des Bodens an Kupfer und Blei sowie dem C/N-Verhältnis des Bodens eng korreliert, das Adonido-Brachypodietum teucrietosum und Festuco-Stipetum teucrietosum mit dem pH und Karbonatgehalt des Bodens. Der Artenreichtum an Gefäßpflanzen, Moosen und Flechten nimmt bis pH 7,5 zu und dann ab. Der Artenreichtum steigt mit dem Karbonatgehalt und der Leitfähigkeit des Bodens und nimmt mit dem C/N-Verhältnis des Bodens ab. Der Artenreichtum der Gefäßpflanzen nimmt mit dem Kupfergehalt des Bodens ab, während die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Vorkommens der Metallophyten mit dem Kupfer- und Zinkgehalt steigt. - Unsere Studie zeigt, dass Bodenfaktoren wie der pH und der Karbonatgehalt für die Zusammensetzung und den Artenreichtum der Vegetation auf kontaminierten Böden ebenso wichtig sind wie der Gehalt an Schwermetallen. Schwermetallrasen können daher Trockenrasen auf nicht-schwermetallhaltigen Böden floristisch sehr ähnlich sein.
Classification of higher level vegetation units (orders and alliances) based on numerical methods often yields different results than traditional plant community classification concepts. We performed a numerical cluster analysis of phytosociological relevés from the class Festuco-Brometea in Slovakia with the aim of identifying areas of overlap between the two classification approaches. The research was carried out using a database of approximately 1500 phytosociological relevés sampled in the period between 1927 and 2004. The outputs of the numerical classification form six clusters. Diagnostic taxa of individual clusters were determined using species constancy and fidelity. The cluster analysis enabled us to differentiate the alliances Seslerio-Festucion pallentis, Diantho lumnitzeri-Seslerion albicantis, Festucion valesiacae, Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati and Asplenio septentrionalis-Festucion pallentis (inch Festucenion pseudodalmaticae). However, it did not permit the differentiation of the alliances Koelerio-Phleion phleoidis and Bromion erecti. It also did not allow us to differentiate the orders Brometalia erecti and Festucetalia valesiacae. The reason for this may be the peripheral occurrence of plant communities of Brometalia erecti in Slovakia.
We present a report on the second annual symposium of the Dry Grassland Working Group, which took place 26.-28.08.05 in Münster and was entitled ‘Observation scales in dry grasslands’ The Dry Grassland Working Group is a discussion forum for all who are dealing with dry grasslands in central Europe. It organises annual symposia on various topics and aims to prepare the volumes on dry grasslands and closely related vegetation classes within the the ‘Synopsis of the plant communities of Germany’ The Synopsis will be based on a TURBOVEG database. As its structure and reference lists are now almost fixed, we will probably be able to start with data input at the beginning of 2006.
Die Arbeitsgruppe Trockenrasen wurde 2004 mit dem Ziel gegründet, mittelfristig die Bände der Trockenrasen und nahe stehender Vegetationstypen innerhalb der „Synopsis der Pflanzengesellschaften Deutschlands“ zu verfassen. Dazu soll zunächst eine umfassende TURBOVEG-Datenbank mit Vegetationsaufnahmen der Klassen Koelerio-Corynephoretea, Festuco-Brometea, Violetea calaminariae, Elyno-Seslerietea und Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei aus Deutschland erstellt werden. Anschließend ist die ergebnisoffene syntaxonomische Neubearbeitung dieser Gesellschaftsgruppe nach einer einheitlichen Methodik geplant. Personen, die an der Arbeitsgruppe mitwirken oder ihr Daten zur Verfügung stellen wollen, sind herzlich willkommen. Außerdem veranstaltet die Arbeitsgruppe eine jährliche Tagung zu wechselnden Themen. Die erste im September 2004 in Lüneburg stand unter dem Motto „Trockenrasen als Biodiversitätshotspots“. Fünf der damaligen Beiträge werden in diesem Band publiziert.
Trockenrasen (v. a. Klassen Koelerio-Corynephoretea und Festuco-Brometea) gehören zu den auf kleinen Flächen artenreichsten Pflanzengesellschaften überhaupt und stellen ideale Modellsysteme für die Analyse von Phytodiversitätsmustern und deren Ursachen dar. Ich gebe einen Überblick der in verschiedenen Trockenrasentypen Europas auftretenden Durchschnitts- und Maximalwerte der Artenzahlen von Gefäßpflanzen, Moosen und Flechten auf unterschiedlichen Flächengrößen zwischen 1 mm2 und 100 m2. Gesellschaften der Festuco-Brometea sind generell artenreicher als jene der Koelerio-Corynephoretea. Die bislang höchsten publizierten Artendichten stammen jedoch aus dem Gypsophilo fastigiatae-Globularietum vulgaris, einer basiphilen Felsgrusflur der schwedischen Insel Öland (Ordnung Alysso alyssoidis-Sedetalia, Koelerio-Corynephoretea). Sie betragen auf 4 m2 durchschnittlich 53,6 und maximal 80 Arten. Die geringsten Artendichten unter den Trockenrasen weisen das Caricetum arenariae und das Corniculario-Corynephoretum (beide Ordnung Corynephoretalia canescentis, Koelerio-Corynephoretea) mit durchschnittlich weniger als 10 Arten auf 4 m2 auf. Die Artenzahl-Areal-Beziehung von Trockenrasen lässt sich über den ganzen betrachteten Dimensionsbereich exzellent durch eine Potenzfunktion S = c • A z beschreiben. Dabei unterscheiden sich die z-Werte verschiedener Trockenrasentypen nur geringfügig und betragen im Mittel 0,21. Das führt dazu, dass die Reihung verschiedener Trockenrasengesellschaften hinsichtlich ihrer Artenzahl auf unterschiedlichen Skalenebenen nahezu unverändert bleibt, und eröffnet die Möglichkeit, Artenzahlen auf andere Flächengrößen zu extrapolieren.
Es folgt eine Erörterung der wichtigsten Faktoren, welche die Verteilung der Phytodiversität in Trockenrasen beeinflussen. Die größte Bedeutung hat hier die Bodenreaktion. Im Allgemeinen wurden stark steigende Artendichten mit zunehmendem pH-Wert, teilweise auch ein erneuter leichter Abfall oberhalb des Neutralpunktes gefunden. Eine Abnahme der Artendichte mit zunehmender Höhenlage im Gebirge konnte zumindest in zwei Fällen auch für Probeflächen gleicher Größe nachgewiesen werden. Abschließend diskutiere ich die Gründe für den überdurchschnittlichen Artenreichtum von Trockenrasen, weise auf Forschungsdefizite hin und unterbreite Empfehlungen für die Konzeption und Durchführung künftiger Studien der Biodiversitätsforschung wie auch der pflanzensoziologischen Datenerhebung allgemein. Als vordringliche Qualitätskriterien erachte ich die Arbeit mit standardisierten Probeflächengrößen und die sorgfältige Berücksichtigung von Moosen und Flechten.