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Die Zusammensetzung der Plasmamembran tierischer Zellen kann unter anderem durch regulierte Exozytose und durch hydrolytische Abspaltung von Ektodomänen membran-assoziierter Proteine (Ectodomain Shedding) modifiziert werden. Regulierte Exozytose spezialisierter Vesikel, den sogenannten GSVs (GLUT4 containing small vesicles), dient der intrazellulären Speicherung des Glucosetransporters4 (GLUT4) sowie seinem insulin-abhängigen Einbau in die Plasmamembran. Die proteolytische Abspaltung der Ektodomänen von Zelloberflächenproteinen wie z.B. des Heparin-bindenden epidermalen Wachstums-faktors (heparin binding-epidermal growth factor = HB-EGF) führt zur Modifikation der Plasmamembranzusammensetzung. Wir zeigten, dass GSVs in vielen Säugerzellen für die intrazelluläre Speicherung spezifischer Plasmamembranproteine und deren stimulations-abhängigen Transfer in die Plasmamembran zuständig sind. Um GSVs eindeutig identifizieren zu können, wurden Rat1-Zellen stabil mit GLUT4myc als heterologem Marker für dieses spezifische Speicherkompartiment transfiziert. Die intrazelluläre GLUT4-Lokalisation in den als positiv identifizierten Rat1/GLUT4myc-Klonen entsprach dem für CHO/GLUT4-Zellen beschriebenen Verteilungsmuster. In der Folge wurden mehrere potentiell vesikel-assoziierte Membranproteine in die Untersuchungen zur Membran-zusammensetzung einbezogen: eine endogene proHB-EGF hydrolysierende Proteaseaktivität und die Metalloproteasen ADAM10 und TACE. Es zeigte sich, dass GSVs eine Proteaseaktivität enthielten, die VSVG-proHB-EGF hydrolysierte. Eine Colokalisation der beiden endogenen Metalloproteasen ADAM10 und TACE mit GLUT4 in GSVs konnte gezeigt werden. Untersuchungen zeigten, dass beide endogenen Proteasen ADAM10 und TACE in Rat1/GLUT4myc-Zellen mit einer Subpopulation von GSVs assoziiert zu sein scheinen. Die Stimulation des G-Protein-gekoppelten Thrombinrezeptors löste in diesen Zellen eine regulierte Exozytose der GSVs aus. Die Metalloproteasen-enthaltenden GSVs reagierten jedoch nicht auf diese Art der Stimulation. Sie bildeten möglicherweise eine Reservepopulation von GSVs, die erst bei stärkerer Stimulation mobilisiert werden kann. Unter Ruhebedingungen schien auch diese Vesikelpopulation über andere intrazelluläre Kompartimente, nicht jedoch über die Plasmamembran, zu rezirkulieren.
Gene trapping is a method of generating murine embryonic stem (ES) cell lines containing insertional mutations in known and novel genes. A number of international groups have used this approach to create sizeable public cell line repositories available to the scientific community for the generation of mutant mouse strains. The major gene trapping groups worldwide have recently joined together to centralize access to all publicly available gene trap lines by developing a user-oriented Website for the International Gene Trap Consortium (IGTC). This collaboration provides an impressive public informatics resource comprising ~45 000 well-characterized ES cell lines which currently represent ~40% of known mouse genes, all freely available for the creation of knockout mice on a non-collaborative basis. To standardize annotation and provide high confidence data for gene trap lines, a rigorous identification and annotation pipeline has been developed combining genomic localization and transcript alignment of gene trap sequence tags to identify trapped loci. This information is stored in a new bioinformatics database accessible through the IGTC Website interface. The IGTC Website (www.genetrap.org) allows users to browse and search the database for trapped genes, BLAST sequences against gene trap sequence tags, and view trapped genes within biological pathways. In addition, IGTC data have been integrated into major genome browsers and bioinformatics sites to provide users with outside portals for viewing this data. The development of the IGTC Website marks a major advance by providing the research community with the data and tools necessary to effectively use public gene trap resources for the large-scale characterization of mammalian gene function.
Background: Costly structures need to represent an adaptive advantage in order to be maintained over evolutionary times. Contrary to many other conspicuous shell ornamentations of gastropods, the haired shells of several Stylommatophoran land snails still lack a convincing adaptive explanation. In the present study, we analysed the correlation between the presence/absence of hairs and habitat conditions in the genus Trochulus in a Bayesian framework of character evolution. Results: Haired shells appeared to be the ancestral character state, a feature most probably lost three times independently. These losses were correlated with a shift from humid to dry habitats, indicating an adaptive function of hairs in moist environments. It had been previously hypothesised that these costly protein structures of the outer shell layer facilitate the locomotion in moist habitats. Our experiments, on the contrary, showed an increased adherence of haired shells to wet surfaces. Conclusion: We propose the hypothesis that the possession of hairs facilitates the adherence of the snails to their herbaceous food plants during foraging when humidity levels are high. The absence of hairs in some Trochulus species could thus be explained as a loss of the potential adaptive function linked to habitat shifts.
Homing in with GPS
(2000)
Zu dem Vorzug unserer aufgeklärten Zeiten gehöret ohnstreitig, daß das Studium der Natur, diese reizende, vortrefliche und nüzliche Wissenschaft, so fleisig getrieben wird, und vom Throne bis zum Pflug so viele Verehrer und Schüler hat, daß es eine Beleidigung für unser helles Zeitalter sein würde, ihr eine Apologie zu schreiben. ...
Flight paths of homing pigeons were measured with a newly developed recorder based on GPS. The device consists of a GPS receiver board, a logging facility, an antenna, a power supply, a DCDC converter and a casing. It has a weight of 33g and works reliably with a sampling rate of 1/s with an operation time of about 3 h, providing timeindexed data on geographic positions, ground speed and altitude. The data are downloaded when the bird is recaptured. The devices are fixed to the birds with a harness. The measured complete flight paths show many details: e.g. initial loops flown immediately after release and large detours flown by some pigeons. We are here presenting 3 examples of flight paths from a release site 17.3 km Northeast of the home loft in Frankfurt. Mean speed in flight, duration of breaks and length of the flight path were calculated. The pigeons chose different routes and have different individual tendencies to fly loops over the village close to the release site.
This paper describes a first version of the GPS flight recorder for homing pigeons. The GPS recorder consists of a hybrid GPS board, a patch antenna 19*19 mm, a 3 V Lithium battery as power supply, a DCDC converter, a logging facility and an additional microprocessor. It has a weight of 33g. Prototypes were tested and worked reliably with a sampling rate of 1/sec and with an operation time of about 3 h. In first tests on homing pigeons 9 flight paths were recorded, showing details like loops flown immediately after the release, complete routes over 30 km including detours, rest periods and speed.
Here I analyse 23 populations of D. galeata, a large-lake cladoceran, distributed mainly across the Palaearctic. I detected high levels of clonal diversity and population differentiation using variation at six microsatellite loci across Europe. Most populations were characterised by deviations from H-W equilibrium and significant heterozygote deficiencies. Observed heterozygote deficiencies might be a consequence of simultaneous hatching of individuals produced during different times of the year or of the coexistence of ecologically and genetically differentiated subpopulations. A significant isolation by distance was only found over large geographic distances (> 700 km). This pattern is mainly due to the high genetic differentiation among neighbouring populations. My results suggest that historic populations of Daphnia were once interconnected by gene flow but current populations are now largely isolated. Thus local ecological conditions which determine the level of biparental sexual reproduction and local adaptation are the main factors mediating population structure of D. galeata. The population genetic structure and diversity in D. galeata was investigated at a European scale using six microsatellite loci and 12S rDNA sequence data to infer and compare historical and contemporary patterns of gene flow. D. galeata has the potential for long-distance dispersal via ephippial resting eggs by wind and other dispersing vectors (waterfowl), but shows in general strong population differentiation even among neighbouring populations. A total of 427 individuals were analysed for microsatellite and 85 individuals for mitochondrial (mtDNA) sequence data from 12 populations across Europe. I detected genetic differentiation among populations across Europe and locations within sampling regions for both genetic marker systems (average values: mtDNA FST = 0.574; microsatellite FST = 0.389), resulting in a lack of isolation by distance. Furthermore, several microsatellite alleles and one haplotype were shared across populations. Partitioning of molecular variance was inconsistant for both marker systems. Microsatellite variation was higher within than among populations, whereas mtDNA data yielded an inverse pattern. Relative high levels of nuclear DNA diversity were found across Europe. The amount of mitochondrial diversity was low in Spain, Hungary and Denmark. Gene flow analysis at a European scale did not reveal typical pattern of population recolonization in the light of postglacial colonization hypotheses. Populations, which recently experienced an expansion or population-bottleneck were observed both in middle and northern Europe. Since these populations revealed high genetic diversity in both marker systems, I suggest these areas to represent postglacial zones of secondary contact among divergent lineages of D. galeata. In order to reveal the relationship between population genetic structure of D. galeata and the relative contribution of environmental factors, I used a statistical framework based on canonical correspondence analysis. Although I detected no single ecological gradient mediating the genetic differentiation in either lake regions, it is noteworthy that the same ecological factors were significantly correlated with intra- and interspecific genetic variation of D. galeata. For example, I found a relationship between genetic variation of D. galeata and differentiation with higher and lower trophic levels (phytoplankton, submerged macrophytes and fish) and a relationship between clonal variation and species diversity within Cladocera. Variance partitioning had only a minor contribution of each environmental category (abiotic, biomass/density and diversity) to genetic diversity of D. galeata, while the largest proportion of variation was explained by shared components. My work illustrates the important role of ecological differentiation and adaptation in structuring genetic variation, and it highlights the need for approaches incorporating a landscape context for population divergence.