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Background: The existence of a constitutively expressed machinery for death in individual cells has led to the notion that survival factors repress this machinery and, if such factors are unavailable, cells die by default. In many cells, however, mRNA and protein synthesis inhibitors induce apoptosis, suggesting that in some cases transcriptional activity might actually impede cell death. To identify transcriptional mechanisms that interfere with cell death and survival, we combined gene trap mutagenesis with site-specific recombination (Cre/loxP system) to isolate genes from cells undergoing apoptosis by growth factor deprivation.
Results: From an integration library consisting of approximately 2 × 106 unique proviral integrations obtained by infecting the interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent hematopoietic cell line - FLOXIL3 - with U3Cre gene trap virus, we have isolated 125 individual clones that converted to factor independence upon IL-3 withdrawal. Of 102 cellular sequences adjacent to U3Cre integration sites, 17% belonged to known genes, 11% matched single expressed sequence tags (ESTs) or full cDNAs with unknown function and 72% had no match within the public databases. Most of the known genes recovered in this analysis encoded proteins with survival functions.
Conclusions: We have shown that hematopoietic cells undergoing apoptosis after withdrawal of IL-3 activate survival genes that impede cell death. This results in reduced apoptosis and improved survival of cells treated with a transient apoptotic stimulus. Thus, apoptosis in hematopoietic cells is the end result of a conflict between death and survival signals, rather than a simple death by default.
An excess of the proinflammatory substance IL-18 is present in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and expression of IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) regulates IL-18 bioactivity in various cell types. We examined the expression of IL-18R alpha-chain and beta-chain and the biologic effects of IL-18 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) after long-term culture. The presence of both IL-18R chains was a prerequisite for IL-18 signal transduction in FLS. However, all FLS cultures studied were either resistant or barely responsive to IL-18 stimulation as regards cell proliferation, expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and the release of interstitial collagenase and stromelysin, IL-6 and IL-8, prostaglandin E2, or nitric oxide. We conclude that the presence of macrophages or IL-18R+ T cells that can respond directly to IL-18 is essential for the proinflammatory effects of IL-18 in synovitis in RA. Open Access: Published: 14 November 2001 © 2002 Möller et al., licensee BioMed Central Ltd (Print ISSN 1465-9905; Online ISSN 1465-9913)
Background: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is performed mainly in patients with high-risk or advanced hematologic malignancies and congenital or acquired aplastic anemias. In the context of the significant risk of graft failure after allo-HSCT from alternative donors and the risk of relapse in recipients transplanted for malignancy, the precise monitoring of posttransplant hematopoietic chimerism is of utmost interest. Useful molecular methods for chimerism quantification after allogeneic transplantation, aimed at distinguishing precisely between donor's and recipient's cells, are PCR-based analyses of polymorphic DNA markers. Such analyses can be performed regardless of donor's and recipient's sex. Additionally, in patients after sex-mismatched allo-HSCT, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can be applied. Methods: We compared different techniques for analysis of posttransplant chimerism, namely FISH and PCR-based molecular methods with automated detection of fluorescent products in an ALFExpress DNA Sequencer (Pharmacia) or ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer (PE). We used Spearman correlation test. Results: We have found high correlation between results obtained from the PCR/ALF Express and PCR/ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer. Lower, but still positive correlations were found between results of FISH technique and results obtained using automated DNA sizing technology. Conclusions: All the methods applied enable a rapid and accurate detection of post-HSCT chimerism.
Background: To investigate the occupational risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection in a low-incidence setting, data from a prospective study of patients with culture-confirmed TB conducted in Hamburg, Germany, from 1997 to 2002 were evaluated. Methods: M. tuberculosis isolates were genotyped by IS6110 RFLP analysis. Results of contact tracing and additional patient interviews were used for further epidemiological analyses. Results: Out of 848 cases included in the cluster analysis, 286 (33.7%) were classified into 76 clusters comprising 2 to 39 patients. In total, two patients in the non-cluster and eight patients in the cluster group were health-care workers. Logistic regression analysis confirmed work in the health-care sector as the strongest predictor for clustering (OR 17.9). However, only two of the eight transmission links among the eight clusters involving health-care workers had been detected previously. Overall, conventional contact tracing performed before genotyping had identified only 26 (25.2%) of the 103 contact persons with the disease among the clustered cases whose transmission links were epidemiologically verified. Conclusion: Recent transmission was found to be strongly associated with health-care work in a setting with low incidence of TB. Conventional contact tracing alone was shown to be insufficient to discover recent transmission chains. The data presented also indicate the need for establishing improved TB control strategies in health-care settings.
Introduction: ScFv(FRP5)-ETA is a recombinant antibody toxin with binding specificity for ErbB2 (HER2). It consists of an N-terminal single-chain antibody fragment (scFv), genetically linked to truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA). Potent antitumoral activity of scFv(FRP5)-ETA against ErbB2-overexpressing tumor cells was previously demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. Here we report the first systemic application of scFv(FRP5)-ETA in human cancer patients.
Methods: We have performed a phase I dose-finding study, with the objective to assess the maximum tolerated dose and the dose-limiting toxicity of intravenously injected scFv(FRP5)-ETA. Eighteen patients suffering from ErbB2-expressing metastatic breast cancers, prostate cancers, head and neck cancer, non small cell lung cancer, or transitional cell carcinoma were treated. Dose levels of 2, 4, 10, 12.5, and 20 μg/kg scFv(FRP5)-ETA were administered as five daily infusions each for two consecutive weeks.
Results: No hematologic, renal, and/or cardiovascular toxicities were noted in any of the patients treated. However, transient elevation of liver enzymes was observed, and considered dose limiting, in one of six patients at the maximum tolerated dose of 12.5 μg/kg, and in two of three patients at 20 μg/kg. Fifteen minutes after injection, peak concentrations of more than 100 ng/ml scFv(FRP5)-ETA were obtained at a dose of 10 μg/kg, indicating that predicted therapeutic levels of the recombinant protein can be applied without inducing toxic side effects. Induction of antibodies against scFv(FRP5)-ETA was observed 8 days after initiation of therapy in 13 patients investigated, but only in five of these patients could neutralizing activity be detected. Two patients showed stable disease and in three patients clinical signs of activity in terms of signs and symptoms were observed (all treated at doses ≥ 10 μg/kg). Disease progression occurred in 11 of the patients.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that systemic therapy with scFv(FRP5)-ETA can be safely administered up to a maximum tolerated dose of 12.5 μg/kg in patients with ErbB2-expressing tumors, justifying further clinical development.
Dendritic cells (DC) are known to present exogenous protein Ag effectively to T cells. In this study we sought to identify the proteases that DC employ during antigen processing. The murine epidermal-derived DC line Xs52, when pulsed with PPD, optimally activated the PPD-reactive Th1 clone LNC.2F1 as well as the Th2 clone LNC.4k1, and this activation was completely blocked by chloroquine pretreatment. These results validate the capacity of XS52 DC to digest PPD into immunogenic peptides inducing antigen specific T cell immune responses. XS52 DC, as well as splenic DC and DCs derived from bone marrow degraded standard substrates for cathepsins B, C, D/E, H, J, and L, tryptase, and chymases, indicating that DC express a variety of protease activities. Treatment of XS52 DC with pepstatin A, an inhibitor of aspartic acid proteases, completely abrogated their capacity to present native PPD, but not trypsin-digested PPD fragments to Th1 and Th2 cell clones. Pepstatin A also inhibited cathepsin D/E activity selectively among the XS52 DC-associated protease activities. On the other hand, inhibitors of serine proteases (dichloroisocoumarin, DCI) or of cystein proteases (E-64) did not impair XS52 DC presentation of PPD, nor did they inhibit cathepsin D/E activity. Finally, all tested DC populations (XS52 DC, splenic DC, and bone marrow-derived DC) constitutively expressed cathepsin D mRNA. These results suggest that DC primarily employ cathepsin D (and perhaps E) to digest PPD into antigenic peptides.
Background: The neurophysiological and neuroanatomical foundations of persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) are still a matter of dispute. A main argument is that stutterers show atypical anatomical asymmetries of speech-relevant brain areas, which possibly affect speech fluency. The major aim of this study was to determine whether adults with PDS have anomalous anatomy in cortical speech-language areas. Methods: Adults with PDS (n = 10) and controls (n = 10) matched for age, sex, hand preference, and education were studied using high-resolution MRI scans. Using a new variant of the voxel-based morphometry technique (augmented VBM) the brains of stutterers and non-stutterers were compared with respect to white matter (WM) and grey matter (GM) differences. Results: We found increased WM volumes in a right-hemispheric network comprising the superior temporal gyrus (including the planum temporale), the inferior frontal gyrus (including the pars triangularis), the precentral gyrus in the vicinity of the face and mouth representation, and the anterior middle frontal gyrus. In addition, we detected a leftward WM asymmetry in the auditory cortex in non-stutterers, while stutterers showed symmetric WM volumes. Conclusions: These results provide strong evidence that adults with PDS have anomalous anatomy not only in perisylvian speech and language areas but also in prefrontal and sensorimotor areas. Whether this atypical asymmetry of WM is the cause or the consequence of stuttering is still an unanswered question. This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/4/23 © 2004 Jäncke et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
First paragraph (this article has no abstract) Persistent stimulation of nociceptors results in sensitization of nociceptive sensory neurons, which is associated with hyperalgesia and allodynia. The release of NO and subsequent synthesis of cGMP in the spinal cord are involved in this process. cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) has been suggested to act as a downstream target of cGMP, but its exact role in nociception hadn't been characterized yet. To further evaluate the NO/cGMP/PKG-I pathway in nociception we assessed the effects of PKG-I inhibiton and activaton in the rat formalin assay and analyzed the nociceptive behavior of PKG-I-/- mice. Open access article.
Background: Tumor development remains one of the major obstacles following organ transplantation. Immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus directly contribute to enhanced malignancy, whereas the influence of the novel compound mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on tumor cell dissemination has not been explored. We therefore investigated the adhesion capacity of colon, pancreas, prostate and kidney carcinoma cell lines to endothelium, as well as their beta1 integrin expression profile before and after MMF treatment. Methods: Tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cell monolayers was evaluated in the presence of 0.1 and 1 μM MMF and compared to unstimulated controls. beta1 integrin analysis included alpha1beta1 (CD49a), alpha2beta1 (CD49b), alpha3beta1 (CD49c), alpha4beta1 (CD49d), alpha5beta1 (CD49e), and alpha6beta1 (CD49f) receptors, and was carried out by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Results: Adhesion of the colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 was strongly reduced in the presence of 0.1 μM MMF. This effect was accompanied by down-regulation of alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 surface expression and of alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 coding mRNA. Adhesion of the prostate tumor cell line DU-145 was blocked dose-dependently by MMF. In contrast to MMF's effects on HT-29 cells, MMF dose-dependently up-regulated alpha1beta1, alpha2beta1, alpha3beta1, and alpha5beta1 on DU-145 tumor cell membranes. Conclusion: We conclude that MMF possesses distinct anti-tumoral properties, particularly in colon and prostate carcinoma cells. Adhesion blockage of HT-29 cells was due to the loss of alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 surface expression, which might contribute to a reduced invasive behaviour of this tumor entity. The enhancement of integrin beta1 subtypes observed in DU-145 cells possibly causes re-differentiation towards a low-invasive phenotype.
Introduction: This open label, multicentre study was conducted to assess the times to offset of the pharmacodynamic effects and the safety of remifentanil in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment requiring intensive care.
Methods: A total of 40 patients, who were aged 18 years or older and had normal/mildly impaired renal function (estimated creatinine clearance ≥ 50 ml/min; n = 10) or moderate/severe renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance <50 ml/min; n = 30), were entered into the study. Remifentanil was infused for up to 72 hours (initial rate 6–9 μg/kg per hour), with propofol administered if required, to achieve a target Sedation–Agitation Scale score of 2–4, with no or mild pain.
Results: There was no evidence of increased offset time with increased duration of exposure to remifentanil in either group. The time to offset of the effects of remifentanil (at 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours during scheduled down-titrations of the infusion) were more variable and were statistically significantly longer in the moderate/severe group than in the normal/mild group at 24 hours and 72 hours. These observed differences were not clinically significant (the difference in mean offset at 72 hours was only 16.5 min). Propofol consumption was lower with the remifentanil based technique than with hypnotic based sedative techniques. There were no statistically significant differences between the renal function groups in the incidence of adverse events, and no deaths were attributable to remifentanil use.
Conclusion: Remifentanil was well tolerated, and the offset of pharmacodynamic effects was not prolonged either as a result of renal dysfunction or prolonged infusion up to 72 hours.
Background: Common warts (verrucae vulgares) are human papilloma virus (HPV) infections with a high incidence and prevalence, most often affecting hands and feet, being able to impair quality of life. About 30 different therapeutic regimens described in literature reveal a lack of a single striking strategy. Recent publications showed positive results of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in the treatment of HPV-induced skin diseases, especially warts, using visible light (VIS) to stimulate an absorption band of endogenously formed protoporphyrin IX. Additional experiences adding waterfiltered infrared A (wIRA) during 5-ALA-PDT revealed positive effects. Aim of the study: First prospective randomised controlled blind study including PDT and wIRA in the treatment of recalcitrant common hand and foot warts. Comparison of "5-ALA cream (ALA) vs. placebo cream (PLC)" and "irradiation with visible light and wIRA (VIS+wIRA) vs. irradiation with visible light alone (VIS)". Methods: Pre-treatment with keratolysis (salicylic acid) and curettage. PDT treatment: topical application of 5-ALA (Medac) in "unguentum emulsificans aquosum" vs. placebo; irradiation: combination of VIS and a large amount of wIRA (Hydrosun® radiator type 501, 4 mm water cuvette, waterfiltered spectrum 590-1400 nm, contact-free, typically painless) vs. VIS alone. Post-treatment with retinoic acid ointment. One to three therapy cycles every 3 weeks. Main variable of interest: "Percent change of total wart area of each patient over the time" (18 weeks). Global judgement by patient and by physician and subjective rating of feeling/pain (visual analogue scales). 80 patients with therapy-resistant common hand and foot warts were assigned randomly into one of the four therapy groups with comparable numbers of warts at comparable sites in all groups. Results: The individual total wart area decreased during 18 weeks in group 1 (ALA+VIS+wIRA) and in group 2 (PLC+VIS+wIRA) significantly more than in both groups without wIRA (group 3 (ALA+VIS) and 4 (PLC+VIS)): medians and interquartile ranges: -94% (-100%/-84%) vs. -99% (-100%/-71%) vs. -47% (-75%/0%) vs. -73% (-92%/-27%). After 18 weeks the two groups with wIRA differed remarkably from the two groups without wIRA: 42% vs. 7% completely cured patients; 72% vs. 34% vanished warts. Global judgement by patient and by physician and subjective rating of feeling was much better in the two groups with wIRA than in the two groups without wIRA. Conclusions: The above described complete treatment scheme of hand and foot warts (keratolysis, curettage, PDT treatment, irradiation with VIS+wIRA, retinoic acid ointment; three therapy cycles every 3 weeks) proved to be effective. Within this treatment scheme wIRA as non-invasive and painless treatment modality revealed to be an important, effective factor, while photodynamic therapy with 5-ALA in the described form did not contribute recognisably - neither alone (without wIRA) nor in combination with wIRA - to a clinical improvement. For future treatment of warts an even improved scheme is proposed: one treatment cycle (keratolysis, curettage, wIRA, without PDT) once a week for six to nine weeks. © 2004 Fuchs et al; licensee German Medical Science. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL : http://www.egms.de/en/gms/volume2.shtml
Apparent contradiction between negative effects of UV radiation and positive effects of sun exposure
(2005)
We would like to comment on the three contributions in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 97, No. 3, February 2, 2005: Kathleen M. Egan, Jeffrey A. Sosman, William J. Blot: Editorial: Sunlight and Reduced Risk of Cancer: Is the Real Story Vitamin D? (pp. 161-163) ; Marianne Berwick, Bruce K. Armstrong, Leah Ben-Porat, Judith Fine, Anne Kricker, Carey Eberle, Raymond Barnhill: Sun Exposure and Mortality From Melanoma. (pp. 195-199) ; Karin Ekström Smedby, Henrik Hjalgrim, Mads Melbye, Anna Torrång, Klaus Rostgaard, Lars Munksgaard, et al.: Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Risk of Malignant Lymphomas. (pp. 199-209).
E-Learning soll im Rahmen der allgemeinmedizinischen Ausbildung von Medizinstudierenden erprobt werden. Ein zielgruppenspezifisches, multimodulares Online-Angebot begleitet Medizinstudenten des 10. Semesters während ihres dezentralen Praktikums in hausärztlichen Praxen. Folgende Lehrziele werden angestrebt: (1) Einführung in das E-Learning, (2) Klinische Allgemeinmedizin - Online-Modul, (3) Chronic Care Online-Modul, (4) Online-Bewerbung. Die systematische Evaluation zeigt, dass E-Learning die Kommunikation der Studierenden untereinander und mit der universitären Lehreinheit während des Praktikum fördert. Auf der Grundlage der in diesem Pilotversuch gewonnenen Erfahrungen erscheint die Kombination mit Präsenzunterricht (Blended Learning) eine vielversprechende Option für die allgemeinmedizinische Ausbildung zu sein.
In der medizinischen Praxis in Deutschland ist Klassifikation als essentieller Bestandteil der Dokumentation in vielen Bereichen durch gesetzliche Regelungen vorgeschrieben. Über diesen gesetzlich determinierten Rahmen hinaus können durch Klassifikation vergleichbar gemachte Informationen als Basis neuer wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse herangezogen werden und weiterhin helfen, bestehende Lehrmeinungen zu evaluieren. Ein Blick auf die im medizinischen Umfeld vorhandene organisatorische Realisierung der Klassifikation zeigt, daß diese in der Regel von medizinisch qualifiziertem Fachpersonal neben der eigentlichen Tätigkeit durchgeführt wird. Eine Klassifikation vorhandener Dokumentationen im Sinne einer Erschließung zusätzlicher wertvoller Informationsquellen über den gesetzlichen Mindestumfang hinaus scheitert somit häufig an der organisatorisch bedingten Überlastung der eingesetzten Mitarbeiter. Eine Unterstützung medizinischer Klassifikation in der Praxis durch den geeigneten Einsatz von Informationstechnologie (IT) erscheint somit sinnvoll und wünschenswert. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein entsprechender Ansatz in Form eines entwickelten Prototypen (XDIAG) vorgestellt und evaluiert. Der entwickelte Prototyp realisiert ein IT-gestütztes leitbegrifforientiertes Verfahren zur automatischen Kodierung von Diagnosen auf Basis vorliegender medizinischer Freitexte. Die hierbei realisierten Ansätze und Verfahren folgen den Vorschlägen von Herrn D. Schalck und sind somit das Resultat langjähriger intensiver und praxisnaher Beschäftigung mit Fragen medizinischer Freitextverarbeitung und Klassifikation. Die besondere Vorgehensweise verleiht dem vorgestellten Prototypen den Charakter einer Heuristik. In Abgrenzung zu zahlreichen bestehenden Verfahren erfolgt eine konsequente Reduktion der Komplexität der eingesetzten Algorithmen und Stammdaten durch einen Verzicht auf eine tiefgreifende linguistische Analyse der zur Kodierung vorgelegten Texte. Durch diesen Verzicht kann auf die Verwendung einer Grammatik und somit auf die Verwendung komplexer Stammdaten verzichtet werden. Als Stammdatenbasis werden vielmehr Datenbestände verwendet, die entweder besonders leicht zu pflegen sind oder aber ohnehin permanent im Rahmen von Langzeitprojekten gepflegt werden. An dieser Stelle spielt insbesondere der ICD10-Diagnosen-Thesaurus mit seiner umfassenden und besonders praxisorientierten Begriffsmenge eine wichtige Rolle. In Erweiterung bestehender Verfahren bietet der vorgestellte Prototyp darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit, mehrere medizinische Diagnosen im Rahmen eines Satzes zu kodieren. Weiterhin können dem Benutzer interaktiv qualifizierte Fehlerhinweise mit dem Ziel einer verbesserten Kodierung bereitgestellt werden. Als Ergebnis der Evaluation des realisierten Prototypen läßt sich festhalten, daß die hierbei eingesetzten Verfahren helfen können, eine synergistische Brücke zwischen praktischer Medizin, medizinischer Verwaltung und medizinischer Forschung zu schlagen, wenn sie an der richtigen Stelle und mit der richtigen Motivation eingesetzt werden.
Das Lupus-Antikoagulans ist mit einem deutlich erhöhten Risiko für arterielle und venöse Thrombosen assoziiert, so dass ihr Nachweis im Labor von großer klinischer Relevanz ist. Bei den meisten bisher verfügbaren Testsystemen sind Sensitivität und Präzision häufig unbefriedigend, und es kann zu falsch positiven Testergebnissen durch Heparin oder orale Antikoagulantien kommen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, einen präzisen, sensitiven und spezifischen Test zum optimierten Nachweis des Lupus-Antikoagulans zu entwickeln. Hierzu wurde ein auf der aPTT basierendes vollautomatisches Testprinzip entwickelt, bei dem Mischungen eines lupussensitiven und eines lupusinsensitiven aPTT-Reagenzes mit Patientenplasma oder Normalplasma hergestellt wurden. Die Ergebnisangabe erfolgte in Form einer Ratio, bei der jeweils die beiden Ratios des Patienten– und Normalplasmas nochmals in Relation gesetzt werden. Es wurden 99 Blutspender, 10 Patienten unter einer intravenösen, therapeutischen Behandlung mit unfraktioniertem Heparin, 19 oral antikoagulierte Patienten, sowie 5 Patienten mit Hämophilie A und 15 Patienten mit Antiphospholipid-Syndrom mit dem neuen Testsystem untersucht. Für die Präzision innerhalb einer Messreihe und von Tag zu Tag ergaben sich Varianzkoeffizienten von 1,5 – 1,9%. Der Mittelwert + 2SD der Ratio lag für die 99 Blutspender bei 1,07 und diente als Cutoff. Ein negatives Testergebnis zeigten alle mit Heparin oder oralen Antikoagulantien behandelten Patienten (Spezifität: 100%), 1/5 Patienten mit Hämophilie A reagierte positiv (80%), dieser hatte jedoch eine Faktor VIII Hemmkörper entwickelt. Von den 15 Patienten mit einem definitiven Antiphospholipid-Syndrom wiesen 13 eine erhöhte Ratio auf (Sensitivität: 87%). Somit ermöglicht dieses neu entwickelte Testsystem vollautomatisch einen präzisen, sensitiven und spezifischen Nachweis des Lupus-Antikoagulans.
Bei den Non-Hodgkin Lymphomen (NHL) handelt es sich um eine heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen, die mit Strahlen- und Chemotherapie behandelt werden können. Im Frühstadium lassen sich mit der Bestrahlung Heilung erzielen, im forgeschrittenen Stadium und bei Rückfällen sind aber, zumindest bei den niedrigmalignen Lymphomen, keine Heilung mehr durch Chemotherapie und Strahlentherapie möglich. Ein neuartiger Therapieansatz erscheint nun möglich mit der Anwendung des ersten monoklonalen Antikörpers in der Hämatologie. Rituximab ist ein chimärer monoklonaler Antkörper mit humanen konstanten IgG1- und Kappa-Regionen und variablen Regionen eines Maus-Antikörpers gegen das CD20-Antigen, das von fast allen B-Zellen und auch den meisten Lymphomzellen exprimiert wird Rituximab richtet sich daher auch gegen normale, nicht maligne B-Zellen, schädigt aber nicht die Stammzellen, die wiederum für die Neubildung von B-Zellen zuständig sind. Die Wirkung des Antikörpers beruht dabei auf verschiedenen Mechanismen der Indukation von Apoptose sowie auf einer direkten Zytotoxizität. Rituximab besitzt bereits in der Anwendung als Monotherapie eine erhebliche antitumorale Aktivität. Die bisherigen Studien belegen, daß Rituximab als Monotherapie gegen B-Zell-Lymphome wirksam ist, diese aber auch nicht dauerhaft heilen kann. Daher stellt sich die Frage nach dem kombinierten Einsatz von Rituximab mit konventionellen Chemotherapien. Die grundsätzlich verschiedenartigen Wirkungs-, Toxizitäts- und Resistenzmechanismen sprechen für eine derartige Therapiekombination. In in vitro durchgeführten Versuchsreihen konnten syneristische Effekte der Kombination aus Chemotherapie und Rituximab beobachtet werden. Insbesondere scheint Rituximab einen chemotherapie- sensiblisierenden Effekt zu haben. in einer randomisierten Studie von Hiddemann et al. konnte die Überlegenheit von einer Polychemotherapie CHOP plus Rituximab gegenüber CHOP allein demonstriert werden. Die Remissionsrate war für die Kombinationstherapie CHOP plus Rituximab signifikant höher im Vergleich für CHOP alleine. Der Vorteil für die Kombination aus CHOP plus Rituximab war bei den Mantelzell-Lymphomen noch ausgeprägter. In unserer Arbeitsgruppe untersuchten wir in einer im Jahre 2000 initiierten Phase-II-Studie die Kombination von Bendamustin plus Rituximab bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen progredienten rezidivierten oder refraktären niedrigmalignen oder Mantelzell-Lymphomen. Ein anderes Therapieschema, welches bei diesen Lymphomentitäten in einer Studie geprüft wurde, war die Kombination aus Cladribin und Mitoxantron plus Rituximab. Bei hochmalignen wurde die Kombination aus Rituximab plus Gemcitabin, Oxaliplatin und Bendamustin untersucht. Ziel und Gegenstand dieser retrospektiven Untersuchung war, die eigenen Ergebnisse im Kontext mit anderen Studienergebnissen zu bewerten und diskutieren. 139 Patienten mit therapierefraktärem oder rezidiviertem Non-Hodgkin-Lymphom sind im Zeitraum von 1999 bis 2003 mit einer Rituximab-haltigen Chemotherapie behandelt worden. Das ORR lag für die einzelnen Lymphomentitäten wie folgt: - Follikulärs Lymphom: 89% - Mantelzell-Lymphom: 37% - Immunozytom : 84% - Diffus-großzelliges B-NHL: 64% Im Median dauerte die Remission für die jeweilige Erkrankung: - Follikulärs-Lymphom: 12,8 Monate - Mantelzell-Lymphom: 8,5 Monate - Immunozytom: 11,6 Monate - Diffus-großzelliges B-NHL : 10,2 Monate Die Ansprechraten lagen dabei für das prognostische ungünstige Mantelzell-Lymphom bei 37%, für die indolenten Lymphomentitäten Immunozytom und follikulären Lymphom bei 84% respektive 89%. Bei den hochmalignen Diffus-großzelligem B-NH Lymphomen konnte eine Remissionsrate von 64% erzielt werden. Die kürzeste Remissionsdauer war beim Mantelzell-Lymphom, die längste war beim follikulären Lymphom. Diese Therapieergabnisse erscheinen verbessert im Vergleich zu den etablierten Chemotherapieresultaten und vergleichbar mit internationalen Literatur publizierten Daten. Bei der Durchführung der Therapien mit Rituximab plus Chemotherpie konnte keine klinische relevante erhöhte Toxizität beobachtet werden. Die Patienten haben die Behandlung mit Antikörper Rituximab gut toleriert. nur 1,4% der Patienten (2 von 141) mussten die Behandlung mit Rituximab abbrechen. Ob die Verbesserung der Ansprechraten, die wir in unserer Studie in der retrospektiven Auswertung beobachtet haben, auch zu einer Verlängerung der Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und zu einer Verbesserung der Prognose dieser Krankheitsentitäten führen wird, ist noch nicht abschließend geklärt und muss erst noch in größeren prospektiven Studien geklärt werden.