790 Freizeitgestaltung, darstellende Künste, Sport
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Institute
- Sportwissenschaften (83) (remove)
Sportliche Aktivität besitzt in einer von Freizeit geprägten Gesellschaft eine wichtige soziokulturelle Bedeutung und erfreut sich unter anderem wegen der hinreichend bekannten mehrdimensionalen gesundheitlichen und psychophysischen Wirkungen wachsender Akzeptanz mit einem hohen gesellschaftlichen Stellenwert (Rütten et al.2005). Neben chronisch-degenerativen Erkrankungen werden vor allem die Herz- Kreislauf- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen, wie beispielsweise Diabetes mellitus, durch sportliche Aktivität positiv beeinflusst. Für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird geschätzt, dass mehr als 6.500 kardiovaskuläre Todesfälle jährlich vermieden werden könnten, wenn nur die Hälfte der körperlich inaktiven Männer im Alter von 40 bis 69 Jahren gemäßigten körperlichen Aktivitäten nachgingen (Mensink 1997). Insgesamt zählen Krankheiten des Muskel- und Skelettsystems zu den häufigsten und kostenträchtigsten Leiden in Deutschland (Hübscher 2007). Auf die Behandlungskosten bezogen nehmen sie nach Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes (2006) mit etwa 25 Milliarden Euro (11%) den dritten Rang ein. Zur Aufrechterhaltung von Gesundheit und Vermeidung chronischer Erkrankungen tragen körperlich aktive Lebensstile unumstritten und wissenschaftlich hinreichend belegt bei (Bauman 2004, Kruk 2007). Daneben verhindert sportliche Aktivität aber nicht nur Erkrankungen und Todesfälle, sondern ist ihrerseits auch mit besonderen Risiken verbunden. Über- oder Fehlbelastungen können zu Sportschäden und Sportverletzungen und damit neben funktionellen Einschränkungen zu manifesten Behinderungen des Organismus führen. Quantitativ von besonderer Bedeutung sind dabei die Sportunfälle, in deren Folge sich schwere Verletzungen mit Invalidität bis hin zu Todesfällen ergeben. Die Sportverletzung beschreibt ein akutes Ereignis, das durch eine plötzliche und unerwartete Krafteinwirkung in unmittelbarem Zusammenhang mit Sport zu einer Verletzung führt (Röthig 2003). Hiervon abzugrenzen ist der Sportschaden, der mitunter sportartspezifisch durch Fehl- und Überlastung verursacht und häufig durch Eigennamen wie Werferellenbogen oder Läuferknie beschrieben wird. Sportliche Aktivität ist mit einem ihr eigenen Verletzungsrisiko verbunden, das mit der Intensität der Belastung und der Expositionsdauer steigt (Biener 1975). Jährlich werden in den stationären und ambulanten Krankenversorgungseinrichtungen der Europäischen Union schätzungsweise rund 4,5 Millionen Sportverletzungen behandelt und 40% der Verletzungen sind mit Fußball assoziiert (Kisser und Bauer 2010). Für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland existieren spärliche Daten zu Verletzungsprävalenz und -inzidenz von Verletzungen und Schäden infolge sportlicher Aktivität. Die Jahresberichte des Statistischen Bundesamtes und der Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA) sind wenig spezifisch und berücksichtigen dabei weder Expositionszeit, Ausmaß und Lokalisation der Verletzung noch differenzieren sie zwischen Sportunfällen und Unfällen aus Heim und Freizeit (Statistisches Bundesamt 1998, Langen 2004, Henter und Neteler 2004). Eine geringe Anzahl relevanter Publikationen, die das Themenfeld Sportverletzungen und Sportschäden betreffen, basieren entweder auf nicht repräsentativen oder vorselektionierten Stichproben, selektiven Daten von Versicherern oder sie betreffen nicht die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Finch et al. 1998, Hootman et al. 2002, Steinbrück 1999, Seither 2008, Henke et al. 2010). Zudem entstammen die Daten zumeist Gesundheitsberichten oder Sportentwicklungsplänen, in denen Sport nicht eindeutig definiert, sondern nur erhoben wird, ob Sport betrieben wird. Den Vergleichsdaten wird dabei häufig ein abseits wissenschaftlicher Definitionen, populäres Verständnis von Sport zugrunde gelegt (Wiebe 2011). Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist eine aktuelle Betrachtung von Sportverletzungen und Sportschäden unter dem Aspekt von Häufigkeit, Ursachen, Risiken und Prävention mit der erstmaligen Untersuchung der Entität des Polytraumas im Sport und deren Kosten. Die vorgelegte Arbeit basiert auf fünf eigenen Publikationen zu diesem Themenkomplex und einer retrospektiven Registeranalyse polytraumatisierter Sportler der Jahre 2007 bis 2011 am Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Universität Frankfurt am Main.
Eine ausgeprägte Skelettmuskulatur spielt in vielerlei Hinsicht eine wichtige Rolle, sei es aus präventiver, um im Alltag den passiven Bewegungsapparat zu entlasten, oder aus leistungssportlicher Sicht, die Muskelmasse der entscheidende Faktor für ein ausgeprägtes Maximalkrafhiveau ist. Eine Analyse der wissenschaftlichen Literatur bringt ein unbefriedigendes Bild des Kenntnisstandes über die Belastungsnormative bzw. ihre optimale Abstimmung aufeinander, um auf möglichst effektive Weise Muskelwachstum zu erzeugen, zu Tage. Ein großer Teil des heutigen Kenntnisstandes beruht auf Erfahrungen, die über Jahrzehnte irn Kraftsport (Gewichtheben, Kraftdreikampf, Bodybuilding) gesammelt wurden. Aus diesem Grund soll diese Untersuchung, in der das Belastungsnormativ der Belastungshäufigkeit im Zentrum des Interesses steht, ein Schritt in Richtung einer Erweiterung des Wissensstandes und einer Optimierung des Krafttrainings zur Entwicklung von Muskelmasse sein. An der Studie nahmen 66 Probanden teil. Die eine Hälfte bestand aus Krafttrainingsanfängern, die andere aus Kraftsportlern mit mindestens zwei Jahren Krafttrainingserfahrung. Trainiert wurde ein-, zwei- und dreimal pro Woche, so dass sich sowohl die Anfänger als auch die Fortgeschrittenen auf jeweils drei Gruppen verteilten. Das Trainingsprogramm für die Armbeuger (M. biceps brachii, M. brachialis, M. brachioradialis) dauerte acht Wochen und zog eine zweiwöchige Detrainingsphase nach sich, in der zwei Tests durchgeführt wurden. Die Trainingseinheiten wurden, soweit möglich, immer im gleichen zeitlichen Abstand voneinander durchgeführt. Das Training bestand aus fünf Sätzen bei drei Minuten interserieller Pause. Jeder Satz wurde bis zum Muskelversagen ausgeführt. Der letzten eigenständig ausgeführten Wiederholung folgten zwei weitere mit Hilfestellung. Die Wiederholungszahl pro Satz sollte im Bereich von acht bis zwölf liegen. Aufgrund der unvollständigen Regeneration innerhalb der Belastungspause musste von Satz zu Satz das Gewicht reduziert werden, um im angestrebten Wiederholungsbereich zu bleiben. War es dem Proband möglich, mit einer Last zwölf Wiederholungen durchzuführen, wurde das Gewicht für den nächsten Satz beibehalten und im nächsten Training um 2,5 kg erhöht. Für die Erhebung der Daten wurden sechs Termine anberaumt. Vor Trainingsbeginn wurde als erstes mittels Kernspintomographie das Muskelvolumen bestimmt. Am folgenden Tag fanden dann die Krafttests statt (dynamisches und isometrisches Maximum; maximale Wiederholungszahl mit 80% des dynamischen Maximums). Nach vier Trainingswochen wurde ein Zwischentest durchgeführt, der nur den Krafttest beinhaltete. Diese Tests wurden erneut drei Tage nach dem letzten Training durchgeführt. Um sicher zu gehen, dass die Armbeugemuskulatur vollkommen erholt war und eventuell auftretende Detrainingseffekte erfasst werden konnten, wurden die abschließenden Krafttests erst ,vierzehn Tage nach dem letzten Training durchgeführt. Der zweite Kernspintomographietermin erfolgte dreizehn Tage nach dem letzten Training. ....
Change of direction (COD) is a performance-limiting factor in team sports. However, there are no exact definitions describing which physical abilities limit COD performance in soccer. Nevertheless, different COD tests are used or have been recommended as being equally effective in the professional practice of measuring COD performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different COD tests, and to test the independence and generalizability of these COD tests in soccer. As such, 27 elite youth soccer players were randomly recruited and were tested in different COD tests (i.e., Illinois agility test (IAT), T agility test (TT), 505 agility test (505), Gewandtheitslauf (GewT), triangle test (Tri-t), and square test (SQT)). Bivariate Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the COD tests. The Benjamini–Hochberg method was used to control for the false discovery rate of the study at 0.05. This investigation calculated explained variances of 10% to 55% between performances in the different COD tests. This suggested that the tests covered different aspects or task-specific characteristics of the COD. Therefore, coaches and sport scientists should review and select different tests with a logical validity, based on the requirement profiles of the corresponding sport.
The contribution of upper body movements to dynamic balance regulation during challenged locomotion
(2018)
Recent studies suggest that in addition to movements between ankle and hip joints, movements of the upper body, in particular of the arms, also significantly contribute to postural control. In line with these suggestions, we analyzed regulatory movements of upper and lower body joints supporting dynamic balance regulation during challenged locomotion. The participants walked over three beams of varying width and under three different verbally conveyed restrictions of arm posture, to control the potential influence of arm movements on the performance: The participants walked with their arms stretched out perpendicularly in the frontal plane, spontaneously, i.e., without restrictions to the arm movements, and with their hands on their thighs. After applying an inverse-dynamics analysis to the measured joint kinematics, we investigated the contribution of upper and lower body joints to balance regulation in terms of torque amplitude and variation. On the condition with the hands on the thighs, the contribution of the upper body remains significantly lower than the contribution of the lower body irrespective of beam widths. For spontaneous arm movements and for outstretched arms we find that the upper body (including the arms) contributes to the balancing to a similar extent as the lower body. Moreover, when the task becomes more difficult, i.e., for narrower beam widths, the contribution of the upper body increases, while the contribution of the lower body remains nearly constant. These findings lend further support to the hypothetical existence of an "upper body strategy" complementing the ankle and hip strategies especially during challenging dynamic balance tasks.
We are pleased to introduce the sixth Journal Club. This edition is focused on several relevant studies published in the last years in the field of Strength and Conditioning, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for sport and exercise seen from a scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring read.
We are glad to introduce the sixth Journal Club. This edition is focused on several relevant studies published in recent years in the field of Motor Control and Learning, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for sport seen also from the scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring lecture.
Technology integration in physical education : examining the physical education teachers' domain
(2016)
Physical education (PE), in the meantime, has evolved as school subject that willingly adapts to technology trends to foster student learning. Several efforts to nurture and facilitate technology integration in PE indicate the growth in interest in this topic over the past years: multiple physical education teacher education (PETE) programs, textbooks, and journal papers have adopted technology issues as a regular topic in the realm of PE research and practice. Although there are plenty of conceptual papers and technology teaching tips available in common publication outputs, empirical evidence on technology integration in PE is still a rare sight. Empirical evidence on technology integration in PE is still limited. However, available studies reported vastly positive findings, favorably of a mutual linking of technology and PE Scanning through the various articles that described pedagogical scenarios for technology integration in PE, five pedagogical scenarios that stand for a typical and most beneficiary use of technology integration in PE classes in regard to student learning: a) homework and theory, b) informational Input, c) learning stations, d) feedback, and e) physical activity tracking. Focusing on the PE teachers? perspective, two empirical studies were carried out. The theoretical framework consists of three building blocks: the a) significance of technology in everyday life and school, b) organizational development and agents of school development and change, and c) determinants of technology integration in schools and in the classroom ? emphasizing the teacher as an agent of change. The first study examined PE teachers? subjective theories toward technology integration in PE. Findings indicated that a) computer literacy, b) household computer ownership, c) professional experience, as well as d) gender had an effect on PE teachers? subjective theories toward technology integration in PE. The second study surveyed PE teachers? computer literacy, and instructional technology and media use in PE. The majority of the PE teachers seldom used technology in PE classes. PE teachers? computer literacy had a statistically significant effect on their technology use in PE class for information and communications technology (ICT) such as laptops, Internet, and digital cameras. PE teachers who showed higher levels of computer literacy were more likely to use technology in the classroom. However, the sample tended to consist of PE teachers that do not use technology often. No statistical relation was found for the link of PE teachers? computer literacy and the use of traditional media (e.g., printed images, chalkboard) in the classroom. Conclusively summing up the discussion, the following developmental areas in the field of technology can be posited: a) curriculum development, b) media database, c) documentation, d) empirical research, e) PE environment, f) dissemination, g) implementation strategies, and g) professional development and PETE. Nonetheless, several concerns against technology integration in PE can be stated: a) Physical activity levels and physical activity time, b) sedentary lifestyle, c) empirical evidence, d) unfiltered experience and alienation, and e) preparation time and budget.
Inhibition is a central component of human behavior. It enables flexible and adaptive behavior by suppressing prepotent motor responses. In former studies, it has been shown that sport athletes acting in dynamic environments exhibit superior motor inhibitory control based on sensory stimuli. So far, existing studies have corroborated this in manual motor response settings only. Therefore, this study addresses the effector specificity of the inhibition benefit in elite athletes compared to physically active controls. A sport-unspecific stop-signal task has been adapted for hand as well as feet usage and 30 elite handball players as well as 30 controls were tested. A repeated-measures ANOVA with the two factors “effector” (hands, feet) and “group” (expert, recreational athletes) was conducted. Our results suggest no group differences in two-choice response times, but a convincing superiority of handball players in inhibitory control (i.e., shorter stop-signal reaction times), predominantly when responding with their hands, with weaker differential effects when responding with their feet. This suggests that motor inhibition might be a comprehensive performance characteristic of sport athletes acting in dynamic environments, detectable predominantly in eye-hand coordination tasks.
Tapping the full potential? Jumping performance of volleyball athletes in game-like situations
(2018)
Background: One key issue in elite interactive team sports is the simultaneous execution of motor actions (e.g., dribbling a ball) and perceptual-cognitive tasks (e.g., visually scanning the environment for action choices). In volleyball, one typical situation is to prepare and execute maximal block jumps after multiple-options decision-making and concurrent visual tracking of the ongoing game dynamics to find an optimal blocking location. Based on resource-related dual- and multi-tasking theories simultaneous execution of visual-cognitive and motor tasks may interfere with each other. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether volleyball-specific perceptual-cognitive demands (i.e., divided attention, decision making) affect blocking performance (i.e., jumping performance and length of the first step after the ready-block-position) compared to relatively isolated jumping performance.
Methods: Twenty-two elite volleyball players (1st – 3rd German league) performed block jumps in front of a net construction in a single-task condition (ST) and in two perceptual (-cognitive) dual-task conditions including a dual-task low (DT_L; presenting a picture of an opponent attack on a screen) and a dual-task high condition (DT_H; presenting videos of an offensive volleyball set play with a two-alternative choice).
Results: The results of repeated-measures ANOVAs showed a significant effect of conditions on jumping performance [F(2,42) = 33.64, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.62] and on the length of the first step after the ready-block-position [F(2,42) = 7.90, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.27). Post hoc comparisons showed that jumping performance in DT_H (p < 0.001) and DT_L (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than in ST. Also, length of the first step after the ready-block-position in DT_H (p = 0.005) and DT_L (p = 0.028) was significantly shorter than in ST.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that blocking performance (i.e., jumping height, length of the first step) decreases in elite volleyball players when a perceptual (-cognitive) load is added. Based on the theory of Wickens (2002), this suggests a resource overlap between visual-processing demands for motor performance and for tracking the dynamics of the game. Interference with the consequence of dual-task related performance costs can therefore also be found in elite athletes in their specific motor expert domain.
Purpose: Hamstring injuries are common among football players. There is still disagreement regarding prevention. The aim of this review is to determine whether static stretching reduces hamstring injuries in football codes.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on the online databases PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane, Web of Science, Bisp and Clinical Trial register. Study results were presented descriptively and the quality of the studies assessed were based on Cochrane’s ‘risk of bias’ tool.
Results: The review identified 35 studies, including four analysis studies. These studies show deficiencies in the quality of study designs.
Conclusion: The study protocols are varied in terms of the length of intervention and follow-up. No RCT studies are available, however, RCT studies should be conducted in the near future.