790 Freizeitgestaltung, darstellende Künste, Sport
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Background: Treatment of first-time shoulder dislocation (FSD) is a topic of debate. After high rates of recurrent instability after nonoperative management were reported in the literature, primary repair of FSD significantly increased. At the same time, new concepts were proposed that had promising results for immobilization in external rotation (ER) and abduction (ABD). Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the recurrence rates (primary outcome) and clinical outcomes (secondary outcome parameters) of immobilization in ER+ABD versus arthroscopic primary stabilization after FSD. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, patients with FSD were randomized to either treatment with immobilization in 60° of ER plus 30° of ABD (group 1) or surgical treatment with arthroscopic Bankart repair (group 2). Clinical evaluation was performed 1, 3, and 6 weeks as well as 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively or after reduction, including range of motion, instability testing, subjective shoulder value, Constant-Murley score, Rowe score, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index. Recurrent instability events were prospectively recorded. Results: Between 2011 and 2017, a total of 112 patients were included in this study. Of these, 60 patients were allocated to group 1 and 52 to group 2. At the 24-month follow-up, 91 patients (81.3%) were available for clinical examination. The recurrence rate was 19.1% in group 1 and 2.3% in group 2 (P = .016). No significant differences were found between groups regarding clinical shoulder scores (P > .05). Due to noncompliance with the immobilization treatment protocol, 4 patients (6.7%) were excluded. Conclusion: Immobilization in ER+ABD versus primary arthroscopic shoulder stabilization for the treatment of FSD showed no differences in clinical shoulder scores. However, recurrent instability was significantly higher after nonoperative treatment.
Charlies Maschinensturm, so triumphal er streckenweise auch anmuten mag, währt nicht eben lange: Schon bald erklingt die Sirene des herannahenden Krankenwagen, der den geistig verwirrten Helden in die Irrenanstalt abtransportiert. Eine Abblende folgt, womit der erste, ohne Frage berühmteste(und wohl auch gelungenste) Abschnitt von "Modern Times" sein Ende findet. In formalästhetischer Hinsicht außerordentlich homogen, bildet dieser zugleich Kulminationspunkt und "summa" der mechanisierungsbasierten Körperkomik Chaplins und lädt - die sollte auf den vorangegangenen Seiten deutlich gewor-d nein - wie kaum eine andere Sequenz der Filmgeschichte zu einer komiktheoretischen Betrachtung im Sinne Bazin und Bergsons ein. Ja, man ist versucht zu behaupten, letzterer hätte, gesetzt den Fall, "Das Lachen" wäre nicht schon wenige Jahre nach der Geburtsstunde des Films, sondern erst nach der Uraufführung von Chaplins Komödie geschrieben worden, deren Fabrikszenen zur Veranschaulichung einer Argumentation und Thesen bemüht.
Motiviert für Tokio
(2021)
Background: It is often advised to ensure a high-protein intake during energy-restricted diets. However, it is unclear whether a high-protein intake is able to maintain muscle mass and contractility in the absence of resistance training.
Materials and Methods: After 1 week of body mass maintenance (45 kcal/kg), 28 male college students not performing resistance training were randomized to either the energy-restricted (ER, 30 kcal/kg, n = 14) or the eucaloric control group (CG, 45 kcal/kg, n = 14) for 6 weeks. Both groups had their protein intake matched at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass and continued their habitual training throughout the study. Body composition was assessed weekly using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Contractile properties of the m. rectus femoris were examined with Tensiomyography and MyotonPRO at weeks 1, 3, and 5 along with sleep (PSQI) and mood (POMS).
Results: The ER group revealed greater reductions in body mass (Δ −3.22 kg vs. Δ 1.90 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.360), lean body mass (Δ −1.49 kg vs. Δ 0.68 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.152), body cell mass (Δ −0.85 kg vs. Δ 0.59 kg, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.181), intracellular water (Δ −0.58 l vs. Δ 0.55 l, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.445) and body fat percentage (Δ −1.74% vs. Δ 1.22%, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 433) compared to the CG. Contractile properties, sleep onset, sleep duration as well as depression, fatigue and hostility did not change (p > 0.05). The PSQI score (Δ −1.43 vs. Δ −0.64, p = 0.006, partial η2 = 0.176) and vigor (Δ −2.79 vs. Δ −4.71, p = 0.040, partial η2 = 0.116) decreased significantly in the ER group and the CG, respectively.
Discussion: The present data show that a high-protein intake alone was not able to prevent lean mass loss associated with a 6-week moderate energy restriction in college students. Notably, it is unknown whether protein intake at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass prevented larger decreases in lean body mass. Muscle contractility was not negatively altered by this form of energy restriction. Sleep quality improved in both groups. Whether these advantages are due to the high-protein intake cannot be clarified and warrants further study. Although vigor was negatively affected in both groups, other mood parameters did not change.
Lockdown measures including the closure of physical activity facilities were installed against the spread of the novel coronavirus in March 2020. The aim of the current online survey was to assess the lockdown effects on physical activity in German adults. We assessed physical activity using the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) questionnaire. Pre-lockdown vs. lockdown differences were tested with the X2 test and the Student’s t-test for paired data. Predictor variables to explain compliance with physical activity recommendations were identified using a fixed effects binary logistic regression analysis. Data of 979 respondents were analyzed. Transport related and leisure time physical activity decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.16; p < 0.001, d = 0.22, respectively). Compliance with physical activity recommendations decreased from 38.1% to 30.4% (chi2 [1, 1958] = 12.754, p < 0.001, V = 0.08). In the regression analysis, BMI (OR 0.944, 95% CI 0.909–0.981; p = 0.003), education (OR 1.111, 95% CI 1.021–1.208; p = 0.015), transport related (OR 1.000, 95% CI 1.000–1.000; p = 0.008) and leisure time physical activity (OR 1.004, 95% CI 1.003–1.004; p < 0.001), muscle strengthening (OR 5.206, 95% CI 4.433–6.114; p < 0.001), as well as the ‘lockdown vs. normal’ categorical variable (OR 0.583, 95% CI 0.424–0.802; p = 0.001) showed a contribution, while sex (p = 0.152), age (p = 0.266), work related physical activity (p = 0.133), and remote working (p = 0.684) did not. Physical activity declined in German adults, and should also be promoted in light of the emerging evidence on its protective effects of against COVID-19. Special attention should be given to muscle strengthening activities and groups with lower educational attainment.
Ausgehend von einer Definition von Themenparks als Heterotopien entwickelt der Beitrag ein vierstufiges Modell geschichtstransformatorischer Strategien, die in Themenparks einen affektiven Zugang zu einer ideologisierten, kommodifizierten und präsentifizierten Vergangenheit ermöglichen. Diese grundlegende Neukonzeption von Vergangenheit, die sich allenfalls punktuell an Maßstäben von Authentizität orientiert, gleichwohl jedoch als ungemein wirkmächtig erachtet werden muss, verortet der Beitrag in einer breiteren ästhetischen und kulturellen Entwicklung der Postmoderne, die als 'affective turn' bezeichnet worden ist. Das Modell der geschichtstransformatorischen Strategien wird in der Folge anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen - Main Street, U.S.A. in Disneyland und Grecia in Terra Mítica - illustriert, wobei besonders auf den historischen und kulturellen Kontext der Parks eingegangen wird, der bei Geschichtstransformationen in Themenparks eine kaum zu überschätzende Rolle spielt.
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to clarify whether blood-flow restriction during resting intervals [resting blood-flow restriction (rBFR)] is comparable to a continuous BFR (cBFR) training regarding its effects on maximum strength, hypertrophy, fatigue resistance, and perceived discomfort.
Materials and Methods: Nineteen recreationally trained participants performed four sets (30-15-15-15 repetitions) with 20% 1RM on a 45° leg press twice a week for 6 weeks (cBFR, n = 10; rBFR, n = 9). Maximum strength, fatigue resistance, muscle thickness, and girth were assessed at three timepoints (pre, mid, and post). Subjective pain and perceived exertion were determined immediately after training at two timepoints (mid and post).
Results: Maximum strength (p < 0.001), fatigue resistance (p < 0.001), muscle thickness (p < 0.001), and girth (p = 0.008) increased in both groups over time with no differences between groups (p > 0.05). During the intervention, the rBFR group exposed significantly lower perceived pain and exertion values compared to cBFR (p < 0.05).
Discussion: Resting blood-flow restriction training led to similar gains in strength, fatigue resistance, and muscle hypertrophy as cBFR training while provoking less discomfort and perceived exertion in participants. In summary, rBFR training could provide a meaningful alternative to cBFR as this study showed similar functional and structural changes as well as less discomfort.
The title of the conference that took place in the Dance Studies department of the University of Salzburg on January 23rd and 24th - Post-utopia and Europe in the performing arts - was an invitation to grapple not only with the subject matter announced, but also with the very conception of its terms. The interdisciplinary contributions to the conference - from dance studies, musicology, literature, cultural policy and film studies - presented a multifaceted range of ideas both about Europe and European-ness and about (post-)utopia, pushing and pulling the notions in a tense field of reflection.
The spread of the COVID-19 virus was met by a strict lockdown in many countries around the world, with the closure of all physical activity (PA) facilities and limitations on moving around freely. The aim of the present online survey was to assess the effect of lockdown on physical activity in Italy. Physical activity was assessed using the European Health Interview Survey questionnaire. A total of 1500 datasets were analyzed. Differences between conditions were tested with a chi2-based (χ2) test for categorical variables, and with the Student’s t-test for paired data. A fixed effects binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify relevant predictor variables to explain the compliance with World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations. We found a substantial decline in all physical activity measures. Mean differences in walking and cycling metabolic equivalent of task minutes per week (METmin/week), respectively, were 344.4 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 306.6–382.2; p < 0.001) and 148.5 (95% CI: 123.6–173.5; p < 0.001). Time spent in leisure time decreased from 160.8 to 112.6 min/week (mean difference 48.2; 95% CI: 40.4–56.0; p < 0.001). Compliance with WHO recommendations decreased from 34.9% to 24.6% (chi2 (1, 3000) = 38.306, p < 0.001, V = 0.11). Logistic regression showed a reduced chance (OR 0.640, 95% CI: 0.484–0.845; p = 0.001) to comply with WHO PA recommendations under lockdown conditions. Measures to promote physical activity should be intensified to limit detrimental health effects.
Governments have restricted public life during the COVID-19 pandemic, inter alia closing sports facilities and gyms. As regular exercise is essential for health, this study examined the effect of pandemic-related confinements on physical activity (PA) levels. A multinational survey was performed in 14 countries. Times spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) as well as in vigorous physical activity only (VPA) were assessed using the Nordic Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form). Data were obtained for leisure and occupational PA pre- and during restrictions. Compliance with PA guidelines was calculated based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). In total, n = 13,503 respondents (39 ± 15 years, 59% females) were surveyed. Compared to pre-restrictions, overall self-reported PA declined by 41% (MVPA) and 42.2% (VPA). Reductions were higher for occupational vs. leisure time, young and old vs. middle-aged persons, previously more active vs. less active individuals, but similar between men and women. Compared to pre-pandemic, compliance with WHO guidelines decreased from 80.9% (95% CI: 80.3–81.7) to 62.5% (95% CI: 61.6–63.3). Results suggest PA levels have substantially decreased globally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key stakeholders should consider strategies to mitigate loss in PA in order to preserve health during the pandemic.
Das Konflikterleben von Schiedsrichtern im Amateurfußball : eine empirisch-qualitative Arbeit
(2020)
Bei der Austragung von Amateurfußballspielen nehmen Schiedsrichter die Rolle von Beobachtern ein, die bei Konflikten selbst zu Betroffenen werden können. Dabei treten auch extreme Formen wie Beleidigungen und Diskriminierungen sowie physische und psychische Gewalt auf. Anliegen der Masterthesis „Das Konflikterleben von Schiedsrichtern im Amateurfußball“ ist es, die Wahrnehmung von Schiedsrichtern in Bezug auf Konflikte im Amateurfußball empirisch-qualitativ zu erfassen und bisherige Forschungsansätze zu erweitern. Grundlage der Arbeit bilden vom Autor geführte problemzentrierte Interviews mit hessischen Unparteiischen, deren Auswertung neue Perspektiven im Gewaltdiskurs des Amateurfußballs anbietet.
9/11. - "Es wird nichts mehr so sein, wie es war." Dieser Satz war nur leicht abgewandelt am 12. September 2001, dem Tag nach den Terroranschlägen auf das New Yorker World Trade Center, einstimmig in Bild und Frankfurter Allgemeiner Zeitung zu lesen. Die Feststellung, daß dies eine Floskel sei, ist längst selbst zu einer Phrase in der Auseinandersetzung mit dem 11. September verkommen. Jan Philipp Reemtsma hat darauf hingewiesen, daß man diesen Satz schon aufgrund seiner Omnipräsenz in den ersten Tagen nach den Anschlägen "nicht einfach als Unsinn abtun" könne: Er markiere unser Verständnis dieses Datums als Zäsur von welthistorischer Bedeutung. Wenn nichts mehr so sein wird, wie es war - wie wird es dann sein? Diese Frage impliziert für Künste und Medien eine weitere Frage, nämlich die nach der Darstelbarkeit. Wie kann man den zumindest in den Monaten nach 9/11 empfundenen Singularität des Ereignisses gerecht werden?
Die Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft ist ein internationales Sportereignis, an dem dank der Massenmedien die ganze Welt teilhaben kann. Ungeachtet dieser globalen Dimension steht zumindest in den Ländern, die an der WM teilnehmen, die eigene Nation im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Aus sport- und mediensoziologischer Sicht stellt sich daher die Frage, auf welche Weise in der medialen Berichterstattung die eigene – und kontrastierend dazu auch die gegnerische – Nation thematisiert wird. Dieser Frage sind Studierende des Masterstudiengangs Sozialwissenschaften des Sports an der Goethe-Universität in einem Seminar zur Soziologie des Mediensports nachgegangen. Sie haben dazu das erste WM-Spiel der deutschen Mannschaft gegen Mexiko analysiert.
Zum 21. Mal trafen sich am 6. Februar 2019 Leichtathletinnen und Leichtathleten ausganz Deutschland in Frankfurt-Kalbach zur Deutschen Hallen-Hochschulmeisterschaft der Leichtathletik. In 13 Disziplinen kämpften rund 300 Studierende um den Titel »Deutscher Hochschulmeister 2019« und »Deutsche Hochschulmeisterin 2019«. Die Goldmedaillen für die Goethe-Universität erkämpften sich Gordon Porsch (Stabhochsprung) und Lisa Oed (3 000 Meter).
During dynamic ultrasound assessments, unintended transducer movement over the skin needs to be prevented as it may bias the results. The present study investigated the validity of two methods quantifying transducer motion. An ultrasound transducer was moved on a pre-specified 3 cm distance over the semitendinosus muscle of eleven adults (35.8 ± 9.8 years), stopping briefly at intervals of 0.5 cm. Transducer motion was quantified (1) measuring the 2-D displacement of the shadow produced by reflective tape (RT) attached to the skin and (2) using a marker-based, three-dimensional movement analysis system (MAS). Differences between methods were detected with Wilcoxon tests; associations were checked by means of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 3.1) and Bland–Altman plots. Values for RT (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) and MAS (r = 0.19, p = 0.002) were significantly higher than true distances (TD). Strong correlations were found between RT and TD (ICC: 0.98, p < 0.001), MAS and TD (ICC: 0.95, p < 0.001), and MAS and RT (ICC: 0.97, p < 0.001). Bland–Altman plots showed narrow limits of agreement for both RT (−0.49 to 0.13 cm) and MAS (−0.49 to 0.34 cm) versus TD. RT and MAS are valid methods to quantify US transducer movement. In view of its low costs and complexity, RT can particularly be recommended for application in research and clinical practice. View Full-Text
Keywords: ultrasound; reflective tape; transducer movement
The float serve is an effective weapon to impede the attack of the opposing team. Because of its great importance in indoor and beach volleyball, we measured and quantified the float effect. We recorded 24 float serves of 12 top athletes in beach volleyball and indoor volleyball, respectively, and analyzed them using video analysis. We determined the 3D trajectories of the ball flight and developed two measures to describe the size of the float effect, the mean residuals and the anticipation error. Both were derived from regression models. These measures suggest that the float effect is greater in the vertical plane than in the horizontal plane, both for indoor and beach volleyball. Analyses of ball release velocities suggest that a certain ball release velocity is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for ball floating. A validation of the float measurements with subjective expert ratings showed a correlation with the horizontal deviations. This study provides a new approach to analyze floating in on-court volleyball serves and broadens the knowledge for float effects in sports.
Purpose: Medically recommended training often faces the dilemma that necessary mechanical intensities for muscle adaptations exceed patients' physical capacity. In this regard, blood flow restriction (BFR) training is becoming increasingly popular because it enables gains in muscle mass and strength despite using low-mechanical loads combined with external venous occlusion. Since the underlying mechanisms are still unknown, we applied invasive measurements during exercise with and without BFR to promote physiological understanding and safety of this popular training technique. Methods: In a randomized cross-over design, ten healthy men (28.1 ± 6.5 years) underwent two trials of unilateral biceps curls either with (BFR) and without BFR (CON). For analysis of changes in intravascular pressures, blood gases, oximetry and electrolytes, an arterial and a venous catheter were placed at the exercising arm before exercise. Arterial and venous blood gases and intravascular pressures were analyzed before, during and 5 min after exercise. Results: Intravascular pressures in the arterial and venous system were more increased during exercise with BFR compared to CON (p < 0.001). Furthermore, arterial and venous blood gas analyses revealed a BFR-induced metabolic acidosis (p < 0.05) with increased lactate production (p < 0.05) and associated elevations in [K+], [Ca2+] and [Na+] (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study describes for the first time the local physiological changes during BFR training. While BFR causes greater hypertension in the arterial and venous system of the exercising extremity, observed electrolyte shifts corroborate a local metabolic acidosis with concurrent rises in [K+] and [Na+]. Although BFR could be a promising new training concept for medical application, its execution is associated with comprehensive physiological challenges.
Functional circuit training (FCT) has been demonstrated to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). However, the moderators of this observation are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of exercise intensity. According to an a priori sample size calculation, n = 24 healthy participants (26 ± 3 years, 13 females), in randomized order, performed a single 15-min bout of FCT with low (20–39% of the heart rate reserve/HRR), moderate (40–59% HRR) or high intensity (maximal effort). Immediately pre- and post-workout, CP was measured by use of the Digit Span test, Stroop test and Trail Making test. Non-parametric data analyses did not reveal significant differences between conditions (p > 0.05) although parameter-free 95% confidence intervals showed pre-post improvements in some outcomes at moderate and high intensity only. The effort level does not seem to be a major effect modifier regarding short-term increases in CP following HCT in young active adults.
Perceptual-cognitive function and unplanned athletic movement task performance: a systematic review
(2020)
The performance of choice-reaction tasks during athletic movement has been demonstrated to evoke unfavorable biomechanics in the lower limb. However, the mechanism of this observation is unknown. We conducted a systematic review examining the association between (1) the biomechanical and functional safety of unplanned sports-related movements (e.g., jumps/runs with a spontaneously indicated landing leg/cutting direction) and (2) markers of perceptual–cognitive function (PCF). A literature search in three databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar) identified five relevant articles. The study quality, rated by means of a modified Downs and Black checklist, was moderate to high (average: 13/16 points). Four of five papers, in at least one parameter, found either an association of PCF with task safety or significantly reduced task safety in low vs. high PCF performers. However, as (a) the outcomes, populations and statistical methods of the included trials were highly heterogeneous and (b) only two out of five studies had an adequate control condition (pre-planned movement task), the evidence was classified as conflicting. In summary, PCF may represent a factor affecting injury risk and performance during unplanned sports-related movements, but future research strengthening the evidence for this association is warranted.
The ecological validity of neuropsychological testing (NT) has been questioned in the sports environment. A frequent criticism is that NT, mostly consisting of pen and paper or digital assessments, lacks relevant bodily movement. This study aimed to identify the determinants of a newly developed testing battery integrating both cognitive and motor demands. Twenty active individuals (25 ± 3 years, 11 males) completed the new motor-cognitive testing battery (MC), traditional NT (Stroop test, Trail Making test, Digit Span test) and isolated assessments of motor function (MF; Y-balance test, 20m-sprint, counter-movement jump). Kendal’s tau and partial Spearman correlations were used to detect associations between MC and NT/MF. Except for two items (Reactive Agility A and counter-movement jump; Run-Decide and sprint time; r = 0.37, p < 0.05), MC was not related to MF. Similarly, MC and NT were mostly unrelated, even when controlling for the two significant motor covariates (p > 0.05). The only MC item with (weak to moderate) associations to NT was the Memory Span test (Digit Span backwards and composite; r = 0.43–0.54, p < 0.05). In sum, motor-cognitive function appears to be largely independent from its two assumed components NT and MF and may represent a new parameter in performance diagnostics.
Resistance exercise has been demonstrated to improve brain function. However, the optimal workout characteristics are a matter of debate. This randomized, controlled trial aimed to elucidate differences between free-weight (REfree) and machine-based (REmach) training with regard to their ability to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). A total of n = 46 healthy individuals (27 ± 4 years, 26 men) performed a 45-min bout of REfree (military press, barbell squat, bench press) or REmach (shoulder press, leg press, chest press). Pre- and post-intervention, CP was examined using the Stroop test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span test. Mann–Whitney U tests did not reveal between-group differences for performance in the Digit Span test, Trail Making test and the color and word conditions of the Stroop test (p > 0.05). However, REfree was superior to REmach in the Stroop color-word condition (+6.3%, p = 0.02, R = 0.35). Additionally, REfree elicited pre-post changes in all parameters except for the Digit Span test and the word condition of the Stroop test while REmach only improved cognitive performance in part A of the Trail Making test. Using free weights seems to be the more effective RE method to acutely improve cognitive function (i.e., inhibitory control). The mechanisms of this finding merit further investigation.
Aerobic and resistance exercise acutely increase cognitive performance (CP). High-intensity functional training (HIFT) combines the characteristics of both regimes but its effect on CP is unclear. Thirty-five healthy individuals (26.7 ± 3.6 years, 18 females) were randomly allocated to three groups. The first (HIFT) performed a functional whole-body workout at maximal effort and in circuit format, while a second walked at 60% of the heart rate reserve (WALK). The third group remained physically inactive reading a book (CON). Before and after the 15-min intervention period, CP was assessed with the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test and Digit Span Test. Repeated-measures ANOVAs and post-hoc 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to detect time/group differences. A significant group*time interaction was found for the backwards condition of the Digit Span Test (p = 0.04) and according to the 95% CI, HIFT was superior to WALK and CON. Analysis of the sum score of the Digit Span Test and the incongruent condition of the Stroop Test, furthermore, revealed main effects for time (p < 0.05) with HIFT being the only intervention improving CP. No differences were found for the Trail Making Test (p > 0.05). In conclusion, HIFT represents an appropriate method to acutely improve working memory, potentially being superior to moderate aerobic-type exercise.
Physical exercise has been shown to alter sensory functions, such as sensory detection or perceived pain. However, most contributing studies rely on the assessment of single thresholds, and a systematic testing of the sensory system is missing. This randomised, controlled cross-over study aims to determine the sensory phenotype of healthy young participants and to assess if sub-maximal endurance exercise can impact it. We investigated the effects of a single bout of sub-maximal running exercise (30 min at 80% heart rate reserve) compared to a resting control in 20 healthy participants. The sensory profile was assessed applying quantitative sensory testing (QST) according to the protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain. QST comprises a broad spectrum of thermal and mechanical detection and pain thresholds. It was applied to the forehead of study participants prior and immediately after the intervention. Time between cross-over sessions was one week. Sub-maximal endurance exercise did not significantly alter thermal or mechanical sensory function (time × group analysis) in terms of detection and pain thresholds. The sensory phenotypes did not indicate any clinically meaningful deviation of sensory function. The alteration of sensory thresholds needs to be carefully interpreted, and only systematic testing allows an improved understanding of mechanism. In this context, sub-maximal endurance exercise is not followed by a change of thermal and mechanical sensory function at the forehead in healthy volunteers.
Failed jump landings represent a key mechanism of musculoskeletal trauma. It has been speculated that cognitive dual-task loading during the flight phase may moderate the injury risk. This study aimed to explore whether increased visual distraction can compromise landing biomechanics. Twenty-one healthy, physically active participants (15 females, 25.8 ± 0.4 years) completed a series of 30 counter-movement jumps (CMJ) onto a capacitive pressure platform. In addition to safely landing on one leg, they were required to memorize either one, two or three jersey numbers shown during the flight phase (randomly selected and equally balanced over all jumps). Outcomes included the number of recall errors as well as landing errors and three variables of landing kinetics (time to stabilization/TTS, peak ground reaction force/pGRF, length of the centre of pressure trace/COPT). Differences between the conditions were calculated using the Friedman test and the post hoc Bonferroni-Holm corrected Wilcoxon test. Regardless of the condition, landing errors remained unchanged (p = .46). In contrast, increased visual distraction resulted in a higher number of recall errors (chi² = 13.3, p = .001). Higher cognitive loading, furthermore, appeared to negatively impact mediolateral COPT (p < .05). Time to stabilization (p = .84) and pGRF (p = .78) were unaffected. A simple visual distraction in a controlled experimental setting is sufficient to adversely affect landing stability and task-related short-term memory during CMJ. The ability to precisely perceive the environment during movement under time constraints may, hence, represent a new injury risk factor and should be investigated in a prospective trial.
Triathlon is a popular sport for both recreational and competitive athletes. This study investigated the rates and patterns of stress fractures in the German national triathlon squad. We developed a web-based retrospective questionnaire containing questions about the frequency of stress fractures, anatomic localisation and associated risk factors. The survey was conducted as an explorative cross-sectional study. Eighty-six athletes completed the questionnaire. Twenty athletes (23%) sustained at least one stress fracture. All documented stress fractures were located in the lower extremities. Factors associated with a higher risk for stress fractures were female gender, competitive sport prior to triathlon career, Vitamin D or iron deficiency, menstrual disturbances and a high number of annual training hours. Disseminating knowledge among athletes and their professional community in order to raise awareness about early symptoms and relevant risk factors could help to improve prevention and reduce the incidence of stress fractures.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a six-week, twice weekly resistance training (4 sets at 30% 1-RM until failure) with practical blood flow restriction (BFR) using 7cm wide cuffs with a twist lock placed below the patella is superior to training without BFR (NoBFR) concerning muscle mass and strength gains in calf muscles.
A two-group (BFR n = 12, mean age 27.33 (7.0) years, training experience 7.3 (7.0) years; NoBFR n = 9, mean age 28.9 (7.4) years, training experience 7.1 (6.6) years) randomized matched pair design based on initial 1-RM was used to assess the effects on structural and functional adaptations in healthy males (Perometer calf volume [CV], gastrocnemius muscle thickness using ultrasound [MT], 7-maximal hopping test for leg stiffness [LS], 1-RM smith machine calf raise [1-RM], and visual analogue scale as a measure of pain intensity [VAS]).
The mean number of repetitions completed per training session across the intervention period was higher in the NoBFR group compared to the BFR group (70 (16) vs. 52 (9), p = 0.002). VAS measured during the first session increased similarly in both groups from first to fourth set (p<0.001). No group effects or time×group interactions were found for CV, MT, LS, and 1-RM. However, there were significant time effects for MT (BFR +0.07 cm; NoBFR +0.04; p = 0.008), and 1-RM (BFR +40 kg; NoBFR +34 kg; p<0.001).
LS and CV remained unchanged through training. VAS in both groups were similar, and BFR and NoBFR were equally effective for increasing 1-RM and MT in trained males. However, BFR was more time efficient, due to lesser repetition per training session.
Wohl keine andere Zusammenarbeit zwischen einem Theaterpraktiker und einem Bühnenautor ist im deutschsprachigen Theater des 20. Jahrhunderts ähnlich kontinuierlich und fruchtbar verlaufen wie die zwischen Max Reinhardt und Hugo von Hofmannsthal. So eng verbunden ist ihr gemeinsames Wirken gewesen, dass sich kaum sagen lässt, ob Reinhardt die Theaterstücke und Stückbearbeitungen Hofmannsthals auf die Bühne gebracht hat oder ob besser, wie Wolfgang Nehring mit Blick auf "Elektra" und "Ödipus" formuliert, von "Hofmannsthals 'Erneuerung der Antike' für das Theater Max Reinhardts" die Rede sein sollte. Ihren Kulminationspunkt findet die Kooperation zweifellos in der Begründung der Salzburger Festspiele, an der Reinhardt und Hofmannsthal führend beteiligt waren. Wie weitreichend ihre Kooperation konzeptionell gewesen ist, ja wie sehr ihr Zusammenwirken als ein von einem gemeinsamen Leitgedanken durchdrungenes Projekt gesehen werden muss, das sich in seinen Wandlungen über die verschiedenen Werkphasen hinweg durchhält und fortentwickelt, wird vollends indes erst sichtbar, wenn man es in den Epochenzusammenhang einrückt, von dem Hofmannsthals und Reinhardts Projekt nicht nur bestimmt wurde, dessen Rahmen sie im Zuge ihrer Zusammenarbeit vielmehr wesentlich erst aufgespannt haben: denjenigen der Theatermoderne.
Wohl keine andere Zusammenarbeit eines Theaterpraktikers mit einem Bühnenautor ist im deutschsprachigen Theater des 20. Jahrhunderts ähnlich kontinuierlich und fruchtbar verlaufen wie diejenige Max Reinhardts mit Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Wenn man die Geschichte von Hofmannsthals Beziehung zu Berlin überblickt, dann lässt sich leicht erkennen, dass der Erste Weltkrieg darin eine Zäsur markiert. Bis 1916 war die deutsche Reichshauptstadt für den Wiener Autor der wichtigste Publikations- und Aufführungsort und zugleich ein intellektueller Fixpunkt. In Berlin wurde er bekanntlich erst zum Bühnenautor. Fast alle Uraufführungen jener Zeit fanden dort statt, auch weil er Anfang des Jahrhunderts mit Max Reinhardt am Deutschen Theater seinen, den 'wirklichen' Regisseur gefunden hatte. In der "BZ am Mittag" ließ er sich am 18. Januar 1905 in Berlin mit der Aussage zitieren, er kenne keine Stadt, "in der das Theater eine so vollendete Pflege genösse"; die darstellerischen Leistungen dort befänden sich "auf unerreichter Höhe" und das Publikum zeige ein "ebenso feinsinniges wie erstaunlich vielseitiges Verständnis".
Introduction: The worldwide spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) has prompted numerous countries to restrict public life. Related measures, such as limits on social gatherings, business closures, or lockdowns, are expected to considerably reduce the individual opportunities to move outside the home. As physical activity (PA) and sport participation significantly contribute to health, this study has two objectives. The objectives of this study are to assess changes in PA and well-being since the coronavirus outbreak in affected countries. Additionally, we will evaluate the impact of digital home-based exercise programs on PA as well as physical and mental health outcomes.
Method: A multinational network trial will be conducted with three planned phases (A, B, and C). Part A consists of administering a structured survey. It investigates changes in PA levels and health during the coronavirus outbreak and measures the preferences of the participants regarding online training programs. Part B is a two-armed randomized-controlled trial. Participants assigned to the intervention group (IG) will complete a digital 4-week home exercise training (live streaming via internet) guided by the survey results on content and time of program. The control group (CG) will not receive the program. Part C is 4-week access of both CG and IG to a digital archive of pre-recorded workouts from Part B. Similar to Part A, questionnaires will be used in both Part B and C to estimate the effects of exercise on measures of mental and physical health.
Results and Discussion: The ASAP project will provide valuable insights into the importance of PA during a global pandemic. Our initial survey is the first to determine how governmental confinement measures impact bodily and mental well-being. Based on the results, the intervention studies will be unique to address health problems potentially arising from losses in PA. If proven effective, the newly developed telehealth programs could become a significant and easy-to-distribute factor in combating PA decreases. Results of the study may hence guide policy makers on methods to maintain PA and health when being forced to restrict public life.
Study Register: DRKS00021273.
In the present paper, we tested the ability of individuals to judge correctly whether athletes are lying or telling the truth. For this purpose, we first generated 28 videos as stimulus material: in half of the videos, soccer players were telling the truth, while in the other half, the same soccer players were lying. Next, we tested the validity of these video clips by asking N = 65 individuals in a laboratory experiment (Study 1a) and N = 52 individuals in an online experiment (Study 1b) to rate the level of veracity of each video clip. Results suggest that participants can distinguish between true and false statements, but only for some clips and not for others, indicating that some players were better at deceiving than others. In Study 2, participants again had to make veracity estimations, but we manipulated the level of information given, as participants (N = 145) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (regular video clips, mute video clips, and only the audio stream of each statement). The results revealed that participants from the mute condition were less accurate in their veracity ratings. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Most human actions produce concomitant sounds. Action sounds can be either part of the action goal (GAS, goal-related action sounds), as for instance in tap dancing, or a mere by-product of the action (BAS, by-product action sounds), as for instance in hurdling. It is currently unclear whether these two types of action sounds—incidental or intentional—differ in their neural representation and whether the impact on the performance evaluation of an action diverges between the two. We here examined whether during the observation of tap dancing compared to hurdling, auditory information is a more important factor for positive action quality ratings. Moreover, we tested whether observation of tap dancing vs. hurdling led to stronger attenuation in primary auditory cortex, and a stronger mismatch signal when sounds do not match our expectations. We recorded individual point-light videos of newly trained participants performing tap dancing and hurdling. In the subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, participants were presented with the videos that displayed their own actions, including corresponding action sounds, and were asked to rate the quality of their performance. Videos were either in their original form or scrambled regarding the visual modality, the auditory modality, or both. As hypothesized, behavioral results showed significantly lower rating scores in the GAS condition compared to the BAS condition when the auditory modality was scrambled. Functional MRI contrasts between BAS and GAS actions revealed higher activation of primary auditory cortex in the BAS condition, speaking in favor of stronger attenuation in GAS, as well as stronger activation of posterior superior temporal gyri and the supplementary motor area in GAS. Results suggest that the processing of self-generated action sounds depends on whether we have the intention to produce a sound with our action or not, and action sounds may be more prone to be used as sensory feedback when they are part of the explicit action goal. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the function of action sounds for learning and controlling sound-producing actions.
Knee acoustic emissions provide information about joint health and loading in motion. As the reproducibility of knee acoustic emissions by vibroarthrography is yet unknown, we evaluated the intrasession and interday reliability of knee joint sounds. In 19 volunteers (25.6 ± 2.0 years, 11 female), knee joint sounds were recorded by two acoustic sensors (16,000 Hz; medial tibial plateau, patella). All participants performed four sets standing up/sitting down (five repetitions each). For measuring intrasession reliability, we used a washout phase of 30 min between the first three sets, and for interday reliability we used a washout phase of one week between sets 3 and 4. The mean amplitude (dB) and median power frequency (Hz, MPF) were analyzed for each set. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs (2,1)), standard errors of measurement (SEMs), and coefficients of variability (CVs) were calculated. The intrasession ICCs ranged from 0.85 to 0.95 (tibia) and from 0.73 to 0.87 (patella). The corresponding SEMs for the amplitude were ≤1.44 dB (tibia) and ≤2.38 dB (patella); for the MPF, SEMs were ≤13.78 Hz (tibia) and ≤14.47 Hz (patella). The intrasession CVs were ≤0.06 (tibia) and ≤0.07 (patella) (p < 0.05). The interday ICCs ranged from 0.24 to 0.33 (tibia) and from 0 to 0.82 (patella) for both the MPF and amplitude. The interday SEMs were ≤4.39 dB (tibia) and ≤6.85 dB (patella) for the amplitude and ≤35.39 Hz (tibia) and ≤15.64 Hz (patella) for the MPF. The CVs were ≤0.14 (tibia) and ≤0.08 (patella). Knee joint sounds were highly repeatable within a single session but yielded inconsistent results for the interday reliability.
Competition anxiety has been demonstrated to decrease sports performance while increasing burnout risk. To date, its degree in CrossFit (CF) is unknown. The present study, therefore, examines competition fear and relevant coping skills as well as potential correlates of both in individuals participating in CF events. A total of n = 79 athletes answered a battery of three questionnaires (competition fear index, athletic coping skills inventory, mindfulness attention awareness scale). Substantial levels of anxiety, particularly regarding the somatic dimension of the competition fear index, were reported. The most pronounced coping skill was freedom of worry. While age or level of competition showed no/very small associations with survey data, sex was correlated to the psychological characteristics: women reported higher competition fears and lower coping skill levels (p > 0.05). Competition fears are highly prevalent in CF athletes and the preventive value of population-specific interventions, particularly in females, should be investigated in future trials.
Hintergrund: Ein Großteil der Rupturen des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) ereignet sich ohne Gegnerkontakt. Misslungene Landungen zählen zu den häufigsten kontaktlosen Verletzungsursachen, insbesondere bei Spielsportler/-innen. Im Vergleich zu vorgeplanten/antizipierten Landungen reduzieren unvorhersehbare/nicht-antizipierte Landeanforderungen, bei denen die Entscheidung für das Landebein erst in der Luft getroffen wird, die biomechanische Landestabilität. Die veränderte Landecharakteristik wird mit einem gesteigerten VKB-Ruptur-Risiko in Verbindung gebracht.
Ziele: Diese Dissertation überprüft, ob VKB-rekonstruierte (VKBR) im Vergleich zu verletzungsfreien Testpersonen (KG) eine stärkere Abnahme der Lande- und Entscheidungsqualität unter nicht-antizipierten gegenüber antizipierten Landeanforderungen (höhere nicht-antizipierte Landekosten) aufweisen. Zudem wird innerhalb beider Gruppen untersucht, inwiefern die potenziell vorhandenen nicht-antizipierten Landekosten mit spezifischen niedrigeren und höheren kognitiven Funktionen assoziiert sind. Darüber hinaus werden die erfassten kognitiven Messgrößen auf Gruppenunterschiede überprüft.
Methode: Zehn VKBR-Testpersonen (28 ± 4 Jahre, alle männlich) und 20 Kontrolltestpersonen ohne VKB-Verletzungshistorie (27 ± 4 Jahre, alle männlich) führten jeweils 70 Counter-Movement-Jumps mit einbeinigen Landungen auf eine Druckmessplatte durch. Alle Probanden absolvierten in randomisierter Reihenfolge eine antizipierte (Landung auf links oder rechts bereits vor Absprung bekannt) und eine nicht-antizipierte/-vorplanbare (visuelle Landeinformation erst nach Absprung angezeigt; etwa 360 ms vor Bodenkontakt) Landebedingung (n = 35 jeweils). Die Operationalisierung der biomechanischen Landestabilität erfolgte anhand der maximalen vertikalen Bodenreaktionskraft (peak ground reaction force, pVGRF), Stabilisationszeit (time to stabilisation, TTS), posturalen Schwankung (center of pressure, COP) sowie der Standsicherheit (Anzahl an Standfehler; Bodenberührung mit Spielbein). Die Entscheidungsqualität wurde anhand der Landefehlerzahl (Landung mit falschem Fuß oder beidfüßig) bewertet. Zur Erfassung niedrigerer (z. B. Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, visuelle Wahrnehmung) und höherer kognitiver Funktionen (z. B. kognitive Flexibilität, Arbeitsgedächtnis, Inhibitionskontrolle) kamen Computer- sowie Papier-und-Stiftbasierte Tests zum Einsatz.
Ergebnisse: Innerhalb beider Gruppen führte die nicht-antizipierte im Vergleich zur antizipierten Landebedingung zu höheren COP-Werten (KG: p < 0,01; d=1,1; VKBR: p < 0,01; d = 1,1) sowie zu mehr Stand- (KG: p < 0,001; d = 0,9; VKBR: p < 0,05; d = 0,6) und Lande-fehlern (KG: p < 0.01; d = 1,3; VKBR: p < 0,001; d = 1,9). Keine Unterschiede zeigten sich im Hinblick auf TTS und pVGRF (p > 0,05). Weder innerhalb noch zwischen den Bedingungen differierten die beiden Gruppen in einem der erfassten Lande-/Entscheidungsparameter systematisch (p > 0,05). Innerhalb der KG war die Zunahme der COP-Schwankungen mit einer geringeren Interferenzkontrolle assoziiert (r = 0,48; p < 0,05). Eine höhere Anzahl nicht-antizipierter Landefehler (geringere Entscheidungsqualität) stand in einem signifikanten Zusammenhang (Kovariate: Flugzeit/Sprungdauer) mit einer geringeren kognitiven Flexibilitäts-/Arbeitsgedächtnis- (r = 0,54; p < 0,05) und Kurzzeitgedächtnisleistung (r = -0,55; p < 0,05). Ähnlich verhielt es sich in der VKBR-Gruppe. Allerdings erreichten die Zusammenhänge hier keine statistische Signifikanz (p > 0,05). Innerhalb der VKBR-Gruppe war jedoch eine geringere Entscheidungsqualität mit einer verminderten Interferenz- (r = 0.67, p < 0,05) und Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle (r = 0.66, p < 0,05) korreliert. Im Gegensatz zu den nicht-antizipierten Landefehlern, ergab sich für KG im Hinblick auf die Zunahme der Standfehlerzahl (nicht-antizipierte Landekosten) ein umgekehrt proportionaler Zusammenhang mit einer höheren kognitiven Flexibilität-/ Arbeitsgedächtnis- (r = -0,48; p < 0,05) und Kurzzeitgedächtnisleistung (r = 0,50; p < 0,05). Im Vergleich zur KG, wiesen die VKBR-Testpersonen eine schnellere visuell-motorische Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit auf (p < 0,05). Ansonsten unterschieden sich die Gruppen in keiner der getesteten kognitiven Dimensionen signifikant.
Schlussfolgerungen: Den Ergebnissen dieser Dissertation zufolge, scheinen VKBR- im Vergleich zu Kontrolltestpersonen keine größeren Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit den nicht-antizipierten Landeanforderungen aufzuweisen. Zudem liefern die Resultate erstmals Hinweise für die Relevanz der höheren kognitiven Funktionen für die Landesicherheit unter nicht-antizipierten Anforderungen. Diese Zusammenhänge sind insofern von besonderer Relevanz, als dass die in beiden Gruppen detektierten nicht-antizipierten Landekosten, Spielsporttreibende einem erhöhten Verletzungsrisiko aussetzen können. Die Verifizierung dieser Befunde durch zukünftige Studien bietet daher wertvolle primär- und sekundärpräventive Potenziale durch eine stärkere inhaltliche Ausrichtung der Trainings- und Therapiepraxis auf die komplexen kognitiv-motorischen Spielanforderungen.
Leider geschlossen! Theater spielt sich normalerweise auf der Bühne und im besten Fall vor ausverkauftem Haus ab. Da gerade nichts normal ist und die Spielstätten geschlossen sind, versuchen viele Schauspielhäuser ihren kulturellen Beitrag online zu leisten. Ein kurzer Einblick in digitale Wege der Schauspielkunst zu Krisenzeiten.
Experiments in cadavers have demonstrated significant mechanical interactions between constituents of myofascial chains. However, evidence for such force transmission effects is scarce under in vivo conditions. The purpose of this trial was to examine the impact of ankle motion on soft tissue displacement of the dorsal thigh. Eleven healthy active individuals (26.8 ± 4.3 years, six males), in prone position and with the knee extended, underwent passive calf stretches (ankle dorsal extension) imposed by an isokinetic dynamometer. High-resolution ultrasound was used to simultaneously capture the displacement of the semimembranosus muscle, which was quantified by means of cross-correlation analysis. Inactivity of the leg muscles was controlled using surface electromyography (EMG). One participant had to be excluded due to major EMG activity during the experiment. According to a one-sample t test testing the difference to the neutral zero position, ankle dorsal extension induced substantial caudal muscle displacements (5.76 ± 2.67 mm, p < 0.0001). Correlation analysis (Spearman), furthermore, revealed a strong association between maximal dorsal extension and semimembranosus motion (rho = 0.76, p = 0.02). In conclusion, the present trial provides initial in vivo evidence for a mechanical force transmission between serially connected skeletal muscles. This means that local alterations of the mechanical tissue properties may modify flexibility in neighboring (superior or inferior) joints.
This publication's objective is to serve as the documentation of a graduate student symposium with the same name held in July 2017. The goal of the symposium was to discuss problems in current film culture with a focus on filmic heritage and innovative projects in the field of film education. Think Film! is a compilation of most of the talks given at the symposium. As quite often conferences or workshops are not documented, the goal of the publication is on the one hand to preserve the results for other scholars, as well as to make them accessible for the general public, and on the other hand to give the panelists a designated space to present their research.
The authors discuss questions of film heritage and digitization, funding, film festivals, film museums and local film culture with a focus on the conditions in Germany, Czech Republic and India as well as relate their findings to the changes film and media studies have undergone in recent years.
When sports are part of a person’s profession or education, their careers are often handicapped by pain, a complex physical and mental state that may already occur at lower career stages. This study was designed to assess the occurrence of pain among sports students and the prevalence of relevant contributing psychosocial co-factors. Exploratory cross-sectional study surveying students at 89 sports faculties of universities in the DACH region using the German Sports Pain Questionnaire. It includes several validated surveys related to pain occurrence in different body regions, injuries, pain diagnoses and pain intensity, depression, anxiety, stress, self-compassion, analgesic and alcohol consumption, as well as sleep quality, health-related quality of life and impairments of quality of life by pain. A total of 865 sports students gave consent to participate in the study, and 664 participants (78%; 23.3 ± 2.84 years, 60% female, 40% male) completed the full survey. More than half of the students (53%; n = 403) showed current pain in 2-5 regions of the body, while subjective pain tolerance was enhanced. General injuries or accidents, medically and self-diagnosed pain diagnoses during the last eight weeks were reported by 30%. A current pain intensity ≥ 3 NRS was prevalent in 28% (n = 205), which correlated with increased pain-related biopsychosocial scores. Sports students had increased scores for depression, anxiety and stress, and self-compassion was reduced (compared to age-controlled national reference data, sports students head increased scores). The mean weekly training workload was 5-7 hours. Analgesics and alcohol consumption was increased, 61% reported insomnia. Across sports students, pain and biopsychosocial burden seem significantly increased when compared to other students and age-controlled cohorts. The data implies the need of giving greater importance to pain management at least from the time of sports studies in order to prevent pain and health risks in sports.
Background: The fascia has been demonstrated to represent a potential force transmitter intimately connected to the underlying skeletal muscle. Sports-related soft tissue strains may therefore result in damage to both structures.
Purpose: To elucidate the prevalence of connective tissue lesions in muscle strain injury and their potential impact on return-to-play (RTP) duration.
Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods: Imaging studies describing frequency, location, and extent of soft tissue lesions in lower limb muscle strain injuries were identified by 2 independent investigators. Weighted proportions (random effects) were pooled for the occurrence of (1) myofascial or fascial lesions, (2) myotendinous lesions, and (3) purely muscular lesions. Study quality was evaluated by means of an adapted Downs and Black checklist, which evaluates reporting, risk of bias, and external validity.
Results: A total of 16 studies (fair to good methodological quality) were identified. Prevalence of strain injury on imaging studies was 32.1% (95% CI, 24.2%-40.4%) for myofascial lesions, 68.4% (95% CI, 59.6%-76.6%) for myotendinous lesions, and 12.7% (95% CI, 3.0%-27.7%) for isolated muscular lesions. Evidence regarding associations between fascial damage and RTP duration was mixed.
Conclusion: Lesions of the collagenous connective tissue, namely the fascia and the tendinous junction, are highly prevalent in athletic muscle strain injuries. However, at present, their impact on RTP duration is unclear and requires further investigation.
Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, zu einem vertieften und zusammenhängenden Verständnis von Taijiquan beizutragen, in der praktischen Rezeption in der westlichen Moderne. Ausgehend von der zunehmenden Popularität ostasiatischer Formen der Leibesübungen lässt sich die Frage formulieren, was allgemein von diesen Praktiken zu erwarten sein kann, welche Potentiale und Grenzen mit diesen verbunden sein können, für die individuelle Lebensführung, die soziale Praxis sowie spezifische Anwendungsfelder wie z.B. Schule, Sport oder Arbeit.
Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht eine qualitative empirische Studie, für die folgende forschungsleitende Fragen formuliert wurden:
1. Effekte und Erfahrungen: Welche Wirkungen bzw. Effekte verbinden Langzeitpraktizierende mit Taijiquan auf Basis ihrer Erfahrungen?
2. Hermeneutik: Welche Bedeutung, welchen Sinn schreiben Langzeitpraktizierende im Taijiquan ihrer Taijiquan-Praxis zu?
In zwei Erhebungsregionen wurden insgesamt 20 qualitative Interviews mit einer Dauer von je ca. 50 bis 100 Minuten geführt. Zentrales Rekrutierungskriterium war die individuelle Dauer der Taijiquan-Praxis (mindestens 3 Jahre).
Das Datenmaterial wurde in einem dreistufigen Verfahren analysiert:
1. zusammenfassende strukturierende inhaltsanalytische Auswertung mit Kategorienbildung,
2. hermeneutisch orientierte Analyse auf Basis einer multi-disziplinären Heuristik aus anthropologisch-philosophischen Konzepten, Ansätzen der Selbstkultivierung / Lebenskunst, leibphänomenologischen und körpersoziologischen Konzepten sowie Positionen der Sport- / Bewegungspädagogik,
3. phänomenologisch orientierte Analyse spezifischer Erfahrungsbereiche.
Die Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass Taijiquan vor allem in langjährigen Übungsbiographien (≥ 10 Jahre) als eine „leibhafte Lebenskunst“ verstanden werden kann: Die leiblich-transformatorischen Effekte und die Inkorporierung philosophischer Vorstellungen durchdringen Selbst und Lebenspraxis. Die Befragten erfahren in der Regel leibliche Zustandsveränderungen, die mit einem Wandel von Haltungs-, Wahrnehmungs- und Verhaltensmustern in Lebensvollzügen einhergehen.
Aus der Perspektive der westlichen Moderne erscheinen vor allem die empirischen Hinweise auf die Ausbildung eines selbstbewahrenden bzw. selbstökologischen Verhaltens, einer leiblichen Intelligenz sowie veränderter sozialer Interaktionsweisen relevant, weil hierin Potentiale zu sehen sind, die Aufgabe des Leibseins in modernen Gesellschaften zu unterstützen.
Gleichwohl bedürfen die Befunde einer vertieften kritischen Reflexion aus soziologischer, pädagogischer und ethischer Perspektive.
Zudem besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf, u.a. um (a) die Ergebnisse kurzfristiger bzw. weniger intensiver Praxen zu evaluieren, (b) weiterführende Vergleiche mit anderen Leibespraktiken sowie zum Sport bzw. westlich orientierten Bewegungskonzepten zu ermöglichen und (c) geeignete Programme zu identifizieren, die die Ausbildung von Selbstökologie und leiblicher Intelligenz in unterschiedlichen Handlungsfeldern unterstützen.
The role of attentional focusing in motor tasks has been highlighted frequently. The “internal–external” dimension has emerged, but also the spatial distance between body and attended location. In two experiments, an extended attentional focus paradigm was introduced to investigate distality effects of attentional foci on balance performance. First, the distality of the coordinates of the point of focus was varied between a proximal and distal position on an artificial tool attached to the body. Second, the distance of the displayed effect on the wall was varied between a 2.5 and 5 m condition. Subjects were instructed to focus on controlling either a proximal or distal spot on a tool attached to their head, represented by two laser pointers. Subsequently, they needed to visually track their own body-movement effect of one of the laser pointers at a wall while completing various single leg stance tasks. Center of pressure (COP) sway was analyzed using a linear method (classic sway variables) as well as a nonlinear method (multiscale entropy). In addition, laser trajectories were videotaped and served as additional performance outcome measure. Experiment 1 revealed differences in balance performance under proximal compared to distal attentional focus conditions. Moreover, experiment 2 yielded differences in balance-related sway measures and laser data between the 2.5 and 5 m condition of the visually observable movement effect. In conclusion, varying the distality of the point of focus between proximal and distal impacted balance performance. However, this effect was not consistent across all balance tasks. Relevantly, the distality of the movement effect shows a significant effect on balance plus laser performance with advantages in more distal conditions. This research emphasizes the importance of the spatial distality of movement effects for human behavior.
Michael Bachmann untersucht die spezifische Situation von Theater und Performancekunst als "privilegierte Orte der (künstlerischen) Zeugenschaft". Nachdem er die grundsätzliche Ambivalenz der Beziehung zwischen dem Theatralen und der Rechtspraxis, zwischen Theater und Prozess, herausgestellt hat, analysiert Bachmann das südafrikanische Stück "Ubu and the Truth Commission" (1997), in dem eine Puppe das bezeugende Opfer verkörpert. Die Übertragung des Zeugenstatus auf eine explizit künstliche Figur erlaubt eine Reflexion, die auf "die ethische Frage der Stellvertretung zwischen verschiedenen Akteuren der Zeugenschaft und deren jeweilige Handlungsmacht sowie auf die Frage der Autorisierung" hinausläuft: "Wer gewinnt in welchem Rahmen auf welche Weise die Autorität, als Zeuge zu fungieren?" Bachmann zeigt, wie die Puppe als ästhetisches Objekt eine testimoniale Überzeugungskraft gewinnt und das Verhältnis von Handlungsmacht ('agency') und testimonialer Autorität veranschaulicht. Die ethisch-epistemische Frage der Autorität und Autorisierung des Zeugen wird letztlich auf das ästhetische Verfahren des Puppenspiels zurückgeführt, in dem die Differenz zwischen Bühnenfigur und Opferzeuge "einen Raum eröffnet, durch den das Zeugnis vermeintlich selbst zur Sprache kommt". Dieses "zur Sprache kommen" ereignet sich allerdings unterschiedlich, wenn es tatsächlich durch Sprache geschieht (wie etwa in Peter Weiss' "Ermittlung") oder eher durch einen körperlich-performativen Ausdruck (wie in William Kentridges Inszenierung von "Ubu").
Organized running events have gained substantial popularity. This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, knowledge about injury prevention as well as the attitudes and motivations of individuals participating in the JP Morgan Corporate Challenge in Frankfurt (Germany). A total of 720 recreational runners completed a digital questionnaire immediately prior to the start. The majority of them displayed low to moderate physical activity levels and were rather unambitious regarding targeted finishing time. One quarter (25.3%) participated for the first time in an organized race. The most stated reasons to register were team building (76.4%) and experiencing the run’s atmosphere (50.6%). In contrast, improving health played a minor role (19.4%). More than one in five individuals (n = 159 runners) reported pain, with the most common locations being the knee and lower back. Both at rest (3.2/10 on a numerical rating scale) and during activity (4.7/10), average pain intensity was clinically relevant. Almost three thirds of the participants believed that stretching and wearing appropriate shoes would be effective for injury prevention while other methods such as resistance training, balance exercise or wearing of orthoses were rarely named. Musculoskeletal pain is a significant burden in runners participating in an urban mass event. In view of the poor knowledge about injury prevention, organizers and coaches may consider offering structured preparation programs as well as tailored running-related health education.
Schach und Philosophie
(2011)
Schach ist von der Verbreitung und vom Nimbus her das Denkspiel schlechthin. Als höchste Tätigkeit des Denkens gilt traditionell die Philosophie, und so scheint eine Verbindung von Schach und Philosophie durchaus nahezuliegen. In der Form "Philosophie des Schachs" findet man jedoch kaum, und vor allem wenig ernst zu nehmende Arbeiten. Wenn Philosophie sich im Gegensatz zu sonstigen Wissenschaften auf das Allgemeine, die Voraussetzungen der Einzelgebiete richtet, müsste sie als Schachphilosophie die Grundlagen des Schachs thematisieren. Die Grundlagen des Schachs aber sind die Schachregeln, und zu ihnen lässt sich wenig sagen. Man kommt so nur auf Spielregeln oder auf Spiele oder Regeln im Allgemeinen zu sprechen. Eine Schachphilosophie scheint hingegen sachlich überflüssig.
In der anderen Form der Zusammenstellung - Schach in der Philosophie - wird man eher fündig, verweisen doch zahlreiche Philosophen immer wieder einmal auf Schach zur Verdeutlichung eines Gedankens. Das aber bleibt sporadisch - mit einer wichtigen Ausnahme: Ludwig Wittgenstein, bei dem Schach als Beispiel immer wieder die Eigenheiten der Sprache verdeutlichen soll. Allerdings könnte das auch Zufall sein. Gibt es einen sachlichen Grund, der das Schachbeispiel als besonders brauchbar für die Philosophie auszeichnet? Diese Frage ist auch deshalb angebracht, weil Wittgenstein oft zu konstruierten, teils abstrusen Beispielen greift und damit eine ungute Tradition begründete: Die analytische Philosophie gefällt sich darin, mit komplizierten, irrealen Geschichten, etwa mit nicht existierenden Lebensformen wie Superspartanern, Antipoden, Zombies ohne Bewusstsein, Sumpfmännern, Erzengeln, "chinesischen Zimmern" Gedankengänge zu "erläutern". Die einzig sinnvolle Reaktion hierauf ist nicht, deren Fragwürdigkeit aufzuzeigen - damit macht man den Unsinn nur mit - , sondern sie zu ignorieren und es mit dem Schachbeispiel besser zu machen. Dabei zeigen sich dann auch die Eigenheiten des Schachspiels, die Konturen einer Schachphilosophie.
1913 kamen zwei 'Lichtspiele', die häufig als die ersten deutschen 'Kunstfilme' bezeichnet werden, in die Kinos. Beide Filme, Max Macks 'Der Andere' und Stellan Ryes 'Der Student von Prag', handelten von gespaltener Persönlichkeit und dämonischen Doppelgängern. Ihre Geschichten können auch als metafilmischer Kommentar zum prekären Status der 'lebenden Bilder' des Kinematographen gelesen werden. Macks 'Der Andere', dessen Premiere am 21. Januar in den "Berliner Lichtspielen" stattfand, beruhte auf einem Theaterstück des Autors Paul Lindau und erzeugte großes Aufsehen, da die Hauptrolle von einem berühmten Theaterschauspieler gespielt wurde. Albert Bassermann arbeitete mit Max Reinhardt am Deutschen Theater und hatte zwei Jahre zuvor den 'Iffland-Ring' erhalten, der ihn als bedeutendsten deutschsprachigen Schauspieler auszeichnete. Nahezu kein Theaterkritiker ließ sich die Gelegenheit entgehen, den renommierten Bühnendarsteller auf einer Kinoleinwand zu sehen, so daß in den Tagen nach der Premiere Filmbesprechungen erstmals in den Feuilletons angesehener Zeitungen erschienen - ein enormer Gewinn an kulturellem Prestige für das neue Medium, auch wenn viele Rezensenten Bassermanns "Seitensprung in den Kintop" verurteilten, oder sich genötigt sahen zu versichern, daß Bassermanns Spiel Kunst sei, obwohl es sich um einen Film handele.
Die Geringschätzung, mit der das Kino zu diesem Zeitpunkt betrachtet wurde, wird auch in einem Aufsatz des konservativen Kulturkritikers Hermann Duenschmann deutlich, der 1912 - gerade einmal ein Jahr zuvor - verlangt hatte: "Wer für den [sic] Kino gearbeitet hat, muß aus dem Schauspielerstande ausgeschlossen werden."
Wenn Yvan Goll 1920 programmatisch feststellen konnte, die Basis für alle neue kommende Kunst sei das Kino, um einen ästhetischen Avantgardismus in der Annäherung von Künsten und Film zu begründen, dann beginnt Deleuze mit der Frage: "Was offenbart der Film, was die anderen Künste uns nicht offenbaren?" Anstatt Resonanzen oder Affinitäten im ästhetischen Feld herauszustellen, müssen die "Begriffe, die von der Philosophie für den Film vorgeschlagen werden,[…] spezifisch, das heißt nur dem Film angemessen sein." Der Film als Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist eine Singularität, und dementsprechend haben auch seine Begriffe den Charakter von Singularitäten, die von keinen Universalien, Transzendentalien oder Allgemeinheiten eingeholt werden können. Begriffe, zum Beispiel aus der Psychoanalyse, von außen an den Film heranzutragen, würde die Singularität des Films verfehlen, weil sie nicht mehr vom Film sprechen, sondern etwa vom Imaginären, von Kastrationsangst oder Partialobjekten. Übertragungen dieser Art würden die Bewegung des Denkens auf der Ebene der Immanenz, um die es Deleuze zu tun ist, außer Kraft setzen.
Deleuzes Philosophie des Kinos versteht man besser, wenn man den Abstand sieht, den er von den Filmtheorien der klassischen Moderne nimmt, die für lange Zeit die Diskussionen und Untersuchungen in der Kulturwissenschaft der Medien orientiert haben: Walter Benjamin und Siegfried Kracauer. Beide haben sich durchaus auch auf die Besonderheit des Mediums Film konzentriert, aber sie bewegen sich - wie sich zeigen wird - allein im Horizont des Denkens der Moderne, den Deleuze überschreitet.
We are glad to introduce the sixth Journal Club. This edition is focused on several relevant studies published in recent years in the field of Motor Control and Learning, chosen by our Editorial Board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for sport seen also from the scientific point of view. The Editorial Board members wish you an inspiring lecture.
Background: We aimed to investigate the potential effects of a 4-week motor–cognitive dual-task training on cognitive and motor function as well as exercise motivation in young, healthy, and active adults.
Methods: A total of 26 participants (age 25 ± 2 years; 10 women) were randomly allocated to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention group performed a motor–cognitive training (3×/week), while the participants of the control group received no intervention. Before and after the intervention period of 4 weeks, all participants underwent cognitive (d2-test, Trail Making Test) and motor (lower-body choice reaction test and time to stabilization test) assessments. Following each of the 12 workouts, self-reported assessments (rating of perceived exertion, enjoyment and pleasant anticipation of the next training session) were done. Analyses of covariances and 95% confidence intervals plotting for between group and time effects were performed.
Results: Data from 24 participants were analysed. No pre- to post-intervention improvement nor a between-group difference regarding motor outcomes (choice-reaction: F = 0.5; time to stabilization test: F = 0.7; p > 0.05) occurred. No significant training-induced changes were found in the cognitive tests (D2: F = 0.02; Trail Making Test A: F = 0.24; Trail Making Test B: F = 0.002; p > 0.05). Both enjoyment and anticipation of the next workout were rated as high.
Discussion: The neuro-motor training appears to have no significant effects on motor and cognitive function in healthy, young and physically active adults. This might be explained in part by the participants’ very high motor and cognitive abilities, the comparably low training intensity or the programme duration. The high degree of exercise enjoyment, however, may qualify the training as a facilitator to initiate and maintain regular physical activity. The moderate to vigorous intensity levels further point towards potential health-enhancing cardiorespiratory effects.
Background: Although anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear-prevention programs may be effective in the (secondary) prevention of a subsequent ACL injury, little is known, yet, on their effectiveness and feasibility. This study assesses the effects and implementation capacity of a secondary preventive motor-control training (the Stop-X program) after ACL reconstruction.
Methods and design: A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled, prospective, superiority, two-arm design is adopted. Subsequent patients (18–35 years) with primary arthroscopic unilateral ACL reconstruction with autologous hamstring graft are enrolled. Postoperative guideline rehabilitation plus Classic follow-up treatment and guideline rehabilitation plus the Stop-X intervention will be compared. The onset of the Stop-X program as part of the postoperative follow-up treatment is individualized and function based. The participants must be released for the training components. The endpoint is the unrestricted return to sport (RTS) decision. Before (where applicable) reconstruction and after the clearance for the intervention (aimed at 4–8 months post surgery) until the unrestricted RTS decision (but at least until 12 months post surgery), all outcomes will be assessed once a month. Each participant is consequently measured at least five times to a maximum of 12 times. Twelve, 18 and 24 months after the surgery, follow-up-measurements and recurrence monitoring will follow. The primary outcome assessement (normalized knee-separation distance at the Drop Jump Screening Test (DJST)) is followed by the functional secondary outcomes assessements. The latter consist of quality assessments during simple (combined) balance side, balance front and single-leg hops for distance. All hop/jump tests are self-administered and filmed from the frontal view (3-m distance). All videos are transferred using safe big content transfer and subsequently (and blinded) expertly video-rated. Secondary outcomes are questionnaires on patient-reported knee function, kinesiophobia, RTS after ACL injury and training/therapy volume (frequency – intensity – type and time). All questionnaires are completed online using the participants’ pseudonym only.
Group allocation is executed randomly. The training intervention (Stop-X arm) consists of self-administered home-based exercises. The exercises are step-wise graduated and follow wound healing and functional restoration criteria. The training frequency for both arms is scheduled to be three times per week, each time for a 30 min duration. The program follows current (secondary) prevention guidelines.
Repeated measurements gain-score analyses using analyses of (co-)variance are performed for all outcomes.
Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register, identification number DRKS00015313. Registered on 1 October 2018.
Inhibition is a central component of human behavior. It enables flexible and adaptive behavior by suppressing prepotent motor responses. In former studies, it has been shown that sport athletes acting in dynamic environments exhibit superior motor inhibitory control based on sensory stimuli. So far, existing studies have corroborated this in manual motor response settings only. Therefore, this study addresses the effector specificity of the inhibition benefit in elite athletes compared to physically active controls. A sport-unspecific stop-signal task has been adapted for hand as well as feet usage and 30 elite handball players as well as 30 controls were tested. A repeated-measures ANOVA with the two factors “effector” (hands, feet) and “group” (expert, recreational athletes) was conducted. Our results suggest no group differences in two-choice response times, but a convincing superiority of handball players in inhibitory control (i.e., shorter stop-signal reaction times), predominantly when responding with their hands, with weaker differential effects when responding with their feet. This suggests that motor inhibition might be a comprehensive performance characteristic of sport athletes acting in dynamic environments, detectable predominantly in eye-hand coordination tasks.
Heute am 14. Dezember kommt der Film "Leaning into the Wind" über den britischen Landart Künstler Andy Goldsworthy in die Kinos. Exklusiv stand der Regisseur Thomas Riedelsheimer bei der Vorpremiere am vergangenen Samstag seinem Publikum Rede und Antwort. Bereits 2001 hatten Goldsworthy und Riedelsheimer einen Film über das Schaffen des außergewöhnlichen Künstlers produziert. Nach 16 Jahren knüpfen sie nun an die Erfolgsgeschichte von damals an und schaffen 90 Minuten eindrucksvolles Bildmaterial, das durch seine vielfältigen Kameraeinstellungen ein umfassendes und intimes Porträt des Künstlers und seiner nahezu symbiotischen Arbeit in und mit der Natur kreiert. ...
Background: The nature of perceptual-cognitive expertise in interactive sports has gained more and more scientific interest over the last two decades. Research to understand how this expertise can be developed has not been addressed profoundly yet. In approaches to study this with interventional designs, only few studies have scrutinized several levels of transfer such as to the field. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of a generic off-court perceptual-cognitive training in elite volleyball players on three different levels: task-specific, near-transfer, and far-transfer effects. Based on overlapping cognitive processes between training and testing, we hypothesized task-specific improvements as well as positive near- and far-transfer effects after a multiple-object tracking training intervention.
Methods: Twenty-two volleyball experts completed a 8-week three-dimensional (3D) multiple-object tracking (3D-MOT) training intervention. A control group (n = 21; volleyball experts also) participated in regular ball practice only. Before and after training, both groups performed tests on the 3D-MOT, four near-transfer tests in cognitive domains, and a far-transfer, lab-based, and volleyball-specific blocking test.
Results: The results of the 2 × 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) (group, time) showed significant interaction effects in the 3D-MOT task [F(1,40) = 93.10; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.70] and in two near-transfer tests [sustained attention: F(1,40) = 15.45; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.28; processing speed: F(1,40) = 12.15; p = 0.001; η2p = 0.23]. No significant interaction effects were found in the far-transfer volleyball test.
Conclusions: Our study suggests positive effects in task-specific and two near-transfer tests of a perceptual-cognitive intervention in elite volleyball athletes. This supports a partial overlap in cognitive processing between practice and tests with the result of positive near-transfer. However, there are no significant effects in far-transfer testing. Although these current results are promising, it is still unclear how far-transfer effects of a generic perceptual-cognitive training intervention can be assured.
Multitasking is ubiquitous in our everyday life. Accordingly, situations in which two or more tasks need to be handled concurrently or in close temporal succession have been studied intensely. Different paradigms have been developed in that context (Koch et al., 2018). Over the last decades, the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm has dominated dual-task research, because it allows quantitative predictions of reaction time increases coupled to stimulus onset asynchrony. Part of the success of this paradigm is grounded in the fact that most of the studies are run under strict experimental control with very elementary tasks, mostly characterized by a definite start and ending. However, it remains unclear whether these limited settings sufficiently reflect the range of eventualities we find in real life. Rather, there is accumulating evidence that important factors modulating multitask performance are not sufficiently captured by the PRP approach. Here we focus on evidence that motor responses that involve continuous interaction with the environment may engage processes that alter the coordination of concurrently performed tasks in fundamental ways. ...
Background: This study evaluated the effects of a combined innovative training regime consisting of stochastic resonance whole-body vibration (SR-WBV) and a dance video game (DVG) on physical performance and muscle strength in long-term-care dwelling elderly.
Methods: Thirthy long-term-care elderly were randomly allocated to an intervention group (IG; n = 16) receiving combined SR-WBV training and DVG, or a sham group (SG; n = 14). IG performed five sets one minute of SR-WBV, with one minute rest between sets (base frequency 3 Hz up to 6 Hz, Noise 4) during the first five weeks on three days per week. From week five to eight a DVG was added to SR-WBV for IG on three days per week. SG performed a five-set SR-WBV program (1 Hz, Noise 1) lasting five times one minute, with one minute rest in between, three days a week. From week five to eight stepping exercises on a trampoline were added on three days per week. Primary outcome: Short physical performance battery (SPPB). Secondary outcome: isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC), and sub phases of IMVC (Fsub), isometric rate of force development (IRFD) and sub time phases of IRFD (IRFDsub) were measured at baseline, after four and eight weeks. ANOVA with repeated measures was used for analyses of time and interaction effects and MANOVA determined between group intervention effects.
Results: Between group effects revealed significant effects on the SPPB primary outcome after four weeks F(1, 27) = 6.17; p = 0.02) and after eight weeks F(1,27) = 11.8; p = 0.002). Secondary muscle function related outcome showed significant between group effects in IG on IRFD, Fsub 30 ms, 100 ms, 200 ms and IRFDsub 0-30 ms, 0-50 ms, 0-100 ms and 100-200 ms compared to SG (all p < 0.05).
Conclusions: Eight weeks SR-WBV and DVG intervention improved lower extremity physical function and muscle strength compared to a sham intervention in long-term-care elderly. SR-WBV and DVG seems to be effective as a training regime for skilling up in long-term-care elderly.
Altitude training and respiratory muscle training (RMT) have been reported to improve performance in elite and well-trained athletes. Several devices (altitude and RMT) have been developed to help athletes gain the competitive edge. The Elevation Training Mask 2.0 (ETM) purportedly simulates altitude training and has been suggested to increase aerobic capacity (VO2max), endurance performance, and lung function. Twenty-four moderately trained subjects completed 6 weeks of high-intensity cycle ergometer training. Subjects were randomized into a mask (n = 12) or control (n = 12) group. Pre and post-training tests included VO2max, pulmonary function, maximal inspiration pressure, hemoglobin and hematocrit. No significant differences were found in pulmonary function or hematological variables between or within groups. There was a significant improvement in VO2max and PPO in both the control (13.5% and 9.9%) and mask (16.5% and 13.6%) groups. There was no difference in the magnitude of improvement between groups. Only the mask group had significant improvements in ventilatory threshold (VT) (13.9%), power output (PO) at VT (19.3%), respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) (10.2%), and PO at RCT (16.4%) from pre to post-testing. The trends for improvements in VT and PO at VT between groups were similar to improvements in RCT and PO at RCT, but did not reach statistical significance (VT p = 0.06, PO at VT p = 0.170). Wearing the ETM while participating in a 6-week high-intensity cycle ergometer training program does not appear to act as a simulator of altitude, but more like a respiratory muscle training device. Wearing the ETM may improve specific markers of endurance performance beyond the improvements seen with interval training alone.
There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: This study is part of the research project "Resistance Training in Youth Athletes" that was funded by the German Federal Institute of Sport Science (ZMVI1-08190114-18). In addition, we acknowledge the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and Open Access Publishing Fund of University of Potsdam, Germany. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Change of direction (COD) is a performance-limiting factor in team sports. However, there are no exact definitions describing which physical abilities limit COD performance in soccer. Nevertheless, different COD tests are used or have been recommended as being equally effective in the professional practice of measuring COD performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between different COD tests, and to test the independence and generalizability of these COD tests in soccer. As such, 27 elite youth soccer players were randomly recruited and were tested in different COD tests (i.e., Illinois agility test (IAT), T agility test (TT), 505 agility test (505), Gewandtheitslauf (GewT), triangle test (Tri-t), and square test (SQT)). Bivariate Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the COD tests. The Benjamini–Hochberg method was used to control for the false discovery rate of the study at 0.05. This investigation calculated explained variances of 10% to 55% between performances in the different COD tests. This suggested that the tests covered different aspects or task-specific characteristics of the COD. Therefore, coaches and sport scientists should review and select different tests with a logical validity, based on the requirement profiles of the corresponding sport.
"Spielen und Sich-Bewegen sind elementare kindliche Bedürfnisse. Als positive Lebensäußerungen fördern sie Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden. Sie unterstützen die psychomotorische, emotionale und soziale Entwicklung und tragen zur Ausbildung kognitiver Strukturen bei. Durch Spiel und Bewegung macht das Kind Erfahrungen seiner selbst: Es erprobt Bewegungs- und Handlungsabläufe, lernt, sich einzuschätzen und erlebt eigenes Können und seine Grenzen. Im gemeinsamen Tun mit anderen Kindern entwickeln sich seine Kooperations- und Kommunikationsfähigkeit." (Hessisches Kultusministerium, 1995, S. 20)
In diesem Auszug aus dem Rahmenplan für den Sportunterricht in hessischen Grundschulen werden dem Sporttreiben neben gesundheitsfördernden vor allem charakterbildende Eigenschaften zugeschrieben. Laut der "Charta des Deutschen Sports" zählt Sport sogar zu den "nicht austauschbare[n] Faktoren der Bildung" und als wichtiger Baustein "zur Entfaltung der Persönlichkeit" (zit. nach Singer, 1986, S. 295). Damit werden hohe Erwartungen an die sportliche Betätigung von Kindern formuliert, die von einer gesamtheitlichen Förderung der individuellen Entwicklung durch die Partizipation am Sport ausgehen und ein geradezu lobpreisendes Bild von Bewegungspraktiken zeichnet.
Dass auch die Welt des Sports ihre negativen Seiten hat, ist nicht von der Hand zu weisen. Ein Blick in die Tageszeitung genügt, um über aktuelle Doping- und Korruptionsvorwürfe rund um Olympische Spiele, Manipulationsverdächtigungen gegenüber Schiedsrichtern oder gar staatlichen Einrichtungen oder randalierende und sich prügelnde Fangruppen informiert zu werden. Diese Thematiken lassen sich von der internationalen Bühne herunterbrechen bis auf den heimischen Fußballplatz vor der Haustür. Gerade auf diesem haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren, man darf mittlerweile gar von Dekaden sprechen, Szenen ereignet, die den im oben angestellten Zitat mit dem Sport verbundenen Ansprüchen nicht gerecht werden.
Gerade im Amateur- und Breitensportbereich des Fußballs ist im Allgemeinen eine rauere Atmosphäre wahrzunehmen, die sich nicht zuletzt in Spielabbrüchen und physischen Auseinandersetzungen äußert und sich nicht auf den Seniorenspielbetrieb beschränkt, sondern gar Junioren- und Kinderspiele umfasst. Diese ausgemachten Tendenzen waren letztendlich ausschlaggebend für die von Ralf Klohr, damals selbst als Nachwuchstrainer aktiv, 2007 vollzogene Gründung der "Fair-Play-Liga", die den angesprochenen Entwicklungen entgegenwirken und das Bildungspotenzial des Sports wieder mehr in den Vordergrund rücken und schützen soll. Die jüngsten Fußballinteressierten, also Kinder ab 4 Jahren, spielen dort nach modifizierten Regeln, die zur Erfüllung ihrer altersentsprechenden Bedürfnisse beitragen und diese sicherstellen sollen. Mittlerweile ist das Konzept deutschlandweit im Einsatz und eine etablierte Organisationsform des Kinderfußballs, mit der Klohr (2018) die "nglaubliche Kraft im Fußball" bemühen und diese über eine dem Straßenfußball ähnliche, aber nach seinen Vorstellungen verbesserte Herangehensweise zurückholen will:
"Ich sehe die Fair-Play-Liga mit Trainer als eine Qualitätssteigerung zum ‚alten‘ Bolzplatz. Ich sehe die Fair-Play-Liga als ‚modernen‘ Bolzplatz. Die Trainer haben in erster Linie einen Betreuungsauftrag. Auf dem modernen Bolzplatz können sie dafür sorgen, dass alle Kinder gerecht behandelt, also nicht, benachteiligt, werden."
Ebenso wie an den Schulsport sind an die Fair-Play-Liga durch ihre Selbstdefinition einige Erwartungen geknüpft. Die vorliegende Masterthesis macht es sich zum Ziel herauszuarbeiten, inwiefern die Initiative ihren eigens auferlegten Ansprüchen gerecht wird, welche Interaktionsverhältnisse sie hervorbringt und was sie im Sinne eines "Vermittlers" bestimmter Wertvorstellungen im Stande ist zu leisten.
Dafür soll zunächst einmal aufgezeigt werden, was dem Sport generell im Sinne eines Fairnessbegriffs und der damit verknüpften Werte tatsächlich an "Übermittlerpotenzial" innewohnt sowie was über das Fairnessverständnis von Kindern und Jugendlichen bekannt ist (Kapitel 2). Im Anschluss daran werden das vom Deutschen Fußball-Bund (DFB) verfolgte Ausbildungskonzept, die Grundmerkmale und Ziele der Fair-Play-Liga und bereits diesbezüglich durchgeführte Untersuchungen vorgestellt (Kapitel 3), ehe die eigenen Fragestellungen der Forschungsarbeit dargelegt werden (Kapitel 4).
Nach einer Beschreibung des methodischen Vorgehens in seiner Theorie und Praxis (Kapitel 5) folgen die Zusammenführung der im Forschungsprozess erzeugten Resultate und die daran anknüpfende Thesenbildung (Kapitel 6). In der anschließenden Diskussion sollen die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz und ihrer Genese bewertet und interpretiert werden (Kapitel 7), sodass in einem letzten Schritt sowohl Handlungs- und Verbesserungsvorschläge gebündelt und Anregungen für weitere empirische Arbeiten gegeben werden können.
Der Begriff "Virtuose" geht zurück auf das lateinische Wort "virtus"; es bedeutet: kriegerische Tüchtigkeit, "zum Sieg fähig". Etwas vom sieghaften Gestus dieser Bedeutung ist auch in der Vorstellung vom Virtuosen noch enthalten: in der Auffassung des Begriffs, wie er in der Renaissance verwendet wird. Hier bezeichnet "virtuoso" ganz allgemein das Ideal des gebildeten Menschen; zugleich wird der Begriff mehr und mehr für herausragendes Können und bezogen auf Gelehrsamheit in allen Sparten des Wissens und der Kunst verwendet. Erst im 18. Jahrhundert verlagert sich die Bedeutung von "Virtuose" – mit der Trennung von Autor und darstellendem Interpreten – auf den ausübenden Künstler.
Dabei ist aber in Erinnerung zu rufen, daß "virtuosi" in einer älteren und allgemeineren Wortbedeutung, insbesondere in England im 16. Und 17. Jahrhundert, jene Gelehrten meinte, die sich als Sammler und Liebhaber sowohl von Kunstwerken als auch von naturwissenschaftlichen Objekten hervortaten und sich der 1662 gegründeten "Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge" anschlossen.
Die Virtuosi des frühen 17. Jahrhunderts waren Amateure im ursprünglichen Sinne dieses Wortes, sie beschäftigten sich mit Kunst, Altertümern, Mathematik und / oder Raritäten der Natur, weil sie diese Gegenstände liebten und darin ihre Freude fanden.
Der Sprung bezeichnet einen herausgehobenen Moment im Verlauf einer Bewegung - einen gleichsam emphatischen Augenblick der Still-Stellung.
Was aber macht den Sprung zum Sprung? Die Plötzlichkeit seines Auftretens? Die Dynamik der Zustandsänderung eines Körpers, ja der gewaltsame Bruch in einer Bewegungsrichtung? Oder der Effekt seiner Wirkung, der Sprung auch in der Wahrnehmung des unvermuteten Ereignisses: als Überraschung, Staunen, Schock?
Kinematographie und Hypnose
(2000)
Am 18. April 1921 notiert Victor Klemperer in sein Tagebuch:
Inzwischen schon 2 x im Kino gewesen. Am Do. mit Eva im eleganten Prinzeßtheater. [...] Das Drama selber – beliebtestes Thema: Verbrechen + Suggestion. Das Auge des Verbrechers in Einzelaufnahme, vergrößert, das eine Auge – das Stück hieß nämlich: "Der Einäugige".
In diesen knappen Bemerkungen über einen heute vergessenen Film deutet sich nicht nur die entscheidende Rolle der Nahaufnahme für die filmische Darstellung von Hypnose an. Dass Klemperer "Verbrechen und Suggestion" als "beliebtestes Thema" des Kinos bezeichnet, weist auch auf die erstaunliche Anzahl von Filmen hin, die ihren Zuschauern die "ungeheure Macht [...] der Suggestion" vorführen.
Background: A central aim of physical education is the promotion of basic motor competencies (in German: Motorische Basiskompetenzen; MOBAK), which are prerequisites for children's active participation in sports culture. This article introduces the MOBAK-1 test instrument for 6- to 8-year-old children and determines the construct validity of this test instrument. In addition, the relationship between MOBAK and motor ability (i.e., strength) as well as body mass index (BMI), sex, and age is investigated.
Methods: We analyzed data of 923 first and second graders (422 girls, 501 boys, age = 6.80 ± 0.44 years). The children's basic motor competencies were assessed by the MOBAK-1 test instrument. Besides analyses of frequency, correlation, and variance, 3 confirmatory factor analyses with covariates were performed.
Results: We found 2 MOBAK factors consisting of 4 items each. The first factor, locomotion, included the items balancing, rolling, jumping, and side stepping; the second factor, object control, included the items throwing, catching, bouncing, and dribbling. The motor ability strength had a significant influence on the factors locomotion (β = 0.60) and object control (β = 0.50). Older pupils achieved better results than younger pupils on object control (β = 0.29). Boys performed better on object control (β = −0.44), whereas girls achieved better results in locomotion (β = 0.07). Pupils with a high BMI achieved lower performance only on the factor locomotion (β = −0.28).
Conclusion: The MOBAK-1 test instrument developed for this study meets psychometric validity demands and is suitable to evaluate effects of sports and physical education.
Liest man die Zeichen der Zeit richtig, dann scheint es schlecht um die Zukunft des Musikvideoclips zu stehen: Nicht nur, dass die Musikindustrie begonnen hat, angesichts der ökonomischen Einbrüche der letzten Jahre die Mittel für diese, ursprünglich als reine Werbeträger konzipierten Kurzfilme drastisch zusammenzukürzen, so dass frühere Budgets von bis zu 2,5 Millionen Dollar pro Video zukünftig der Vergangenheit angehören zu scheinen; auch der Umstand, dass auf DVDs, in darauf reagierenden Zeitungsartikeln und mit einer Ausstellung wie der hier besprochenen eine Art Resümee der Evolution des Genres hin zu einer eigenen, z.T. durchaus avantgardistischen Kunstform gezogen wird, spiegelt ein Bewußtsein des Umstandes wider, dass eine entscheidende Phase dieser Entwicklung zu Ende gegangen ist: Hegels Eule der Minerva beginnt ihren Flug also auch hier erst mit hereinbrechender Dämmerung. ...
Die vorliegende Arbeit wendet sich dem gegenwärtig aufgekommenen Phänomen der Ablösung vom Nazi-Klischee bei der Repräsentation von "Deutschen" zu und fokussiert in fünf zeitgenössischen Beispielen die visuelle Darstellung von Deutsch-sein in US-amerikanischen Fernsehserien.
Die nationale Identität des deutschen Volkes wird mittels verschiedener Bildmittel als zwiespältig, zwielichtig und damit widersprüchlich inszeniert. Dies lässt sich im Wesentlichen als Ergebnis der qualitativen Bildanalyse in den hier untersuchten Fernsehserien Malcolm Mittendrin (2002 - 2004), Scrubs (2005), Veronica Mars (2004 - 2006), How I Met Your Mother (2007 - 2012) und Breaking Bad (2012) zusammenfassen.
Ihre Widersprüchlichkeit wird schließlich als symbolische Konstruktion gedeutet, die der These des Lyrikers C. K. Williams folgt, "die Deutschen" seien zu einem Zeichen transzendiert. Damit bewegt sich die Darstellung von Deutsch-sein zwischen zwei Positionen, und zwar konkret zwischen dem, was es ist (bzw. was das Fernsehen den Zuschauer glauben lässt, was es ist), und dem, wofür es steht. Für die Ambivalenz der Darstellung von Deutsch-sein spielt die symbolische Bedeutung des deutschen Volkes, welche sich aus seiner Geschichte ergibt, eine wesentliche Rolle.
Die Gliederung der vorliegenden Arbeit orientiert sich an zwei Fragen: Auf welche besondere Weise wird Deutsch-sein visuell konstruiert (ästhetischer Mechanismus)? Welches Wissen über Deutsch-sein wird (re)produziert (sozialer Mechanismus via Zeichen)?
Lehre im Bewegungsfeld Kämpfen an den sportwissenschaftlichen Hochschuleinrichtungen in Deutschland
(2018)
Obwohl sich verschiedene Formen des Kämpfens in zahlreichen Lehrplänen der Bundesländer wiederfinden und ein entsprechender Qualifizierungsbedarf angehender Lehrkräfte gefordert wird, liegen bislang kaum Daten zur Lehre im Bewegungsfeld Kämpfen an sportwissenschaftlichen Hochschuleinrichtungen vor. Im Frühjahr 2017 wurden deutschlandweit Personen mit lehrender oder koordinierender Tätigkeit im Bewegungsfeld Kämpfen zu grundlegenden Daten ihrer Lehrveranstaltung (u. a. Zielgruppe, Umfang, Verbindlichkeit), zur didaktisch-methodischen Gestaltung (u. a. Ziele, Inhalte, Methoden, Prüfungen) sowie zu ihrem Beschäftigungsverhältnis befragt. An 14 von 60 Standorten konnte kein entsprechendes Lehrangebot identifiziert werden. Die erfassten 54 Lehrangebote (beschrieben von 48 Personen aus 31 Einrichtungen) sind bezüglich der organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen relativ gut vergleichbar: Etwa 83 % umfassen zwei SWS und ca. 74 % sind Wahlpflichtveranstaltungen. Heterogenität herrscht u. a. hinsichtlich der Lernziele sowie der eingesetzten Lehr-Lernformen. Die Bestandserhebung bietet eine fachbezogene Diskussionsgrundlage für die Ausgestaltung von Theorie und Praxis des Bewegungsfelds Kämpfen.
The study presents stylistic textual analysis based on examples of film reviews and similar texts devoted to film as published in a variety of German magazines and newspapers or their online versions. The text basis is formed by 470 texts about films from Der Spiegel, Focus, Die Zeit, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, sueddeutsche.de. etc. and for the comparative stylistic analysis German–Czech also from e.g. iDnes.cz.
[Malá, Jiřina: Texte über Filme : Stilanalysen anhand von Filmrezensionen und filmbezogenen Texten / Jiřina Malá. - Erste Ausgabe. - Brno : Filozofická Fakulta, Masarykova Univerzita, 2016. - 218 Seiten. - (Masarykova Univerzita$bFilozofická Fakulta : Opera Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Masarykianae ; 447) ISBN 978-80-210-8353-0]
Sprache gehört zu den wesentlichen Aspekten der Interkulturalität. Zuerst wird eine kurze Einführung in die soziolinguistische Interkulturalitätsforschung gegeben, besonders in Hinblick auf interlinguale Strategien als Forschungsfeld. Als theoretischer Rahmen wird der Forschungsansatz des Sprachmanagements vorgestellt, mit dem die Konstruktionsprozesse sprachlicher Verständigung in interkulturellen Situationen auf verschiedenen Ebenen umfassend behandeln werden können. In der Fallstudie geht es um eine deutsch-polnischen Inszenierung von Familie Schroffenstein (Heinrich von Kleist). Die in dieser Inszenierung verwendeten alternativen Strategien wie rezeptive Zweisprachigkeit, Sprachaustausch oder Einbeziehung der weniger verbreiteten Partnersprache weisen neue Anwendungsmöglichkeiten für die deutsche Sprache im mehrsprachigen Kontext auf, die auch in der Forschung und Lehre der interkulturellen Germanistik berücksichtigt werden sollten.
In 1983, Brian Henderson published an article that examined various types of narrative structure in film, including flashbacks and flashforwards. After analyzing a whole spectrum of techniques capable of effecting a transition between past and present – blurs, fades, dissolves, and so on – he concluded: "Our discussions indicate that cinema has not (yet) developed the complexity of tense structures found in literary works". His "yet" (in parentheses) was an instance of laudable caution, as very soon – in some ten–fifteen years – the situation would change drastically, and temporal twists would become a trademark of a new genre that has not (yet) acquired a standardized name: "modular narratives", "puzzle films", and "complex films" are among the labels used.
Einleitung und Hintergrund: Self-Myofascial-Release (SMR), eine in den letzten Jahren populär gewordene Trainingsform, beschreibt das Training mit sog. Hartschaumrollen oder anderer Hilfsmittel zur Selbstmassage. Mit dem Ziel der Nachahmung einer manuellen Behandlung übt der Trainierende mit dem eigenen Körpergewicht oder etwa einem Massagestick Druck auf das zu behandelnde Gewebe aus und bewegt sich rollend über das Sportgerät. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse deuten auf einen positiven Effekt von SMR auf Parameter der Beweglichkeit sowie der Regeneration hin, die zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen sind bisher allerdings noch unklar. Bezüglich der Beweglichkeitsverbesserung könnten neurophysiologische Veränderungen im Bereich der Dehnwahrnehmung und Dehntoleranz eine Rolle spielen. Auf mechanischer Ebene könnte es analog zum statischen Stretching zu einer akuten Veränderung der viskoelastischen Gewebeeigenschaften kommen. Ebenso werden Effekte von SMR auf Gleiteigenschaften einzelner Faszienschichten postuliert. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Evaluation der Akuteffekte von SMR auf die Beweglichkeit, die passive Gewebespannung und -steifigkeit sowie die Gleitbewegungen einzelner Faszienschichten am vorderen Oberschenkel.
Methodik: Nach Fallzahlplanung durchliefen in einem Cross-Over Studiendesign insgesamt 16 Probanden (w=6, m=10, 32±3 Jahre, 177,6±2,4cm, 78,2±5,2kg) alle der drei folgenden Interventionen in ausbalancierter, randomisierter Reihenfolge: a) 2x60 Sekunden SMR am vorderen Oberschenkel, b) 2x60s passives, statisches Stretching des vorderen Oberschenkels und c) eine passive Kontrollbedingung. Mindestens drei Tage vor Beginn des ersten Messtermins erhielten alle Probanden eine standardisierte Gewöhnungseinheit, in der alle Messungen sowie die SMR Intervention durchgeführt wurden. Die passive Gewebespannung und -steifigkeit bei 13, 9, 5 und 1 Grad vor dem individuellen Bewegungsende sowie die Position der ersten Dehnwahrnehmung wurden mittels isokinetischem Dynamometer (Biodex System 3 Professional), die aktive und passive Kniegelenksbeweglichkeit mittels ultraschallbasiertem 3D-Bewegunsanalysesystem (Zebris CMS20) vor sowie direkt nach der jeweiligen Intervention erhoben. Ebenso wurden Gleitbewegung einzelner Faszienschichten vor und nach der jeweiligen Intervention anhand von Ultraschallvideos (Siemens Acuson X300) und anschließender Cross-Correlation-Analyse berechnet. Die statistische Überprüfung auf Inter- und Intragruppeunterschiede erfolge nach Überprüfung der Anwendungsvoraussetzungen mittels Friedmann-Test und anschließendem post-hoc Wilcoxon-Test oder ANCOVA (Baselinewerte als Covariate) und post-hoc Vergleichen mit geschätzten Randmitteln und zugehörigen 95%-Konfidenzintervallen.
Ergebnisse: Die aktive und passive Gelenkbeweglichkeit verbesserte sich nach SMR im Mittel um 1,8° bzw. 3,4° signifikant. Nach statischen Dehnen war lediglich die Verbesserung der passiven Kniegelenksbeweglichkeit von im Mittel 3,2° signifikant, nach der passiven Kontrolle blieben aktive und passive Beweglichkeit unverändert. Der Winkel der ersten Dehnwahrnehmung vergrößerte sich SMR (+4,3° (1,4°-7,2°)) und Stretching (+6,7° (3,7°-9,6°)), blieb nach Kontrollbedingung jedoch unverändert (+0,3° (-2,5°-3,1°)). Passiver Gewebewiderstand und -steifigkeit veränderten sich nach keiner der Interventionen in keinem getesteten Winkel signifikant. Veränderungen in der Gleitbewegung einzelner Faszienschichten ergaben sich lediglich nach SMR. Die Gleitbewegung der tiefen Schicht gegenüber des Muskels sowie die Gleitbewegung zwischen oberflächlicher und tiefer Schicht verringerten sich nach SMR signifikant zur Baseline (-5,7mm (-11,3mm – -0,1mm) bzw. (-4.9mm (-9.1mm – -0.7mm)).
Diskussion: Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse bestätigen den positiven Einfluss von SMR auf die aktive und passive Beweglichkeit und liefern erste Hinweise bezüglich der zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen. Während biomechanische Parameter wie passive Gewebespannung nach SMR und Stretching unverändert blieben, deuten Veränderungen der Dehnwahrnehmung auf einen Einfluss neurophysiologischer Mechanismen hinsichtlich akuter Effekte auf die Beweglichkeit hin. Die Ausschüttung verschiedener Neurotransmitter wie z.B. Oxytocin könnte Schmerz- und auch Dehnwahrnehmung nach SMR beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen weiter, dass SMR zu einer Veränderung der Gleitbewegung einzelner Bindegewebsschichten am vorderen Oberschenkel führte. Diesbezüglich könnten veränderte thixotrophe Eigenschaften des losen Bindegewebes zwischen Faszie und Muskels sowie Veränderungen des Hydratationsgrades eine Rolle spielen.
Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Studie lassen sich verschiedene Implikationen für die Trainings- und Therapiepraxis ableiten. So eignet sich SMR u.a. als Alternative zu statischen Dehnmethoden zur akuten Verbesserung der Beweglichkeit, zur Veränderung der Dehnwahrnehmung (etwa bei akuten und schmerzhaften Bewegungseinschränkungen) und möglicherweise zur Normalisierung der Gleiteigenschaften einzelner Bindegewebsschichten. Unklar bleiben bisher die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf andere Körperregionen sowie die Effekte von SMR bei Patienten mit strukturellen Bindegewebsveränderungen. Ebenso sind die langfristigen Effekte von SMR bisher unklar und bieten Anschlusspunkte zukünftiger Studien.
Emotional Competence (EC) is regarded as a fundamental skill for sports coaches. However, the applications of EC in football coaching are not well understood. This study analyzed the specific emotional processes football coaches experience. We interviewed 18 football coaches and analyzed the interview transcripts by using a systematic analysis process based on Grounded Theory principles. We derived a model from this analysis that comprises a four-phase process: emotional triggers, emotional experiences, emotion regulation strategies, and emotional consequences. In this model, we identified four categories which act as triggers of emotions in football coaches. These emotions can be positive or negative and are manifested at three levels. However, the coaches vary in their capability to perceive emotions. Our model also shows that coaches’ emotion regulation strategies influence the effect of emotional experiences. Experienced emotions promote consequences with psychological and social implications for coaches and may influence their perception of future situations. In short, the process seems to be circular. This finding suggests that the ability to deal with emotions is an important aspect for football coaches.
Latent myofascial trigger points (MTrP) have been linked to several impairments of muscle function. The present study was conducted in order to examine whether a single bout of self-myofascial release using a foam roller is effective in reducing MTrP sensitivity. Fifty healthy, pain-free subjects (26.8±6 years, 21 men) with latent MTrP in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle were included in the randomized, controlled trial. One week after a familiarization session, they were randomly allocated to three groups: (1) static compression of the most sensitive MTrP using a foam roll, (2) slow dynamic foam rolling of the lateral calf and (3) placebo laser acupuncture of the most sensitive MTrP. Treatment duration in each group was 90 seconds. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the most sensitive MTrP was assessed using a handheld algometer prior to and after the intervention. A repeated measures analysis of variance (3x2) did not reveal significant between‑group interactions (p>.05) but showed a significant time effect (F=7.715, p<.05). While placebo and dynamic selfmyofascial release did not change MTrP sensitivity (p>.05), static compression of MTrP increased the PPT (2.6±0.8 to 3.0±1.1, d=.35; p<.05). Static self-myofascial release using a foam roller might represent an alternative to reduce pressure pain of latent MTrP. Additional research should aim to extend these findings to patients and athletes with myofascial pain syndromes.
Tapping the full potential? Jumping performance of volleyball athletes in game-like situations
(2018)
Background: One key issue in elite interactive team sports is the simultaneous execution of motor actions (e.g., dribbling a ball) and perceptual-cognitive tasks (e.g., visually scanning the environment for action choices). In volleyball, one typical situation is to prepare and execute maximal block jumps after multiple-options decision-making and concurrent visual tracking of the ongoing game dynamics to find an optimal blocking location. Based on resource-related dual- and multi-tasking theories simultaneous execution of visual-cognitive and motor tasks may interfere with each other. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether volleyball-specific perceptual-cognitive demands (i.e., divided attention, decision making) affect blocking performance (i.e., jumping performance and length of the first step after the ready-block-position) compared to relatively isolated jumping performance.
Methods: Twenty-two elite volleyball players (1st – 3rd German league) performed block jumps in front of a net construction in a single-task condition (ST) and in two perceptual (-cognitive) dual-task conditions including a dual-task low (DT_L; presenting a picture of an opponent attack on a screen) and a dual-task high condition (DT_H; presenting videos of an offensive volleyball set play with a two-alternative choice).
Results: The results of repeated-measures ANOVAs showed a significant effect of conditions on jumping performance [F(2,42) = 33.64, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.62] and on the length of the first step after the ready-block-position [F(2,42) = 7.90, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.27). Post hoc comparisons showed that jumping performance in DT_H (p < 0.001) and DT_L (p < 0.001) was significantly lower than in ST. Also, length of the first step after the ready-block-position in DT_H (p = 0.005) and DT_L (p = 0.028) was significantly shorter than in ST.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that blocking performance (i.e., jumping height, length of the first step) decreases in elite volleyball players when a perceptual (-cognitive) load is added. Based on the theory of Wickens (2002), this suggests a resource overlap between visual-processing demands for motor performance and for tracking the dynamics of the game. Interference with the consequence of dual-task related performance costs can therefore also be found in elite athletes in their specific motor expert domain.
In the publication of this article, there are reference errors in four positions the respective references are missing since reference Fischer was omitted. In addition for reference Egli et al. the in text citation only appeared at the end of the paragraph, but not following important statements. This has now been included in this correction. ...
Introduction: To date, several meta-analyses clearly demonstrated that resistance and plyometric training are effective to improve physical fitness in children and adolescents. However, a methodological limitation of meta-analyses is that they synthesize results from different studies and hence ignore important differences across studies (i.e., mixing apples and oranges). Therefore, we aimed at examining comparative intervention studies that assessed the effects of age, sex, maturation, and resistance or plyometric training descriptors (e.g., training intensity, volume etc.) on measures of physical fitness while holding other variables constant.
Methods: To identify relevant studies, we systematically searched multiple electronic databases (e.g., PubMed) from inception to March 2018. We included resistance and plyometric training studies in healthy young athletes and non-athletes aged 6 to 18 years that investigated the effects of moderator variables (e.g., age, maturity, sex, etc.) on components of physical fitness (i.e., muscle strength and power).
Results: Our systematic literature search revealed a total of 75 eligible resistance and plyometric training studies, including 5,138 participants. Mean duration of resistance and plyometric training programs amounted to 8.9 ± 3.6 weeks and 7.1±1.4 weeks, respectively. Our findings showed that maturation affects plyometric and resistance training outcomes differently, with the former eliciting greater adaptations pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and the latter around- and post-PHV. Sex has no major impact on resistance training related outcomes (e.g., maximal strength, 10 repetition maximum). In terms of plyometric training, around-PHV boys appear to respond with larger performance improvements (e.g., jump height, jump distance) compared with girls. Different types of resistance training (e.g., body weight, free weights) are effective in improving measures of muscle strength (e.g., maximum voluntary contraction) in untrained children and adolescents. Effects of plyometric training in untrained youth primarily follow the principle of training specificity. Despite the fact that only 6 out of 75 comparative studies investigated resistance or plyometric training in trained individuals, positive effects were reported in all 6 studies (e.g., maximum strength and vertical jump height, respectively).
Conclusions: The present review article identified research gaps (e.g., training descriptors, modern alternative training modalities) that should be addressed in future comparative studies.