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Literaturwissenschaft und Translation : die Notwendigkeit translationswissenschaftlicher Theorien
(2010)
Translation activity has been the analyzing object of various disciplines, particularly Linguistics and Literature for centuries. The attempts of these disciplines to explain translation activity have always been inadequate. Holmes has drawn the attention to these problems by his paper which he has delivered at a congress in 1972 and emphasized the necessity of a new discipline. In the light of these developments, translation studies emerged in 70's and brought along many discussions. These discussions have revolved around the attempts of literature and lingusitics to explain translation activity. Starting question of our study is as follows; "Do the literary theories adequate enough to justify translation activities?" As an answer to our prompting question, this study aims to verify that literary theories are inadequate to explain and justify translation activity.
In Turkey currently there are about 20 Translation Studies departments with over 4000 students in six different languages. All these departments generally include a final project in their curriculum in the last two semesters, where the students have to prove their translation competence. In the literature and at the web sites of the Translation Studies departments in Turkey and abroad there is very little teaching material about these final projects while these projects are invaluable for the prospective translators. Therefore these projects have to be arranged as very functional, effective and representative of the translation reality. While the connection to the real translation market is assured, the students have to demonstrate their translation competence. Thus all Translation Studies departments have to consider these conditions and to organize this course under the real conditions of translation market and taking into consideration translation theory as well.
Translation is an intercultural and literary process. The intertextuality of each literary translation depends on the difference of the cultural context. It is important to respect a double difference, on the one hand the poetic and on the other hand the cultural variance. This is the result of many theories on current translations. George Steiner and Peter Utz are of the opinion that we can compare translations with interpretations of fiction because both are not completed and time-dependent. The process of interpretation of fiction as well as the translation are both parts of a hermeneutic process. The only difference is that the translation represents the meaning of the original of the fiction whereas the interpretation creates and documents a reading process.
"Finnegans Wake" has struck many of its exegetes as the epitome of the postmodern text. The oddity of James Joyce's last work has been and still is a provocation not only for literary criticism and theory but for every reader of the work. It provokes us to reflect on our preconceptions concerning such fundamental issues as reading, meaning and understanding. Due to this very quality, the work has been a fertile intellectual stimulus for an illustrious band of thinkers of the ―post-projects. Its singularity has provoked and facilitated the further development of theoretical frameworks beyond the confines of literary theory proper. This essay will trace the elaborate theoretical responses of Umberto Eco and Jacques Lacan to Joyce's grand literary arcanum. Eco's concept of the openness of modern works of art and Lacan's elaboration of his psychoanalytic concepts of the symptom and of the Borromean knot were inspired by their study of Joyce. As an extreme instance of literariness, Finnegans Wake thus constitutes an ideal opportunity to consider the scope and boundaries of the scholarly study of literary texts more generally.
Die Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der Philologie im Holocaust-Diskurs : das Beispiel Theresienstadt
(2011)
Philology seems to have come to a crossroads. One path leads back to the save haven of established core strengths and competences, the other path promises new perspectives through further expansion into the vastness of cultural studies. If philology is to continue as a discipline relevant to society as a whole, retreat into pure philology — concentrating only on the text itself, adhering to national boundaries — is no viable option. Instead, by opening itself up for the questions and methods of truly interdisciplinary inquiry, philology can emerge in new shape, powerful enough to adequately address issues of interdisciplinary, intercultural and intergenerational importance. This essay will argue for such an extension of philology into cultural studies through an examination of texts, songs and plays written in and about the Terezín ghetto. The songs of Leo Strauß and Manfred Greiffenhagen, the ghetto opera "Der Kaiser von Atlantis" (The Emperor of Atlantis), as well as Roy Kift's play "Camp Comedy" and Frido Mann's parable "Terezín" will exemplify the potential of philology’s conjunction with history, sociology and cultural studies.
The essay raises the question of what it actually means to work with concepts of intermediality in literary studies. It uses as an example a Ph.D project which compares story-telling in literary texts and videographed testimonies by Shoah survivors. It soon becomes clear that that a strictly "intermedial" approach does not fully serve the purpose. Instead, one should try to maintain a literary studies perspective even on other forms of media. To illustrate this, the essay presents an analysis of videographed testimonies using categories taken from literary narratology. It thereby shows the problems as well as the merits of such an approach, at the limits of the discipline.
In response to the question "What is the nature of a philological practice that seeks to establish a spatial relationship between text and reader?" this essay compares the philologist Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht's contemporary account of aesthetic experience with the school of Empathy Aesthetics in the late nineteenth century with respect to the manner each emphasizes the spatial qualities of that relationship. Although employing different conceptual repertoires, both assert that the desire of an aesthetic recipient to be in the spatial vicinity of the object and experience the presence of the object with and upon his own body motivates an aesthetic experience, including the work of the philologist. Gumbrecht and the empathy aesthetician Robert Vischer characterize the desire to stand in a spatial relationship to the aesthetic object as the desire to be subsumed thereby, a characterization which entails the negation of the original philological standpoint.
Friedrich August Wolf posits in his "Prolegomena ad Homerum" that, from the time of the first transcription of Homer's epics around 700 BC to the time of the Alexandrian editions, the Iliad and Odyssey underwent repeated revisions by a multitude of poets and critics. According to Wolf, the "unified" works that we know are the products of emendations by Alexandrian critics who attempted to homogenize the style of the epics and to return them to their "original" form. This paper argues that Wolf's narration of the history of these texts relies on and produces aesthetic claims, not historical ones. Wolf determines the dates and origins of passages based on intuitive judgments of style for which he cannot provide linguistic or historical evidence. And his conclusions that the "Iliad" and "Odyssey" were not written by Homer, but rather by a history of emendations and revisions, enthrones his work — the work of philologists — in place of the literary genius Homer. Thus philology becomes for Wolf an aesthetic discipline that produces canonical and beautiful works of literature. This aesthetic task is essential for philology to fulfill its educational and political responsibilities.
Innovation oder Wiederkehr? : Das Methodenspektrum im Kurzzeitgedächtnis der Literaturwissenschaft
(2011)
In recent years, a pronounced methodological self-reflexiveness has been established as a standard in studying language and literature. Methodological pluralism and a specific methodological adaptation to the objects of study are a characteristic feature of present-day literary and cultural studies. In keeping with this tendency, introductory textbooks on literary studies often provide an overview of the broad discussion and spectrum of methods and their seemingly boundless possible applications and the options for combining them. But this is not the first time that the boundaries of our discipline have undergone dissolution. Beginning with early examples of accounts of methodological variety and methodological reflection (Oscar Benda, Harry Maync, Emil Ermatinger, Julius Petersen), the present article discusses the ways in which an awareness of a surprisingly long tradition of discussions concerning methodological competence affects the present self-conception and identity of philology.
Is there something like a 'scientific' approach to the reading or interpretation of literary texts as is suggested by the German term 'Literaturwissenschaft'? This essay argues that genuinely scientific criteria such as the intersubjective verifiability of a given reading do not apply to the reading of literary texts. The reason is that such texts enable a quasi infinite range of different readings the preconceptions of which are contingent upon the individual readers, their previous experiences, literary as well as non-literary, and their expectations. — What, then, are the tasks of a scholarly reading of literary texts? Firstly, the theoretical reflection upon the status of such texts in comparison to pragmatic texts; secondly, the attempt at reconstructing their historical context (in terms of discursive history), and thirdly, a reading with regard to present-day problems. The 'quality' of a scholarly reading of a literary text would thus be dependent not on its 'objectivity', but rather on its capacity to produce resonances amongst other present-day readers, scholarly and non-scholarly.
In works of Maghrebi authors like Tahar Ben Jelloun (Morocco), the body is the central medium that generates and constitutes the narration. The authors stand in the tradition of oral folk literature, which increasingly has been displaced by French written literature. Hence there is a tendency in postcolonial Maghrebi texts to reintegrate the performative act of narrating via the body into the literary structures of the novels. This becomes manifest in poly-phonic and poly-perspectival narrative experiments in which, with recourse to the halqa (the typical oral narrative situation), a re-territorialization (Deleuze/Guattari) of the body is performed.
In this context the body in literature plays a central role on the level of the metadiegesis: it is presented as the medium of narration. Using as an example Tahar Ben Jellouns novel L’enfant de sable (1985), the aim of this essay is to show how halqa elements and narrative influences from The Arabian Nights structure the text, which becomes a hybrid between medium and embodiment (Fischer-Lichte) by simulating eventfulness.
On the level of the diegesis, the body plays likewise a decisive role as subject of the storyline, becoming the most important medium for the expression of emotions, thoughts or attitudes. Body language is deliberately utilized by the authors to discuss ways of dealing with traditions, the negotiation of social relations and the (de-)construction of identity. Social order, power structures, hierarchies, existing values and norms are communicated and constituted via body language.
The conference paper interprets Spinoza's concept of “sola scriptura” as a reductio ad absurdum of historicalcritical approaches to text interpretation. It shows that despite Spinoza's emphasis on the revelatory function of scripture and despite his claim that there is only one method of reading it, he intently and distinctly undermines this very hermeneutics as unreliable and incompatible with both reason and truth. The text follows the central intuition that for Spinoza, this insuffiency of hermeneutics accounts for its political potential, as a means of uncoupling politics and theology.
Based on the metaphor of “liminality” in literary studies, this paper examines two different approaches to the literary genre of travelogues, using the example of Adelbert von Chamisso‟s Voyage Around the World (1836). One approach, with the help of autobiographical research, sheds light on the author-specific key motifs of “omnipotent time” and the process of aging. In the second approach, the focus shifts to the relationship between literature and natural science, i.e. to Chamisso‟s transitional position in the context of the historicization and dynamization of the sciences and humanities in the 19th century. Rather than thinking of “philology” and “cultural studies” as opposing methods, this article thus suggests a more in-tercessory position for the purpose of a fruitful study of travel literature.
This paper examines the well-known practice of developing a conceptual frame-work for reading works of literature in such a way as to illuminate previously ignored aspects of those works. It investigates the nature or genre of such discoveries: Are they philological? Hermeneutic? Do they correspond to the discipline of the framework selected? This problem is considered in the case of an example of the deployment of a very specific philosophical framework, namely the problem of skepticism as glossed by the American philosopher Stanley Cavell. This framework brings to light a structural affinity between two seemingly disparate moments in the history of German lyric poetry: the Biedermeier period and the works of Konkrete Dichtung from the mid-twentieth century. The paper postulates this affinity as an exam-ple of the kind of “discovery” whose type, usefulness, or even existence as discovery might be called into question and perhaps not, ultimately, agreed on.
»Viele Buchstaben haben einen Bauch, einen Kopf, sind schlank oder fett«, schreibt der Typograph Kurt Weidemann in einer Vorlesung über Wahrnehmung, Ideenfindung und Gestaltgebung. »Das Umlegen eines Buchstabens zum Sichtbarmachen des Totseins übersetzt die Figur des Buchstabens ins Menschliche.« Damit führt uns Weidemann zum Thema, nämlich dem menschlichen Antlitz der Buchstaben, ihrer Anatomie, die offenbar der des Menschen so ähnlich ist, bis hin zur Entfaltung einer Bedeutung, die allein auf ihre Gestalt oder Anmutung zurückgeht und nicht nur auf das, was ein Autor ihnen in der Aneinanderreihung von Wörtern und Sätzen zuschreibt. […] Tatsächlich ist Weidemann nicht der erste, der eine Beziehung zwischen Typographie und menschlichem Körper hergestellt hat. Geofroy Torys „Champ Fleury“, in Paris 1529 gedruckt, ist vordergründig eine Abhandlung über Buchstaben und ihre Formen, bei genauerer Lektüre jedoch viel mehr als das. […] Seine Abhandlung gibt die Gelegenheit, einen Wahrnehmungsakt aus der frühen Neuzeit mit Text-Mensch-Relationen der Gegenwart in Verbindung zu bringen. Ich wähle für meine kurze Betrachtung des Verhältnisses von Schrift und Schriftgestaltung, Beschreibemedium und Bedeutung zwei Werke, zwischen deren Publikation fast 500 Jahre liegen. Champ Fleury ist ein Produkt der Renaissance, und den Film Memento aus dem Jahr 2000 und inszeniert von Christopher Nolan ist ein Produkt unserer postmodernen Gegenwart.
Dieses Arbeitspapier geht aus einem Hauptseminar zur Argumentationstheorie hervor, das [von Leila Behrens] im Wintersemester 2008/09 am Institut für Linguistik der Universität zu Köln gehalten [wurde]. In den beiden Arbeiten in diesem Band (Badtke et al. und Benning et al.) stellen die Studierenden dieses Hauptseminars die Ergebnisse vor, die sie (in zwei parallelen Projektgruppen mit unterschiedlichen Diskussionsgegenständen) bei der empirischen Analyse von Argumentationen in einem Internet-Forum gewonnen haben. Der Gegenstand der Diskussion betraf bei der einen Gruppe (Badtke et al.) die Unabhängigkeit des Kosovo, bei der anderen Gruppe (Benning et al.) die Einführung eines generellen Rauchverbots in europäischen Hauptstädten.
Versetzen, Einfügen, Einwachsen – das sind die Umschreibungen der Aufpfropfung als einer Agrartechnik, mit der seit der Antike […] Pflanzen veredelt werden. Veredeln heißt dabei zum einen: Kultivieren, impliziert also eine qualitative Steigerung durch einen technischen Eingriff; zum anderen bedeutet Veredeln aber auch Konservieren: durch ein Verfahren der nicht-sexuellen, künstlichen Fortpflanzung Kopien herstellen und so das Veredelte in Kopie bewahren. Die Reproduktion fungiert mithin als eine Art ›Massenspeicher‹ des bereits Kultivierten. […] Im Folgenden möchte ich […] der Frage nachgehen, inwiefern sich Kultur als Pfropfung und Pfropfung als Kulturmodell begreifen lässt: In welcher Weise und in welchem Zusammenhang wurde und wird die Aufpfropfung als Metapher für kulturelle Prozesse, Praktiken und Produkte in Dienst genommen? Wie setzt sich der Begriff des Pfropfens gegen den momentan fast inflationär gebrauchten Begriff des Hybridisierens ab? Welchen intellektuellen Mehrwert bringt der Rekurs auf den Pfropfungsbegriff für poetologische, philosophische, interkulturelle, aber auch wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Fragestellungen? Anders gewendet: Was trägt das Aufpfropfungsmodell zum Verständnis von Kultur als Kulturprozess bei?
Dilettantische Konjekturen
(2009)
»Und wer also nicht die Fähigkeit besitzt«, schreibt Max Weber in […] »Wissenschaft als Beruf«, »sich einmal sozusagen Scheuklappen anzuziehen und sich hineinzusteigern in die Vorstellung, daß das Schicksal seiner Seele davon abhängt: ob er diese, gerade diese Konjektur an dieser Stelle dieser Handschrift richtig macht, der bleibe der Wissenschaft nur ja fern.« […] Anstatt zu fragen, wann eine Erkenntnis als »wissenschaftlich qualifiziert« gelten kann […] beschreibt Weber die Einstellung […] des Wissenschaftlers […]: Ein leidenschaftliches Erkenntnisinteresse für seinen Untersuchungsgegenstand haben – ist das nicht genau die Haltung, die den Enthusiasten, den Liebhaber, den Amateur, sprich, den Dilettanten auszeichnet? […] Inwiefern kann Leidenschaft zum Beruf des Wissenschaftlers qualifizieren? […] »Nun ist es aber Tatsache: daß mit noch so viel von solcher Leidenschaft, so echt und tief sie sein mag, das Resultat sich noch lange nicht erzwingen läßt. Freilich ist sie eine Vorbedingung des Entscheidenden: der ›Eingebung‹«. […] Offenbar verwendet Weber die Formulierung ›Eingebung‹ synonym mit dem Begriff ›Einfall‹, dessen Resultat die ›Konjektur‹ ist. Im Anschluss an die beiden Zitate aus Webers Aufsatz stellt sich in meinen Augen nicht nur die Frage, welche Rolle die Leidenschaft für den berufenen Wissenschaftler spielt, sondern auch inwiefern der Umgang mit Konjekturen und Einfällen zugleich den Unterschied zwischen Fachmann und Dilettant markiert. Diese Frage steht im Mittelpunkt der folgenden Überlegungen.
Geht man davon aus, die Aufgabe der Philologie sei eine – wie auch immer geartete – »historische Textpflege«, die auf die »Ermittlung und Wiederherstellung von Texten« abzielt, dann steht die Aufgabe der Wiederherstellung in einem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen dem Lesbarmachen und der Bewahrung eines Texts: In welchem Maße darf man in einen überlieferten Text eingreifen, um ihn lesbar zu machen? In welchem Maße muss man einen Text in seiner überlieferten Form bewahren? Die Formulierung ›in welchem Maße‹ macht deutlich, dass es sich um eine Frage der Angemessenheit handelt, deren Antwort zum einen davon abhängt, mit welchen Schwierigkeiten sich die Aufgabe der Wiederherstellung des Textes konfrontiert sieht, zum anderen von der gerade vorherrschenden ›Methodenpolitik‹, die gleichsam als »stilgemäßer Denkzwang« fungiert. Konjektur und Krux markieren dabei – so haben wir einleitend erklärt – zwei komplementäre Positionen, zwischen denen die Methodenpolitiken der Editionsphilologie changieren. Die Konjektur, gefasst als »plausible Vermutungen zur Verbesserung des Textes«, ist eine inferentielle Intervention, um einen lücken- oder fehlerhaften Text wieder herzustellen mit dem Ziel, ihn lesbar und verstehbar zu machen. Die Krux, gefasst als indizierte Nicht-Intervention, bewahrt den Text in seiner Unvollständigkeit und Fehlerhaftigkeit – auch auf die Gefahr hin, dass Lesbarkeit und Verstehbarkeit darunter leiden.