820 Englische, altenglische Literaturen
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Genel Edebiyat Biliminin bir dalı olan "Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyat", farklı dillerde yazılmış edebi eserlerin, benzerlik ve farklılıklar yönünden karşılaştırılmasıdır. Karşılaştırmaya dayalı analizlerdeki amaç, iki ya da daha fazla eserin, biçim, üslup, motif ve ya tema gibi edebi unsurlar açısından ortak ve ya farklı öğelerini belirlemektir. Edebi metinlerde kullanılan dilsel öğeleri inceleme alanı olan "Biçembilim", okuyucunun metinleri anlamasını sağlayan en önemli araçlardan biridir. Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyat bilimi kapsamında çevirinin önemi yadsınamaz ve bir metin ile çevirisi, mukayeseli çalışma alanlarından biridir. Bu araştırmanın özünü, kaynak metin ve erek metin arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıkları örneklendirmek adına karşılaştırmalı edebi çeviri örneği oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada, William Shakespeare'in "Sonnet 66" şiirinin Türk edebiyatçı Can Yücel tarafından "66. Sone" olarak çevirisinin, Katharina Reiss'in "içerik odaklı" çeviri modeline dayanarak nasıl yorumlandığı incelenmiştir.
Evrensel bir konu olan savaş, her milleti derinden etkileyen en önemli olgulardan sayılmaktadır ve yansıması Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyatın en seçkin konularından biridir. Savaşlar yüzünden birçok farklı kültürde, toplumsal dengeler bozulmuş, cinsiyetçi roller değişmiş ve "yeni kadın" olgusu öne çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 20. yüzyılın kadın Türk edebiyatçılarından biri olan Halide Edip Adıvar'ın 'Ateşten Gömlek' (1922) romanında ve İngiliz edebiyatçı David Herbert Lawrence'ın 'Tilki' ('The Fox') (1922) hikâyesinde "yeni kadın" kavramı karşılaştırmalı edebiyat yöntemi ile analiz edildi. Her iki eserin yansıttığı dönemin tarihsel ve sosyal örgüsü metin inceleme yöntemi ile incelendi. Çalışmanın özü, toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin savaş dönemlerinde farklı kültürlerin edebiyatlarındaki yansımasını kapsar. İncelemedeki bulguların sonucunda, farklı kültürlerde farklı cinsiyetlere ait yazarlar tarafından ele alınmış olsa da, Adıvar'ın 'Ateşten Gömlek' ve Lawrence'ın 'Tilki' adlı eserinde, savaşın cinsiyet rollerine etkisinin benzer şekilde yansıtıldığı gözlenmiştir. Bu sebeple, bu çalışma, diğer karşılaştırmalı edebi incelemelere ve savaş edebiyatında kadın kimliğinin tanımlanmasına yönelik araştırmalara katkı sağlayabilecek içeriktedir.
To what extent does cultural distance interfere with or limit literary experience? What kind of intimacy is needed to make a text into a work? This essay seeks to answer these questions by focusing on the writings of Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. In doing so, it suggests that the challenges of cultural distance may be most acute when dealing with texts from homo-linguistic literary environments, and that we might overcome these challenges by undertaking a world literary criticism that attends to localized fields and materials without forgetting the charge of particular works.
In "The Book of Margery Kempe", the protagonist shifts between identities and geographies as a nomadic subject, dispersed across compassionate responses to violence that unusually include a recognition of animal suffering. The "Life" of Christina the Astonishing also seizes on the nonhuman aspects of extreme affective experience as her bodily transformations participate in a process of becoming animal. Both texts reflect a medieval fascination with the devotional body as a zone of closure and opening where transhuman and interspecies associations can be safely explored.
This paper reads 'The Detainee's Tale as told to Ali Smith' (2016) as an exemplary demonstration of the work of world literature. Smith's story articulates an ethics of reading that is grounded in the recipient's openness to the singular, unpredictable, and unverifiable text of the other. More specifically, Smith's account enables the very event that it painstakingly stages: the encounter with alterity and newness, which is both the theme of the narrative and the effect of the text on the reader. At the same time, however, the text urges to move from an ethics of literature understood as the responsible reception of the other by an individual reader to a more explicitly convivial and political ethics of commitment beyond the scene of reading.
„Great writers,“ those who constitute our canon (at any given moment, one should add warily, since aesthetic canons fluctuate considerably over time), have invariably been the focus of reception studies, partly because they provide the most fertile ground for research, but partly also because literary scholars (and in particular the aspiring doctoral candidate: I myself graduated with an influence /reception study of this kind) need some justification for their endeavors, and what better ticket into the ivory rower - or onto the book market - than the study of the most seminal and widely accepted authors? James Joyce is just such a „great author.“ And „James Joyce and German Literature,“ the subject of this essay, must inevitably result in some form of reception study. But just what form should it take? Within the limited space of one article, it would be impossible to survey in toto Joyce's influence on German literature; that is, the multiple receptions of Joyce by some four or five generations of authors writing in German.
Nach dem Anthropologen Kaushik Sunder Rajan bedeutet der Biokapitalismus die Überdeterminierung der Wirtschaft bei biopolitischen Entscheidungen. Die Überdeterminierung heißt in diesem Fall eine starke wirtschaftlich-politische Beeinflussung der Richtung wissenschaftlicher Forderung und Entwicklung. Ein extremes Beispiel für solch ein System ist in der Dystopie "Brave New World" (1932) vorzufinden, mit der sich dieser Aufsatz beschäftigt. Zuerst werden die Begriffe der Biopolitik nach Michel Foucault und des Biokapitalismus nach Kaushik Sunder Rajan definiert. Darauf aufbauend untersucht die Arbeit den Biokapitalismus innerhalb der Gesellschaft von Aldous Huxleys Roman. Dafür wird zunächst der Autor, sein zeitlicher Kontext und der Aufbau der dystopischen Gesellschaft thematisiert. Im Hauptteil befasst sich der Aufsatz mit folgender Fragestellung: Wie zeigt sich der Biokapitalismus in Huxleys "Brave New World"? Dabei sind die Ziele des Aufsatzes die Beantwortung der Fragestellung und die Herauskristallisierung der Gefahren dieser dystopischen Gesellschaft für unsere Gegenwart. Diese werden zum Schluss im Fazit zusammengefasst erläutert.
Nach Ende der napoleonischen Kriege und nach Aufhebung der Kontinentalsperre drängten die Briten auf das Festland. Sie nutzten dabei den Rhein als einen Wegabschnitt von besonderem Reiz, bevor sie nach Italien weiter reisten, indem sie an die Tradition der grand tour des 18. Jahrhunderts anknüpften. Durch die auf der britischen Insel weit vorangeschrittene industrielle Revolution zu Reichtum gekommen, konnte sich eine breitere Bevölkerungsschicht erlauben den Kontinent zu erkunden. Binnen weniger Jahre entwickelte sich der Tourismus zu einer gesellschaftlichen Konvention für die stetig wachsende Bürgerschicht. [...] So viele reisende Engländer fielen unter Einheimischen und Mitreisenden unter anderem wegen des von ihnen betriebenen enormen Reiseaufwands auf und schienen einer Kommentierung wert. [...] Briefe, Reiseberichte, Erzählungen und Novellen erwähnen das bemerkenswerte Verhalten der Briten. Aus den zahlreichen Quellen hat Barbara Wagner eine Auswahl getroffen, die einerseits den Zeitraum des Vormärz abdeckt und andererseits die verschiedenen Textarten berücksichtigt. Das besondere Augenmerk galt solchen Äußerungen, die sich auf die von den Briten in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bevorzugten Reisegebiete Rhein und Italien konzentrieren. Auch der selbstreflexive Blick von Engländern auf ihre Landsleute wird in die Auseinandersetzung mit den Konventionen des Reisens einbezogen. Oft münden solche Schilderungen in Satiren und Karikaturen.
Weltreiche : zur Darstellung prekärer Arbeit in zwei 'Hotelromanen' von Monica Ali und Ali Smith
(2022)
Two British novels exemplify an observation made analysing a larger corpus of contemporary 'hotel novels': both Ali Smith's "Hotel World" (2002) and Monica Ali's "In the Kitchen" (2009) focus on the hotel as a precarious workplace, with women being most vulnerable to its exploitative structures. The Imperial Hotel in Ali's novel is an architectural relic from the British Empire; a setting, where the migrant workers' labour conditions become evident. The Global Hotel in Smith's novel synthesises globalised and local structures, for instance by subverting the function of a hotel as a guest house accommodating affluent customers from all over the world: a receptionist opens the doors to a homeless woman, while the ghost of a female worker killed in an accident haunts the Global Hotel. The hotel has long served as a political metaphor when it comes to criticising liberal migration politics - especially in Britain, which the conservative MP Kenneth Baker referred to as "a sovereign nation, not a hotel" in 1995. In 2004, Tony Blair - then Prime Minister - famously said that "[w]e will neither be fortress Britain, nor will we be an open house". This paper explores these dialectics of openness and closeness in hotel fiction with a focus on the depiction of labour.
This article analyses processes of collective and individual identity formation in European travel writing from the late eighteenth and the middle of the nineteenth century and argues that these processes are based not least on the national stereotypes described and performed in the texts. I explore how the genre-specific stylistic elements of multilingualism and intertextuality inform the performance of auto- and hetero-images and in doing so suggest converging travel writing studies and imagological studies. To illustrate my thesis, I analyse travelogues by Charles Dickens and Karl Philipp Moritz.
The relation between reality and language, the instability of language as a signification system, the representation crisis, and the borders of interpretation are the controversial issues that have engaged not only philosophers, but also many authors, translators, and literary critics. Some philosophers like Derrida accuse Western thinking of being obsessed with binary oppositions. In Derrida's view, Western tradition resorts to external references as God, truth, origin, center and reason to stabilize the signification system. Since these concepts lack an internal sense and there is no transcendental signified that can fix these signifiers, language turns to an instable system by means of which no fixed meaning can be created. Many authors like Beckett, Stoppard, and Caryl Churchill also noticed this impossibility of language. While Derrida's deconstructive approach to this crisis has an epistemological nature, these playwrights present an aesthetic solution by turning the deconstructive potential of language against itself in text and performance. This dissertation aims at exploring their performing methods and dramatic texts to demonstrate how their delogocentric strategies work. By analyzing their plays, I will examine if their use of signifiers that have no references in reality, intentional misconceptions, disintegrated subjectivities, decentered narratives, and experimental performances can help them undermine the prevailing logocentrism of Western thought. The examination of the change in aesthetic strategies from Beckett, who belongs to earlier stages of post modernism, to Caryl Churchill, who should perform in a globalized world with increasing dominance of speed and information, is another aim of this research. In my view,Beckett's obsession with unspeakable, absurdity, and disintegration of subjectivity develops to Stoppard's language games, metadrama, and anti-representation and culminates in Churchill's anti-narrative texts and pluralistic performances. The monophony of Beckett's dramatic texts is replaced by the polyphony of Churchill's performances, which are a mixture of theater, dance and music. However, all explored dramatic texts in this dissertation have something in common: they are language games, which have no claim on a faithful representation of reality or transcendental truth.
This essay examines extractivism as both a project and a process that is bolstering new forms of imperialism on a world scale. It argues that extractivism is as much grounded in material accumulation as it is in cultural extraction to create new forms of value. The writings of indigenous writers such as Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar offer an important key to understanding the work of the literary in making visible and resistant that which extractivism seeks to exploit for profit.
The forces of nature warranted that these two English speaking poets, linguists, translators cum academics and researchers be born in Ndop, Ngoketunjia Division, in the North West Region of Cameroon. The one is based in the USA and other in Australia. Disgusted by the rotten political clime in their country as well as the political stance of politician vis-à-vis the English speaking minority, these two poets in their poetry explore the ins and outs of the problems of existence, not only of the minority English speaking Cameroonian but those of minorities in a modern world with a push for globalization. To them art is not only a weapon for survival but one for resistance.
Wie vielleicht schon die kippenden Bezüge, insbesondere des timeshifters "Now", in den ersten Versen von "Richard III" aufzuzeigen vermögen, adelt Tom Bishop (Shakespeare and the Theatre of Wonder) Shakespeare völlig zu Recht dafür, auf metatheatrale Weise die Zuschauer*innen auf das Spiel zwischen den Zeiten, auf die Gleichzeitigkeit von Ungleichzeitigem in der Performanz des Theaters aufmerksam zu machen. Shakespeares Tanz auf der Fiktionsgrenze, zwischen den Zeiten, beschränkt sich aber nicht auf Aufklärungsarbeit über die Funktionsweise des Mediums Theater. Sein Spiel mit dem schillernden "Now" ist radikaler, weil es auch die rahmende Gegenwart (der Rezeption) - die Gleichzeitigkeit - erfasst, auf der das theatertypische Spiel zwischen den Zeiten bequem aufruht. Diese These soll im Folgenden an Shakespeares Tempest knapp skizziert werden. [...] Der zweite Text, den ich einer ausführlicheren Lektüre im Hinblick auf ein unbequemes Verhältnis der Zeiten unterziehen möchte, ist so klassisch, dass die Beschäftigung mit ihm fast verzichtbar erscheint: Laurence Sternes "Tristram Shandy". Sternes Meisterwerk ist für die Frage nach der Poiesis der Un(-Gleichzeitigkeit) des Un(gleichzeitigen) aber nicht nur ein historischer Meilenstein, sondern erweist sich bei näherem Hinsehen auch als herausfordernd komplex. [...] Sternes "Tristram Shandy" stellt den Leser*innen den Zwie-gang ('di-gression') einer (Un)gleichzeitigkeit des (Un-)Gleichzeitigen vor Augen. Die sonderbare Erzählmaschine konfrontiert die Leser*innen mit ihrem bizarren, staunenerregenden und erheiternden Mechanismus - der sich zu erkennen gibt, thematisch aber nicht in die erzählte Welt rückgebunden ist. Die Maschine hat zudem außerhalb der Narration kein Korrelat, sie kann deshalb ein Kuriosum bleiben, das wenige Folgen zeitigt für die Art, wie wir 'unsere' nichtfiktive Welt ordnen und ihr Sinn geben. In just jenem Zug unterscheidet sich Sternes Roman von Marcel Prousts monumentaler "À la recherche du temps perdu", der die verbleibenden Seiten dieses Artikels gewidmet sein sollen.
[...] die Erkenntnis, daß "Ulysses", dieser Roman der Romane des 20. Jahrhunderts aus dem Jahre 1922, [...] auch ein jüdischer Roman ist, hat sich so noch nicht durchgesetzt. Wohl spielen Gedanken zum jüdischen Thema eine Rolle in der reichen, ja überreichen Sekundarliteratur, meist gar nicht, wenn ja, weniger als mehr. Das Thema bleibt am Rande, die Frage ward so nicht gestellt. Und doch ist er auch ein jüdischer Roman, und nicht nur von der Hauptfigur, von Leopold Bloom her.
Hugh Blairs umfangreiche "Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres" sind eines der erfolgreichsten Werke der englischsprachigen Rhetoriktradition. Der Stilbegriff bildet das Zentrum von Blairs Ästhetikkonzept. Blair greift einerseits auf die rhetorische Tradition zurück, bezieht sich andererseits aber auch auf wahrnehmungstheoretische Überlegungen aus der zeitgenössischen empiristischen Psychologie. Neben den ästhetischen Qualitäten des Stils rücken dabei Fragen der Verständnissicherung durch stilistische Klarheit in den Fokus. Blairs "Lectures" greifen damit über das Feld der Ästhetik entscheidend hinaus.
This chapter explores medieval exegetical and affective characterizations of the birthplace of Christ. It focuses in particular on evocations of this birthplace as an exposed, liminal location and argues that the radical exposure endured by Christ at the moment of his birth was crucial to medieval understandings of the significance of the Incarnation. But it also points out that its condition of openness is always in a dialectical relationship with its capacity to enclose and protect.