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The de-constitution of the 'I' is at the centre of Manuele Gragnolati's essay 'Differently Queer: Temporality, Aesthetics, and Sexuality in Pier Paolo Pasolini's "Petrolio" and Elsa Morante's "Aracoeli"'. The essay explores the relationship between temporality, aesthetics, and sexuality in the final novels of two twentieth-century Italian authors: Pasolini's "Petrolio" (1972–75) and Morante's "Aracoeli" (1982). Both novels mobilize a form of temporality that resists a sense of linear and teleological development and that instead appears contorted, inverted, and suspended. The article argues that both novels thereby allow for the articulation of queer desires and pleasures that cannot be inscribed in normative logics of completion, progression, or productivity. It shows how the aesthetics of Pasolini's and Morante's texts replicate the movement of queer subjectivity and dismantle the traditional structure of the novel but do so differently. The fractured and dilated movement of "Petrolio's" textuality corresponds to a post-Oedipal and fully formed subject who is haunted by his complicity with bourgeois power and wants to shatter and annihilate himself by replicating the paradoxical pleasure of non-domesticated sexuality. "Aracoeli", by contrast, has a 'formless form' ('forma senza forma') that corresponds to the position of never completing the process of subject formation by adapting to the symbolic order. The poetic operation of Morante's novel consists in staging an interior journey, backwards along the traces of memory and the body and at the same time forward towards embracing the partiality and fluidity of an inter-subjectivity that is always in the process of becoming.
Francesca Cadel's paper 'Outside Italy: Pasolini's Transnational Visions of the Sacred and Tradition' points out that in the 1940s and 1950s Pasolini's themes were all related to the specificity of Italian society, history, and traditions, while, beginning with the 1960s, Pasolini started travelling around the world, widening his perspectives on a rapidly changing world. Hence he developed new critical patterns, combining an increasing interest in sprawling transnational post-colonial economies with his strenuous defence of tradition and the sacred within human societies. Cadel uses different examples - including Pasolini's Indian travelogues - to show how his initial devotion to Italian millenary traditions and peasant cultures finally led to an open vision and understanding of human behaviours and mores, beyond any national boundary.
By focusing on Pasolini's uncompleted film project "San Paolo", Luca Di Blasi's article 'One Divided by Another: Split and Conversion in Pasolini's "San Paolo"' analyzes the notion of split (the split in the structure of time and, above all, the split of the figure of Paul) and concentrates especially on the very moment of Paul's Damascene conversion. Di Blasi refers to the "Kippbild" as a model that can be used to understand better certain ambivalences in Pasolini's Paul. Locating Pasolini's reading of the founder of the Church in a triangulation with two major contemporary philosophers, Alain Badiou and Giorgio Agamben, Di Blasi shows that two opposing possibilities of interpreting Paul - as militant subject of a universal event and its necessary consequences (Badiou) and as representative of softness, weakness, poverty, "homo sacer" (Agamben) - fit perfectly with the two aspects of Pasolini's Paul. Pasolini's profoundly split Paul thus represents a dichotomy which disunites two major figures of contemporary leftist thought.
Bruno Besana's article 'Badiou's Pasolini: The Problem of Subtractive Universalism' also deals with Pasolini's script about Saint Paul, but from the perspective of Alain Badiou's theoretical essay "Saint Paul and the Foundation of Universalism" and of Badiou's different thoughts on Pasolini, on the logic of emergence of novelty, and on its thwarted relation with universalism. Two main points appear in Besana's comparative reading. First, the idea that radical novelty or change can only be built in a 'subtractive manner', i.e. via the appearance of something that, by its sole presence, erodes the consistency upon which the present is structured. This is developed through Pasolini's ideas of 'inactuality' and 'forza del passato' and by Badiou's concept of 'event'. Second, a fundamental paradox inherent to the logic of change: change is only possible if it is organized in a set of coherent consequences, but the organized mode (for instance, the party) of such consequences inevitably reduces change to a constant compromise with the present.
Manuela Marchesini brings Agamben's ideas to bear on Gadda's "Pasticciaccio" and vice versa. While preserving the specificity of their different fields of operation, this mutual exposure contributes to reframing the Culture War of yore. On the one hand, we have a novel published after World War II with a tortuous gestation and convoluted publication history and reception, written by an author who happened to outlive his creative 'canto del cigno'; on the other, a philosophical and essayistic speculation on contemporary events. The function of Dante's "Comedy" in each author spans from the textual to the allegorical, but rests upon one single crucial common denominator: both Gadda and Agamben take literature seriously. [...] The present essay, part of a larger project unfolding along the same lines, attempts a 'close reading' in the spirit that Edward Said has solicited from the humanities in his lectures at Columbia - or, to put it differently, a tentative 'exercise' of critica in the wake of modern Italian Romance philology and textual criticism from Pasquali through Contini and Debenedetti (a lineage of which Agamben's approach appears to be mindful). [...] Marchesini passes over the general Dantesque infernal allegory of "Pasticciaccio" in order to expand on its final scene. Her thesis is that "Pasticciaccio's" allegorical use of Dante's "Comedy" does not just unravel its interpretive knot. It also points to a utopian overcoming of binarism that concurs with Agamben's reflections. "Pasticciaccio's" closure is neither an epiphany (in the sense of a final celebration of the missing piece that completes the puzzle of the novel), nor does it signal a collapse into ambiguity or irrationality (in the sense that everything is left undecided, wavering between one possibility and its opposite). Gadda maintains his interpellation of wholeness unequivocally throughout the novel.
Early in his life Pasolini showed interest in Dante: in a letter sent to Luciano Serra in 1945, he declared that 'la questione di Dante è importantissima'. He later reaffirmed his interest in Dante in two attempts to rewrite the "Commedia": "La Mortaccia" and "La Divina Mimesis". [...] In 1963 he mentioned "La Divina Mimesis" for the first time. [...] Critics have mostly focused on the work's unfinished condition as a sign of the poetic crisis which Pasolini experienced at the end of his life. Scholarly interpretations of "La Divina Mimesis" can be divided into three main groups: the first strain can be primarily attributed to a 1979 essay by Giorgio Bàrberi Squarotti, four years after the publication of La Divina Mimesis. Bàrberi Squarotti attributes Pasolini's difficulty in completing his rewriting of the "Divine Comedy" to the author's ideology. The work's intermittent irony and its unfinished state are good indicators of the impossibility of recreating Dante's achievement, in particular the Dantean ideology. [...] The second strain of interpretation stresses the work's linguistic dimensions. The period when Pasolini conceives of the project of "La Divina Mimesis" corresponds, according to his repeated declarations, to a time of dramatic change in the Italian linguistic context. [...] Finally, the third type of interpretation locates "La Divina Mimesis" in the theoretical context of Pasolini's final conception of poetry. Here critics stress in particular the difference between the poet's intentions and the final result.[...] These three interpretative strains share the conviction that, in comparison with its model, Pasolini's project ends in failure. It is a failure in at least three senses: on the level of its ideology (not as strong as Dante's), on the level of reality (because of the linguistic standardization of Italian society), and on the level of aesthetics (even though the author pretends that his failure possesses an aesthetic value). This paper would like to question this conclusion: by redefining the object of mimesis and its conditions Davide Luglio tries to understand the reason why the author decided to print his work in a form that at first sight appears ill-defined and fragmentary.
Between 1816 and 1821, the philologist François Raynouard (1761–1836) published a "Choix des poésies originales des troubadours". His connections with Madame de Staël's cultural circle at Coppet determined the construction of the myth of courtly love as a forerunner of Romantic love. [...] Acording to this cultural tradition, Dante is an intermediate (although pre-eminent) step in the history of Western desire, a process begun in medieval Provence and revitalized by European Romanticism. When Lacan approaches Dante, it is therefore one Dante - this Dante - that he is approaching. The present essay, in which Fabio Camilletti analyses three tightly interwoven texts, explores some of the reverberations of this encounter. In 1958, Lacan published in "Critique" an article entitled 'La jeunesse d'André Gide, ou la lettre et le désir'. This text, later included in Lacan's "Écrits", was meant to be a review of a biography of the young Gide published in 1956 by Jean Delay, entitled "La jeunesse d'André Gide". In comparing Gide's life with his works of youth, Delay notably focused on Gide's novel of 1891, "Les Cahiers d'André Walter", the third text on which Camilletti focuses his inquiry. These three texts evoke in various ways the relationship between Dante and Beatrice, using it as a cultural allusion through which specific problems of sexuality (or, better, of the absence of sexuality) are conveyed. This essay aims therefore to be a study in the rhapsodic and subterranean presence of Dante and the "Vita Nova" between the end of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, as well as in the relationship between literature and psychoanalysis through the quartet Dante-Gide-Delay-Lacan.
'Dante and Ireland', or 'Dante and Irish Writers', is an extremely vast topic, and to cover it a book rather than an essay would be necessary. If the relationship between the poet and Ireland did not begin in the fourteenth century - when Dante himself may have had some knowledge of, and been inspired by, the "Vision of Adamnán", the "Vision of Tungdal", and the "Tractatus de purgatorio Sancti Patricii" - the story certainly had started by the eighteenth, when the Irish man of letters Henry Boyd was the first to produce a complete English translation of the "Comedy", published in 1802. Even if one restricts the field to twentieth-century literature alone, which is the aim in the present piece, the list of authors who are influenced by Dante includes Yeats, Joyce, Beckett, and Heaney - that is to say, four of the major writers not only of Ireland, but of Europe and the entire West. To these should then be added other Irish poets of the first magnitude, such as Louis MacNeice, Ciaran Carson, Eiléan Ní Cuilleanáin, and Thomas Kinsella. Therefore Piero Boitani treats this theme in a somewhat cursory manner, privileging the episodes he considers most relevant and the themes which he thinks form a coherent and intricate pattern of literary history, where every author is not only metamorphosing Dante but also rewriting his predecessor, or predecessors, who had rewritten Dante. Distinct from the English and American Dante of Pound and Eliot, an 'Irish Dante', whom Joyce was to call 'ersed irredent', slowly grows out of this pattern.
Transforming a text - narrative or poetic - into a play, made of dialogues and organized into scenes, has been one of the most frequent forms of literary transcodification both in the past and in the present. We can find examples of this procedure at the very origins of Italian theatre, which indeed began as the rewriting of earlier texts, both in the "sacre rappresentazioni" and in the profane field: the Bible in the first case and the Ovidian mythologies in the second. Poliziano's "Fabula d'Orfeo" and "Cefalo e Procri" by Niccolò da Correggio are the first well-known examples of this process. Thus, the metamorphosis of a text into a dramatization has many models in the history of theatre and literature. It would be of great interest to start with an overview of the different types, aims, and forms of transcodification of texts that are enacted in order to create dramatizations capable of being performed on stage. Erminia Ardissino attempts to offer an introduction to her study of Giovanni Giudici's play about Dante's "Paradiso" with a brief discussion of three different practices of theatrical transcodification. She looks at three pièces written at the request of the Italian scenographer Federico Tiezzi between 1989 and 1990 as stage productions of the three cantiche of the Divine Comedy. Although they belong to the same project, are inspired by the same person, and share a unified aim, the three pièces created by Edoardo Sanguineti, Mario Luzi, and Giovanni Giudici show three different approaches to the task of transcodifying a text in order to produce a drama - the task, in Genette's words, of creating a theatrical palimpsest.
Fellinis Faulpelze
(2013)
Fellinis OEuvre, so könnte man mit etwas Mut zur Vereinfachung sagen, kennt vor allem zwei Arten von Filmen: solche, in denen es stets voran, und solche, in denen es gar nicht erst losgeht. Ersteres führt uns in mustergültiger Weise 'La strada' aus dem Jahr 1954 vor Augen, Fellinis weltberühmte Ballade vom Unterwegs- und Unbehaustsein, die immer wieder und durchaus zu Recht als frühes Road Movie gehandelt wird, letzteres 'I vitelloni' von 1953, ein, wenn man so will, Proto-Slacker-Movie, das ausschließlich in einem nicht identifizierten Badeort an der Adria spielt und statt der Straße die Gasse als prominenten Ort des Geschehens ausweist. Dass dies einen nicht unerheblichen Unterschied bedeutet, versteht sich von selbst. Schließlich führt eine Straße von A nach B, eine Gasse hingegen nur von A nach A', das heißt einen anderen Winkel von A. Den Sachverhalt etwas überspitzend, ließe sich somit sagen, dass es demjenigen, der die Straße benutzt, um eine Ortsveränderung geht, wohingegen derjenige, der sich auf der Gasse bewegt, nicht wirklich weg, sondern bleiben will. Eindrucksvoll belegen dies die Helden aus 'I vitelloni', und das bereits in dessen Titelsequenz, weswegen es sich lohnt, dass wir sie uns einmal etwas genauer anschauen: Nachdem sich die Blende öffnet, fällt unser Blick auf einen kleinen Platz, der - es ist schon lange nach Mitternacht - wie ausgestorben daliegt. Von links aus einer engen Gasse kommend, treten die fünf jungen Männer, ineinander gehakt und in linearer Formation, ins Bild, überqueren, von der mitschwenkenden Kamera verfolgt, den Platz, um sodann nach links in eine andere Gasse abzubiegen, wobei sie stark zu schlingern beginnen. Ihr Gang verliert folglich an Zielstrebigkeit und Geschwindigkeit, wodurch sie den Moment, in dem sie durch das keilförmig von oben in den Bildkader hineinragende Haus 'verschluckt' werden, hinauszögern. Doch noch immer geht es, wenn auch verlangsamt, voran, und das Aus-dem-Bild-Treten scheint unausweichlich. Dass es hierzu letztlich nicht kommt, verdankt sich einem an dieser Stelle einigermaßen unerwarteten freeze frame, der gerade noch rechtzeitig die Bewegung der Vitelloni einfriert und dadurch für deren Verbleiben im Kader sorgt - ein filmischer Kniff, mittels dessen Fellini eine höchst subtile Vorabcharakterisierung seiner Helden vornimmt. Denn diese werden uns die kommenden ca. hundert Filmminuten vor allem als eines präsentieren: notorische Bleiber, die keinerlei Anstalten machen, sich vom Fleck zu rühren, sei es in wörtlichem oder übertragenem Sinne.
Man gelangt zu interessanten Ergebnissen, wenn man folgende Verse von Ludovico Ariosto genauer untersucht, die gleich zu Beginn des Werkes, fast als Auftakt des Romans, zitiert werden: "Oh quante sono incantatrici, oh quanti / incantator tra noi che non si sanno." Diese Verse stammen aus dem VIII. Gesang des Ritterepos "Orlando furioso", der besonders wichtig ist, da gerade hier der Held zum ersten Male vorgestellt wird. Eine weitere symbolische Bedeutung ist in diesem Gesang ebenfalls zu erkennen, denn gerade hier läßt der zitierte Zauber die Liebenden "la lor prima forma", d.h. ihr urprüngliches, wahres Antlitz zurückgewinnen. Berücksichtigt man auch die Tatsache, daß der Held bei seinem ersten Auftreten schon im Aufbruch begriffen ist, so kann behauptet werden, daß bereits an dieser Stelle das Thema der Bildungsreise eingeführt wird, die sich allmählich in Selbstsuche verwandeln wird. Parallelen zum "Andreas" beginnen somit schon ansatzweise sichtbar zu werden. Gerade bei seinem ersten Auftritt hat der Aufbruch des Helden Orlando nichts Zufälliges an sich, sondern weist schon auf die immanente Struktur des Werkes hin, wo jede einzelne Gestalt im Begriff ist, sich fortzubewegen, um vor jemandem zu fliehen oder um jemandem zu begegnen. Eine unaufhörliche Bewegung der Trennung und Vereinigung durchzieht das ganze Werk.
Jede Episode wird durch eine weitere aufgehoben; auf diese Weise erhält man den Eindruck einer unaufhaltsamen Mobilität, und während sich die ganze Darstellung ins Endlose ausweitet, weisen die einzelnen Geschehnisse einen fragmentarischen Charakter auf.
Ariosto selbst hat sein Werk nie als abgeschlossen betrachtet und daran immer wieder, bis zu seinem Tode - im Jahre 1533 - gearbeitet.
Am 17. Dezember 1893 erscheint in Neapel eine Sonderausgabe der neapolitanischen Zeitschrift "La tavola rotonda", die dem Werk und der Persönlichkeit Gabriele d'Annunzios gewidmet ist. Außer zwei Aufsätzen französischer Rezensenten, die die Beziehung des Autors zur Kultur ihres Landes erörtern, bringt der Band die ziemlich freie Übersetzung des ersten dem italienischen Dichter gewidmeten Aufsatzes Hofmannsthals, der wenige Monate zuvor in der "Frankfurter Zeitung" veröffentlicht worden war.
Das allein würde kaum Aufmerksamkeit erregen, wäre nicht D'Annunzio selbst der Verfasser dieser Übersetzung, wie die im Archiv des Vittoriale erhaltene handschriftliche Kopie des Textes beweist. Der Fund ist umso merkwürdiger, wenn man beachtet, daß die Deutschkenntnisse, über die D'Annunzio verfügte, auf ein reines Schuldeutsch beschränkt waren, und daß er in der Regel französische Übersetzungen den deutschen Originalen vorzog. Es ist deswegen anzunehmen, daß er einen unbekannten Übersetzer um Hilfe gebeten hat, und die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß er sich außerdem persönlich mit Hofmannsthal darüber verständigt hat.
Die Arbeitshypothese, daß die beiden Schriftsteller zum Zeitpunkt der Veröffentlichung des deutschen Originaltextes wie auch zum Zeitpunkt der italienischen Fassung, miteinander in Kontakt standen, läßt sich gut begründen: Die erste Begegnung zwischen den Autoren wird allgemein auf das Jahr 1893 datiert, wie aus einem im Sommer 1893 geschriebenen Brief Hofmannsthals an Felix SaIten hervorgeht.
Der vorliegende Beitrag konzentriert sich nicht auf die interessanten, etwas späteren Vorbilder einer italienischen 'hybriden' Rezeption des Gotischen bzw. Phantastischen, die gleichzeitig einer neuen Sensibilität bzw. Ästhetik den Weg ebnete und die das Interesse der Forschung schon erweckte, sondern er verfolgt das Ziel, die weniger erforschten Wurzeln des Genres in Italien zu ergründen. Diese sind unerwartet in 'Fermo e Lucia', d.h. in jener unvollkommenen ersten bzw. 'Ur'-Fassung von Manzonis Prosameisterstück 'I promessi sposi' zu finden.
This introductory analysis on the subject of werewolves in the Greek and Roman worlds in its legendary, mythical, scientific and medical dimension emphasizes an intrinsic combination of negative and positive aspects, human and non-human factors, and ancient and modern components, laying the groundwork for the study of the gendered duplicity of the werewolf's Self in the modern and contemporary literature of southern and northern Italy. In this presentation of the werewolf motif on the Italian literary panorama from the 19th to the 21st century through an overview of short stories and novels, we will examine the writers who have combined ancient rural legends with metropolitan reveries to underscore the complexity and obscure double life of the werewolf.
Wer sich mit Wahnsinn in der (italienischen) Literatur beschäftigt, denkt sofort an den sizilianischen Schriftsteller Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936). Abgesehen von den pirandellianischen Masken, die in den alltäglichen Sprachgebrauch des Italienischen dermaßen eingeflossen sind, dass sie mittlerweile fast schon den Status eines Allgemeinplatzes innehaben, bildet der Wahnsinn zweifellos die häufigste Assoziation mit dem Autor, dem 1934 der Literatur-Nobelpreis verliehen wurde. Dies hat sowohl intra- als auch extratextuelle Gründe. In einem Großteil seiner Texte – dies betrifft alle drei Gattungen: Lyrik, Epik und Drama – verliert mindestens ein Charakter den Verstand. Der Wahnsinn wird dabei oftmals bereits im Titel angedeutet. ...