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Institute
31
Die Empfehlung, das Shareholder-Value-Konzept zur Grundlage der Unternehmenspolitik zu machen, erscheint um so überzeugender und wird vermutlich um so eher akzeptiert, (1) je lohnender die Shareholder-Value-Orientierung für die Aktionäre ist, (2) je eindeutiger es ist, wie die Empfehlung umgesetzt werden kann und soll, und (3) je problemloser sie aus theoretischen und wohlfahrtsökonomischer Sicht ist. Der Beitrag diskutiert die in Wissenschaft und Praxis verbreiteten Positionen zu diesen drei Aspekten und erläutert, warum sie bzw. die emprischen, praktischen und theoretischen Argumente, durch die sie gestützt werden sollen, auf Mißverständnissen beruhen.
163
This paper investigates whether the stock market reacts to unsolicited ratings for a sample of S&P rated firms from January 1996 to December 2005. We first analyze the stock market reaction associated with the assignment of an initial unsolicited rating. We find evidence that this reaction is negative and particularly accentuated for Japanese firms. A comparison between S&P’s initial unsolicited ratings with previously published ratings of two Japanese rating agencies for a Japanese subsample shows that ratings assigned by S&P are systematically worse. Further, we find that the stock market does not react to the transition from an unsolicited to a solicited rating. Comparison of the upgrades in the sample with a matched-sample of upgrades of solicited ratings reveals that the price reactions are no different. In addition, abnormal returns are worse for firms whose rating remained unchanged after the solicitation compared to those for upgraded firms. Finally, we find that Japanese firms are less likely to receive an upgrade. Our findings suggest that unsolicited ratings are biased downwards, that the capital market therefore expects upgrades of formerly unsolicited ratings and punishes firms whose ratings remain unchanged. All these effects seem to be more pronounced for Japanese firms.
201
In this paper, we analyze economies of scale for German mutual fund complexes. Using 2002-2005 data of 41 investment management companies, we specify a hedonic translog cost function. Applying a fixed effects regression on a one-way error component model there is clear evidence of significant overall economies of scale. On the level of individual mutual fund complexes we find significant economies of scale for all of the companies in our sample. With regard to cost efficiency, we find that the average mutual fund complexes in all size quartiles deviate considerably from the best practice cost frontier. JEL Classification: G2, L25 Keywords: mutual fund complex, investment management company, cost efficiency, economies of scale, hedonic translog cost function, fixed effects regression, one-way error component model
204
This paper investigates the impact of IT standardization on bank performance based on a panel of 457 German savings banks over the period from 1996 to 2006. We measure IT standardization as the fraction of IT expenses for centralized services over banks' total IT expenses. Bank efficiency, in turn, is measured by traditional accounting performance indicators as well as by cost and profit efficiencies that are estimated by a stochastic frontier approach. Our results suggest that IT standardization is conducive to cost efficiency. The relation is positive and robust for small and medium-sized banks but vanishes for very large banks. Furthermore, our study confirms the often cited computer paradox by showing that total IT expenditures negatively impact cost efficiency and have no influence on bank profits. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is first to empirically explore whether IT standardization enhances efficiency by employing genuine data of banks' IT expenditures. JEL Classification: C23, G21 Keywords: IT standardization, cost and profit efficiency, savings banks
188
Do we measure what we get?
(2008)
Performance measures shall enhance the performance of companies by directing the attention of decision makers towards the achievement of organizational goals. Therefore, goal congruence is regarded in literature as a major factor in the quality of such measures. As reality is affected by many variables, in practice one has tried to achieve a high degree of goal congruence by incorporating an increasing number of these variables into performance measures. However, a goal congruent measure does not lead automatically to superior decisions, because decision makers’ restricted cognitive abilities can counteract the intended effects. This paper addresses the interplay between goal congruence and complexity of performance measures considering cognitively-restricted decision makers. Two types of decision quality are derived which allow a differentiated view on the influence of this interplay on decision quality and learning. The simulation experiments based on this differentiation provide results which allow a critical reflection on costs and benefits of goal congruence and the assumptions regarding the goal congruence of incentive systems.
10
The paper presents an empirical analysis of the alledged transformation of the financial systems in the three major European economies, France, Germany and the UK. Based on a unified data set developed on the basis of national accounts statistics, and employing a new and consistent method of measurement, the following questions are addressed: Is there a common pattern of structural change; do banks lose importance in the process of change; and are the three financial systems becoming more similar? We find that there is neither a general trend towards disintermediation, nor towards a transformation from bank-based to capital market-based financial systems, nor for a loss of importance of banks. Only in the case of France strong signs of transformation as well as signs of a general decline in the role of banks could be found. Thus the three financial systems also do not seem to become more similar. However, there is also a common pattern of change: the intermediation chains are lengthening in all three countries. Nonbank financial intermediaries are taking over a more important role as mobilizers of capital from the non-financial sectors. In combination with the trend towards securitization of bank liabilites, this change increases the funding costs of banks and may put banks under pressure. In the case of France, this change is so pronounced that it might even threaten the stability of the financial system.
35
Major differences between national financial systems might make a common monetary policy difficult. As within Europe, Germany and the United Kingdom differ most with respect to their financial systems, the present paper addresses its topic under the assumption that the United Kingdom is already a part of EMU. Employing a comprehensive concept of a financial system, the author shows that there are indeed profound differences between the national financial systems of Germany and the United Kingdom. But he argues that these differences are not likely to create great problems for a common monetary policy. In the context of the present paper, one important difference between the two financial systems refers to the structure of the respective financial sector and, as a consequence, to the strength with which a given monetary policy impulse set by the central bank is passed on to the financial sector. The other important difference refers to the typical relationship between the banks and the business sector in each country which determines to what extent the financial sectors and especially the banks pass on pressure exerted on them by a monetary policy authority to their clients in their national business sector. In Germany, the central bank has a stronger influence on the financial sector than in England, while, for systemic reasons, German banks tend to soften monetary policy pressures on their customers more than British banks do. As far as the transmission of a restrictive monetary policy of the ECB to the real economy is concerned, these two differences tend to offset each other. This is good news for the advocates of a monetary union as it eases the task of the ECB when it comes to determining the strength of its monetary policy measures.
036
Der internen Unternehmensrechnung werden im allgemeinen zwei Funktionen zugeschrieben (Ewert/Wagenhofer (1997), S. 6): Sie soll einerseits Informationen für Planungszwecke bereitstellen, andererseits der Verhaltenssteuerung von Entscheidungsträgern in hierarchischen, dezentralen Organisationen dienen. In der jüngeren Vergangenheit ist die Verhaltenssteuerungsfunktion zunehmend in das Blickfeld theoretischer und praktischer Überlegungen gerückt. Gleichzeitig läßt sich eine verstärkte Marktwertorientierung deutscher Unternehmen in der Unternehmenspolitik wie auch in der internen Unternehmensrechnung beobachten. Die betriebswirtschaftliche Literatur hat darauf mit einer wachsenden Zahl von Beiträgen reagiert, die die Marktwertorientierung der internen Unternehmensrechnung vor dem Hintergrund ihrer Verhaltenssteuerungsfunktion diskutieren.1) Das Interesse dieses Beitrags gilt der Rolle der Periodenerfolgsrechnung als Teil der internen Unternehmensrechnung bei der marktwertorientierten Steuerung von Investitionsentscheidungen über Periodenerfolgsbeteiligungen. Zentrale Bedeutung kommt hierbei dem Residualgewinnkonzept aufgrund seiner Kompatibilität mit dem Marktwertkriterium (vgl. Abschnitt 5.1) zu. Dieses Konzept hat in der Praxis unter dem Namen Economic Value Added zunehmend an Popularität - insbesondere auch als Grundlage für Erfolgsbeteiligungen (vgl. z.B. Stewart (1991), Ehrbar (1998), O'Hanlon/Peasnell (1998) ) - gewonnen. Gezeigt werden soll, welche Vorteile die Periodisierung von Cash Flows im Rahmen einer Periodenerfolgsrechnung auf der Basis des Residualgewinnkonzepts gegenüber einer unbelassenen Cash Flow-Rechnung bei der Steuerung von Investitionsentscheidungen über finanzielle Anreizsysteme bietet. Betrachtet wird eine einfache bilaterale Principal-Agent-Beziehung: Eine delegierende Instanz (Prinzipal) beauftragt einen Entscheidungsträger (Agenten) mit Investitionsentscheidungen und versucht, dessen Investitionsverhalten über eine „Erfolgsbeteiligung“ in ihrem Sinne auf das Ziel der Maximierung des Barwertes aller Cash Flows gerichtet zu beeinflussen. Die Rolle des internen Rechnungswesens ist dabei auf die Bereitstellung der Bemessungsgrundlage für die Erfolgsbeteiligung beschränkt. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Periodisierung von Cash Flows und die Zugrundelegung periodisierter Größen bei der Investitionssteuerung zu besseren Lösungen des Steuerungsproblems des Prinzipals führt als eine reine Cash Flow- Beteiligung. ...
112
Die durch jahrzehntelange Planwirtschaft geprägten Strukturen sind in Russland noch fest verwurzelt. Dementsprechend ist das Bankensystem auch zwölf Jahre nach dem Ende des kommunistischen Regimes unterentwickelt. Die markantesten Merkmale der Finanzwirtschaft sind die ungewöhnliche Größenstruktur der Banken; deren Schwierigkeiten, die rapide zunehmende Zahl kleinster, kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen mit Finanzdienstleistungen zu versorgen sowie die geringe Rolle ausländischer Banken. Überdies sind die weiterhin bestehenden Systemrisiken nicht zu unterschätzen.