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9
Die Abhandlung ist eine überarbeitete und erweiterte Fassung der vom Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability am 19. Juni 2006 veranstalteten Guest Lecture des Autors zum Thema "Demystifying Hedge Funds"
8
6
We consider an imperfectly competitive loan market in which a local relationship lender has an information advantage vis-à-vis distant transaction lenders. Competitive pressure from the transaction lenders prevents the local lender from extracting the full surplus from projects, so that she inefficiently rejects marginally profitable projects. Collateral mitigates the inefficiency by increasing the local lender’s payoff from precisely those marginal projects that she inefficiently rejects. The model predicts that, controlling for observable borrower risk, collateralized loans are more likely to default ex post, which is consistent with the empirical evidence. The model also predicts that borrowers for whom local lenders have a relatively smaller information advantage face higher collateral requirements, and that technological innovations that narrow the information advantage of local lenders, such as small business credit scoring, lead to a greater use of collateral in lending relationships. JEL classification: D82; G21 Keywords: Collateral; Soft infomation; Loan market competition; Relationship lending
5
This paper shows that investors financing a portfolio of projects may use the depth of their financial pockets to overcome entrepreneurial incentive problems. Competition for scarce informed capital at the refinancing stage strengthens investors’ bargaining positions. And yet, entrepreneurs’ incentives may be improved, because projects funded by investors with “shallow pockets” must have not only a positive net present value at the refinancing stage, but one that is higher than that of competing portfolio projects. Our paper may help to understand provisions used in venture capital finance that limit a fund’s initial capital and make it difficult to add more capital once the initial venture capital fund is raised.
4
This paper provides an overview of conceptual issues and recent research findings concerning the structure and the role of financial systems and an introduction into the new research area of comparative financial systems. The authors start by pointing out the importance of financial systems in general and then sketch different ways of describing and analysing national financial systems. They advocate using what they call a “systemic approach”. This approach focuses on the fit between the various elements that constitute any financial system as a major determinant of how well a given financial system performs its functions. In its second part the paper discusses recent research concerning the relationships between financial sector development and general economic growth and development. The third part is dedicated to comparative financial systems. It first analyses the similarities and, more importantly, the differences of the financial systems of major industrialised countries and points out that these differences seem to remain in existence in spite of the current wave of liberalisation, deregulation and globalisation. This leads to the concluding discussion of what the systemic approach suggests with respect to the question of whether the financial systems of different countries are likely to converge to a common structure. Key words: Financial sector, financial system, growth and development, convergence JEL classification: G32, G34, G38
3
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse: 1. Europäische Zentralbank und Bundesbank erfüllen im Wesentlichen hoheitliche Aufgaben. 2. Die Erfüllung hoheitlicher Aufgaben darf nicht dazu dienen, den allgemeinenStaatsbedarf zu finanzieren. Akzidentiell anfallende Erlöse können jedoch imHaushalt vereinnahmt werden. 3. Die gesetzliche Anordnung, Bundesbankgewinne an den Bund abzuführen(§ 27 BBankG), ist mit den finanzverfassungsrechtlichen Maximen der Staatsfinanzierung vereinbar. Es liegt auch kein Verstoß gegen das Steuerstaatsprinzip vor. 4. Ertragsgesichtspunkte dürfen aber keinesfalls und in keiner Weise in die Entscheidungen einfließen, mit denen hoheitliche Aufgaben erfüllt werden. 5. Die Vereinnahmung von Bundesbankgewinnen durch den Bund stellt keine Kreditaufnahme dar, die im Rahmen der Verschuldungsgrenzen des Art. 115 Abs. 1 GG zu berücksichtigen wäre. 6. Weder die Bundesregierung noch der Bundestag haben die Kompetenz, auf die Komponenten einzuwirken, die zur Entstehung des Bundesbankgewinns führen. Dafür ist ausschließlich das Europäische System der Zentralbanken zuständig, soweit währungspolitische Gesichtspunkte betroffen sind. 7. Das gilt insbesondere auch für die Entscheidung über den Verkauf von Gold oder Devisenreserven. Es besteht keinerlei Anrecht des Bundes auf diese Vermögensgegenstände, solange die Bundesbank besteht. 8. Einwirkungen dieser Art sind mit der europarechtlich und verfassungsrechtlich garantierten Unabhängigkeit der Zentralbanken nicht zu vereinbaren. Schon der bloße Versuch einer Beeinflussung ist verboten, Art. 108 EGV und Art. 88 Satz 2 GG. 9. Die gesetzlichen Vorschriften über die Gewinnabführung verstoßen als solche derzeit aber noch nicht gegen höherrangiges Recht, auch wenn sie starke Anreize für die Politik schaffen, sich über die Unabhängigkeitsgarantien hinwegzusetzen. 10. Die Bundesbank darf sich nicht aus währungspolitischen Erwägungen weigern, den zur Ausschüttung bereitstehenden Gewinn auszuzahlen. 11. Der unmittelbare Einsatz des Gewinns zur Schuldentilgung würde alle Bedenken im Hinblick auf die Unabhängigkeitsgarantie beseitigen.
2
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse: 1. Das Gemeinschaftsrecht garantiert durch Art. 108 EGV umfassend die Weisungsfreiheit der Europäischen Zentralbank und der nationalen Zentralbanken als Institution.. Diese Garantie erfasst auch die natürlichen Personen, die Mitglieder der Entscheidungsgremien sind. 2. Hinzu treten weiter Regelungen des Gemeinschaftsvertrages und der Satzung von ESZB und EZB, welche diese Garantie zu einer allgemeinen Unabhängigkeitsgarantie ausbauen und verstärken. 3. Garantiert ist vor allem auch die persönlicher Unabhängigkeit der Mitglieder in den Entscheidungsgremien. 4. Von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen, sind diese Regelungen für das sekundäre Gemeinschaftsrecht unantastbar. Als Teil des primären Gemeinschaftsrechts können sie prinzipiell nur durch Vertragsänderung, also einstimmig verändert werden. 5. Diese europarechtlichen Garantien werden über Art. 88 Satz 2 GG für die Bundesbank als integrales Bestandteil des ESZB in das deutsche Verfassungsrecht transponiert. Daraus ergibt sich eine „gemeinschaftsrechtlich vermittelte verfassungsrechtliche Unabhängigkeitsgarantie“ für die Bundesbank. 6. Die Regelung ist mit dem Demokratieprinzip vereinbar. 7. Änderungen der umfassenden Garantie können die verfassungsrechtlichen Voraussetzungen für die Übertragung der währungs- und notenbankpolitischen Befugnisse auf das ESZB entfallen lassen. 8. Der Entwurf einer Verfassung für Europa enthält keine verfassungsrechtlich relevanten Relativierungen der Unabhängigkeitsgarantie. 9. Das Ziel der Preisstabilität hat den ihm gebührenden Rang behalten. Bei genauer Analyse zeigt sich auch, dass sein besonderer Rang für die Tätigkeit des ESZB nicht beeinträchtigt ist. 10. Ein Vergleich der verschiedenen sprachlichen Fassungen des Verfassungsvertrages zeigt auch, dass – entgegen dem deutschen Text – die EZB nicht als – möglicherweise weniger unabhängiges - Organ der EU, sondern als sonstige Einrichtung eingestuft worden ist.
1
Demographic change in industrialized nations has been a matter of common interest for some time. The financial implications of an ageing society are also increasingly discussed, particularly with regard to pension systems. The impact of this development on public finances is, however, only gradually being realized and the constitutional framework of public finances in Germany and the European Union just falls short of ignoring it entirely. This paper is a preliminary assessment of the burden of an ageing society under the fiscal law, specifically in respect of prospective entitlements to the public pension system. The first part analyses the provisions of the German constitution on finances (Finanzverfassungsrecht) to identify what rules, if any, exist addressing such (potential) expenditures, which lie in the immediate or very distant future. The second part of the paper analyses the fiscal requirements under European Union law. In the third and final part a few comments on the proposed national pact on stability and the recent moves to amend the German Federal Constitution are presented.