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This review lists Agama smithii Boulenger 1896 as a synonym of Agama agama (Linnaeus 1758), Agama trachypleura Peters 1982 as a synonym of Acanthocercus phillipsii (Boulenger 1895) and describes for the first time Acanthocercus guentherpetersi n. sp. Without more convincing evidence, Chamaeleon ruspolii Boettger 1893 cannot be accepted as specifically distinct from Chamaeleo dilepis Leach 1819, nor Chamaeleo calcaricarens Böhme 1985 from C. africanus Laurenti 1768. Consequently, 101 species of lizard are currently recognised in Ethiopia, of which some 40% appear to be denizens of the Somali-arid zone. This significant proportion is attributable in part to the importance of the Horn of Africa as a centre for reptilian diversification and endemicity, in part to the fact that this lowland fauna was rather extensively sampled during the 1930s, but also to the conspicuous neglect of lizards in other regions of the country. Mountain and forested habitats are widespread in Ethiopia, so it seems extraordinary to record only five saurian species which are believed to be endemic in such environments. The inference that there are many more still to be discovered has important implications for conservation, because montane forest is known to be among the most threatened of Ethiopian biomes and there is clearly an urgent need for its herpetofauna to be more thoroughly researched and documented.
A Caribbean species of Mecidea Dallas, M. longula Stål, apparently established in south Florida, is reported from the United States for the first time. Specimens were first collected in February 2008 in a light trap operated in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Collections in that trap have continued through the present. Searches near the trap location resulted in several specimens being taken from smutgrass, Sporobolus indicus (L.), an exotic grass now established throughout much of the southeastern United States. The three North American species of Mecidea are keyed and illustrated. In addition to the Florida locality, M. longula is reported for the first time from the British Virgin Islands, St. Kitts, St. Martin, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.
The former and current distribution of the quokka, Setortix brachyurus, was mapped from published and all available unpublished records. At the time of European settlement the quokka was widespread and abundant and its distribution encompassed an area of approximatelyThe former and current distribution of the quokka, Setortix brachyurus, was mapped from published and all available unpublished records. At the time of European settlement the quokka was widespread and abundant and its distribution encompassed an area of approximately 41 200 km2 of south-west Western Australia inclusive of two offshore islands, Bald Island and Rottnest Island. Historical reports indicated an extensive population decline occurred in the 1930s. The decline continued, with a previously undocumented decline apparent in the period from 1980 to 1992. However, this decline may be an artefact of the time scales used for mapping and may well equate with a previously reported decline lor a suite of south -west mammals in the 1970s. By 1992 the quokka´s distribution had been reduced to an area of approximately 17800 km2. An increased awareness of the presence of the quokka on the mainland has resulted in numerous reportings of quokka presence since 1992, has confimled the existence of several populations at the northern extent of the quokka´´s known geographic range and indicated the cmrent, 2005, distribution to be similar to that in 1992. However, survey and population estimates at six of these mainland locations from the northem jarrah forest indicated low abundance. There have been no population estimates elsewhere on the mainland. Two populations have been reported tiom the Swan Coastal Plain, but neither has been confirmed extant. Predation by the introduced fox, Vulpes vulpes, is implicated as a major cause of the quokka´s initial decline, while ongoing predation, habitat destruction and modification through altered tire regimes have contributed to the continued decline. Specific conservation management actions are recommended, namely: (i) Implementing an active adaptive management program in the northern jarrah forest to determine quokka population response to habitat manipulation through the use of fIre, fox baiting and pig control; (ii) Surveying the Stirling fumge and Green Range populations with emphasis placed on determining population size and population genetic structure; (iii) Surveying the reported occurrences from the Swan Coastal Plain, with emphasis on unambiguously determining presence. If confirmed, priority should he directed to assessing population size and determining the management requirements to ensure persistence of the population; (iv) Surveying southem forest and south coast populations to assess quokka population size, the extent of movement between sllbpopulations and assessment of the range of habitat types used by quokkas. The latter should be combined with spatial analyses of known extant populations and suitable and potentially suitable habitat; (v) Determining the role of tire in establishing and maintaining preferred habitat of southern forest and south coast populations; and (vi) Establishing a program to assess the potential effects from management operations.
The development of benthic foraminiferal assemblages during the past 6,000 yrs was investigated in Holocene sediment cores from three carbonate platforms (Turneffe Islands, Lighthouse Reef, and Glovers Reef) of Belize, Central America. Foraminiferal assemblages and their diversity were determined in different time periods to identify their dependence on environmental factors, such as lagoonal age, lagoonal depth, water circulation, substrate, bottom-water temperature, and salinity. Geochemical proxies (δ18O and δ13C), obtained from the common larger foraminifer Archaias angulatus were used to estimate Holocene seasonal BW-temperatures and climate variabilities. A total of 51 samples were taken from 12 vibracores for taxonomic determination and 10 to 15 subsamples of 32 tests of Archaias angulatus were used for stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses. Based on cluster analyses, seven benthic foraminiferal assemblages are distinguished during the Holocene. The three platforms exhibit characteristic differences in benthic foraminiferal fauna and diversity, which are controlled by their respective environments during the last 6,000 yrs. Turneffe Islands has four benthic foraminiferal assemblages, which are typical for restricted lagoons with fluctuating salinity. Lighthouse Reef is inhabited by two benthic foraminifera associations, which are characteristic of high water exchange with the surrounding ocean and clear waters. Glovers Reef is characterized by two benthic foraminiferal assemblages, which occur in deeper lagoons with slow water circulation. In general, during the Holocene, the highest mean diversity, evenness, and richness of benthic foraminifera were found in the Turneffe Islands and the lowest occurred at Glovers Reef. The foraminiferal faunas of the Lighthouse and Glovers Reefs had been in a “Diversification Stage” since 6,000 yrs, whereas the foraminiferal fauna of the Turneffe Islands reflects the development from a “Colonisation” (~4,000 yrs BP) to a “Diversification Stage” (~2,000 yrs to present time). Lagoonal depth, water circulation, substrate, and BW-temperature have higher influence on foraminiferal diversity as compared to lagoonal size and age. The negative correlation between diversity and lagoonal depth is based on differences in light intensity and substrate. In contrast to Lighthouse Reef, the Turneffe Islands and Glovers Reef show decreasing diversity of benthic foraminifera with increasing lagoon depth, due to finer sediment, turbid waters and/or dense mangrove growth, which reduce the light intensity and the number of species. Water Circulation also affected the benthic foraminifera modes of living and their diversity during the last 6,000 yrs. Increasing abundances of infaunal taxa refer to restricted circulation and/or lower oxygen conditions, as assumed for the Turneffe Islands and Glovers Reef. Increasing abundances of epifaunal foraminifera, as observed in the Lighthouse Reef indicate better circulation and/or higher oxygen conditions. Holocene BW-temperature reconstructions based on δ18O of single Archaias angulatus tests do not correspond to typical Holocene climate models of the Caribbean. In the Belize area, mean BW-temperature trends indicate local climate variations. A decrease of δ13C values during the last 1,000 yrs could be related to the “Suess Effect”. The seasonal BW-temperature variations within single large benthic foraminifera tests correspond to present-day temperature fluctuations in the lagoons, and indicate higher temperatures in Summer and Autumn and lower temperatures in Winter and Spring.