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This is an example of capsule endoscopy (CE) revealing terminal ileitis in an young male patient with recurrent abdominal pain who had previously been investigated with colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy without any significant findings. CE revealed severe inflammation of the terminal ileum. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Here the authors report the case of an elderly woman who had upper abdominal pain, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and jaundice (a symptomatic triad termed the ‘Quincke’ triad) a few days after endoscopic sphincterotomy. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated an echo-rich filling of the choledochus consistent with hemobilia. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was immediately performed and blood clots were removed from the common bile duct. A nasobiliary catheter was placed to irrigate the bile duct for prevention of recurring obstruction of the bile ducts from blood clots. Further follow-up of the patient was uneventful. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Operatively altered anatomy might provide a challenge for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. However, with the support of the balloon-assisted enteroscopy technique the access route to the biliary system even in long-limb Roux-Y anastomosis is feasible in most cases.
In this video case report, an 81-year-old woman was symptomatic for stone obstruction of the common bile duct (CBD). Complete gastrectomy had been performed in this patient for stomach cancer many years earlier. Balloon-assisted enteroscopy was used for retrograde access of the duodenum via a Roux-Y anastomosis. There was major difficulty in intubating the CBD via the native papilla in this case because access was prevented by the tangential approach of the enteroscope. After performing an incomplete papillectomy, the insertion of a guidewire into the CBD was feasible and the bile duct stone was removed. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Small bowel endoscopy is indicated for patients with an unidentified bleeding site in esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ileocolonoscopy and symptoms of intestinal blood loss or unexplained anemia. In approximately two-thirds of these cases, capsule endoscopy (CE) detects a lesion within the small bowel that explains the patient's symptoms. In few cases, though, lesions outside of the small bowel might be revealed by CE. Therefore, attention to all intestines that are visualized by CE might be necessary not to overlook bleeding sites that had not been discovered by prior flexible endoscopy.
Here the case of a 71-year-old male patient with unexplained anemia is presented by the authors. Small-bowel CE revealed minor bleeding from a neoplastic mass in the cecum. The final diagnosis of an adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon was established after the patient underwent a right hemicolectomy. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Small bowel endoscopy is indicated for patients with an unidentified bleeding site in esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy and ileo-colonoscopy and symptoms of intestinal blood loss or unexplained anemia. In approximately two-thirds of these cases, capsule endoscopy (CE) detects a lesion within the small bowel that explains the patient's symptoms. In few cases, though, lesions outside of the small bowel might be revealed by CE. Therefore, attention to all intestines that are visualized by CE might be necessary not to overlook bleeding sites that had not been discovered by prior flexible endoscopy.
The authors present the case of a 71-year-old male patient who presented to their outpatient clinic for unexplained anemia. Small bowel CE revealed minor bleeding from an adenocarcinoma in the cecum. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
Stent insertion is an established technique of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to treat symptomatic malignant or benign biliary strictures, and stent placement is accomplished by using the over-the-wire (OTW) method. In some cases, however, it might be challenging and sometimes time consuming to pass a complex biliary stricture with the guidewire. Stent-exchange technique with a guidewire left in place during stent removal might therefore be helpful to guarantee successful and time-sparing interventions.
A simple method is presented to remove the stent with the guidewire left in place, using the OTW stent-exchange method in ERCP. This technique simplifies stent OTW exchange by using a simple endoscopy snare. This article is part of an expert video encyclopedia.
In dieser prospektiven, randomisierten, doppelblinden und plazebo-kontrollierten Studie wurde an einem Kollektiv von 23 Hausstaubmilben-Allergikern (Grad 1° - max. 2° nach WHO/GINA) die entzündungshemmende Wirkung einer 5-wöchigen n-3 PUFA Supplementierung (0,69 g/ Tag) nach niedrig dosierten Allergeninhalationen untersucht. Die Probanden wurden durch Randomisierung entweder auf die Gruppe A (n=12) oder auf die Gruppe B (n=11) verteilt. Gruppe A nahm über einen Zeitraum von 5 Wochen eine Fettsäuremischung aus EPA 450 mg/Tag, DHA 180 mg/Tag, GLA 60 mg/Tag und STA 60 mg/Tag ein. Gruppe B wurde über den gleichen Zeitraum mit einer Kontroll-Fettsäuremischung aus ungesättigten und einfach gesättigten Fettsäuren supplementiert. Nach 3 Wochen wurden die Probanden täglich an 5 aufeinander folgenden Tagen in 2 zusammenhängenden Wochen mit niedrig dosierten Milbenallergenen provoziert. Die Sputuminduktion erfolgte bei den Visiten 1 (V1), 2 (V2) und 12 (V12) jeweils eine Stunde nach den Provokationen, gemäß einer standardisierten, bereits vorbeschriebenen Technik. Blutproben wurden vor der Supplementierung, nach 3 Wochen und nach ein- und zweiwöchiger Allergenprovokation entnommen. Das Sputum wurde nach der Induktion sofort aufbereitet und die ECP-Konzentrationen im Sputumüberstand und in den Serumproben mit Hilfe eines Chemiluminescence-Immunoassay (Biermann, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland) bestimmt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die EPA-Konzentrationen im Plasma und in den Erythrozytenmembranen während der Supplementierung signifikant höhere Werte in der n-3 PUFA-Gruppe aufwiesen, was für eine gute Compliance der Probanden über den gesamten Supplementierungszeitraum spricht. Außerdem war der Prozentsatz an eosinophilen Granulozyten im Sputum nach täglicher Allergenprovokation in der Plazebogruppe tendenziell größer als in der n-3 PUFA Gruppe, die Anstiege der ΔECP-Konzentrationen im Sputum beider Gruppen verfehlten nur knapp die Signifikanzgrenze (p < 0,06 und p < 0,09). Der prozentuale Anteil der Eosinophilen im Serum unter n-3 PUFA Supplementierung war deutlich geringer verglichen mit der Plazebogruppe. Innerhalb der Plazebogruppe kam es bei dem prozentualen Anteil eosinophiler Granulozyten im Serum zu einem signifikanten Anstieg zwischen Visite 2 und Visite 7 (p = 0,002), bzw. zwischen Visite 2 und Visite 12 (p = 0,01). Ebenso kam es innerhalb der n-3 PUFA Gruppe bei dem prozentualen Anteil eosinophiler Granulozyten im Serum zu einem signifikanten Anstieg zwischen Visite 2 und Visite 7 (p = 0,003), bzw. zwischen Visite 2 und Visite 12 (p = 0,02). Beim Vergleich zwischen der Plazebo- und der n-3 PUFA Gruppe fällt ein signifikanter Unterschied bezüglich des prozentualen Anteils der eosinophilen Granulozyten im Serum bei Visite 7 (p = 0,02) und bei Visite 12 (p = 0,04) mit niedrigeren Werten in der n-3 PUFA-Gruppe auf. Verglichen mit der Plazebogruppe waren die ΔECP-Serum-Konzentrationen in der n-3 PUFA Gruppe nach einer Woche Allergeninhalation bei Visite 7 signifikant niedriger (Plazebo: 20,52 ng/ml ± 9,93; n-3 PUFA: -1,68 ng/ml ± 4,36; p < 0,05). Dieser Unterschied war nach 2-wöchiger Allergeninhalation bei Visite 12 immer noch deutlich vorhanden, erreichte aber nicht mehr das Signifikanzniveau (Plazebo: 158,46 ng/ml ± 58,17, n-3 PUFA: 131,63 ng/ml ± 33,66; p >0,05). In beiden Gruppen war jedoch im Verlauf zwischen Visite 7 und Visite 12 ein signifikanter Anstieg der ΔECP-Serum-Konzentrationen im Serum zu verzeichnen. Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, dass die Supplementierung mit n-3 PUFA aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse als eine mögliche Methode zur entzündungshemmenden, nicht medikamentösen Therapie bei Patienten mit leichtgradigem Asthma bronchiale anzusehen ist. Unsere Untersuchung liefert Hinweise, dass eine Reduzierung der bronchialen Entzündungsreaktion mittels einer 5-wöchigen täglichen Nahrungsergänzung mit 0,69 g n-3 PUFA bei Probanden mit allergischem Asthma möglich ist.
The etiology of many diseases results from the dysregulation of inflammation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the inflammatory response is essential to formulate therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. In fact, substantial research has unveiled important aspects of the inflammatory machinery, both at the cellular and molecular levels. Recently, sphingolipids (Sph) have emerged as signaling molecules that regulate many cell functions, and ample evidence emphasizes their role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. ...
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies are on the verge of becoming powerful immunotherapeutic tools for combating hematological diseases confronted with pressing medical needs. Lately, CAR-NK cell therapies have also come into focus as novel therapeutic options to address hurdles related to CAR-T cell therapies, such as therapy-induced side effects. Currently, more than 500 CAR-T and 17 CAR-NK cell trials are being conducted worldwide including the four CAR-T cell products Kymriah, Yescarta, Tecartus and Breyanzi, which are already available on the market. Most CAR-T cell-based gene therapy products that are under clinical evaluation consist of autologous enriched T cells, whereas CAR-NK cell-based approaches can be generated from allogeneic donors. Besides modification based on a second-generation CAR, more advanced CAR-immune cell therapeutics are being tested, which utilize precise insertion of genes to circumvent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) or employ a dual targeting approach and adapter CARs in order to avoid therapy resistance caused by antigen loss. In this review, we are going to take a closer look at the commercial CAR-T cell therapies, as well as on CAR-T and CAR-NK cell products, which are currently under evaluation in clinical trials, that are being conducted in Germany.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant disorder derived from neoplastic myeloid progenitor cells characterized by abnormal proliferation and differentiation. Although novel therapeutics have recently been introduced, AML remains a therapeutic challenge with insufficient cure rates. In the last years, immune-directed therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells were introduced, which showed outstanding clinical activity against B-cell malignancies including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, the application of CAR-T cells appears to be challenging due to the enormous molecular heterogeneity of the disease and potential long-term suppression of hematopoiesis. Here we report on the generation of CD33-targeted CAR-modified natural killer (NK) cells by transduction of blood-derived primary NK cells using baboon envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vectors (BaEV-LVs). Transduced cells displayed stable CAR-expression, unimpeded proliferation, and increased cytotoxic activity against CD33-positive OCI-AML2 and primary AML cells in vitro. Furthermore, CD33-CAR-NK cells strongly reduced leukemic burden and prevented bone marrow engraftment of leukemic cells in OCI-AML2 xenograft mouse models without observable side effects.