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Die vorliegende reflektierende wissenschaftliche Arbeit untersucht und vergleicht die Wahrnehmung von Studierenden aus unterschiedlichen Kulturkreisen betreffend ihre Studienbedingungen. Die Studierenden kommen aus dem Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und studieren an zwei Universitäten in Deutschland und Bangladesch. Ziel der empirischen Untersuchung ist es, von den Studierenden angefertigte Fotografien zu analysieren und die Wahrnehmungen der Studierenden über die jeweiligen Studienbedingungen im Zuge qualitativer Interviews zu vergleichen. Um möglichst realitätsnahe empirische Ergebnisse zu erzielen, war mein persönlicher Aufenthalt vor Ort an beiden Universitäten notwendig. In meinem zweimonatigen Forschungsaufenthalt wurde mit Hilfe der Methodik der Reflexiven Fotografie ein qualitativmethodischer Zugang zu den persönlichen Lebenswelten der Studierenden ermöglicht. Im Ergebnis wurde deutlich, dass die Studierenden aus Bangladesch eine deutlich positivere Wahrnehmung vorwiesen als jene aus Deutschland.
In April 2002 the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Center for Financial Studies (CFS) launched the ECB-CFS Research Network to promote research on “Capital Markets and Financial Integration in Europe”. The ECB-CFS research network aims at stimulating top-level and policy-relevant research, significantly contributing to the understanding of the current and future structure and integration of the financial system in Europe and its international linkages with the United States and Japan. This report summarises the work done under the network after two years. Over time the network formed a coherent and growing group of researchers interested in the integration of European financial markets, while using light organisational structures and budgets. The members of this evolving group met repeatedly at the events organised by the network to present the latest results of their research and to share views on policy options. In this sense, the “network of people” intended at the start was created. Overall, the network aroused great interest, as leading academic researchers, researchers from the main policy institutions and high-level policy makers participated actively in it by presenting research results, through speeches and in policy panels. It also stimulated a new research field on securities settlement systems, an area of high policy relevance and interest to the ECB that had not attracted much interest in the research community beforehand. Also, the network seems to have triggered several related outside initiatives by international institutions, such as the IMF or the OECD. During its first two years the network was organised around three workshops and a final symposium on 10-11 May 2004. To focus research resources and to ensure medium-term policy relevance, a limited number of areas have been given top priority: bank competition and the geographical scope of banking; international portfolio choices and asset market linkages between Europe, the United States and Japan; European bond markets; European securities settlement systems; and the emergence and evolution of new markets in Europe (in particular start-up financing markets). In order to stimulate further research focused on the priority fields of the network, the ECB Lamfalussy research fellowships were established. These fellowships sponsor projects proposed by young researchers, both a dvanced doctoral students and younger professors. Five Lamfalussy fellowships were granted in 2003 and five more in 2004. The first papers from this program have already been issued in the ECB working paper series or are forthcoming. One of them won the prize for the best paper written by a Ph.D. student at the 2004 European Finance Association Meetings in Maastricht. Results of the network in the five top priority areas can be summarised as follows: Bank competition and the geographical scope of banking. First, integration does not appear to be very advanced in many retail banking markets. Second, some of the inherent characteristics of traditional loan and deposit business constrain the cross-border expansion of commercial banking, even in a common currency area. Hence, the implementation of some policies to foster cross-border integration in retail banking may be ineffective. Third, theoretical research suggests that supervisory structures may not be neutral towards further European banking integration. Finally, a stronger role of area-wide competition policies could be beneficial for further banking integration. This would also stimulate economic growth, as more competition in the banking sector induces financially dependent firms to grow more. European bond markets. While the government bond market has integrated rapidly with the EMU convergence process, its full integration has not yet been achieved. The introduction of a common electronic trading platform reduced transaction costs substantially, but yield spreads of long-term sovereign bonds of the euro area are still heterogeneous. This is largely explained by different sensitivities to an international risk factor, whereas liquidity differentials only play a role in conjunction with this latter factor. Somewhat surprisingly in this context, the dynamically developing corporate bond market exhibits a relatively high level of integration. There is also increasing evidence that the introduction of the euro has contributed to a reduction in the cost of capital in the euro area, in particular through the reduction of corporate bond underwriting fees. As a result, firms may wish to increase bond financing relative to equity financing. The development of a larger corporate bond market is also important for monetary policy. For example, US evidence suggests that the rating of corporate bonds may contribute to the persistence of recessions, as rating agencies´ policies affect firms asymmetrically in their access to the bond market over the business cycle. US evidence also suggests that liquidity conditions in stock and bond markets tend to be positively correlated. European securities settlement systems. European securities settlement infrastructures are highly fragmented and further integration and/or consolidation would exploit economies of scale that could greatly benefit investors. It is not clear, however, whether direct public intervention in favour of consolidation would lead to the highest level of efficiency, for example because of the existence of strong vertical integration between trading and securities platforms (“silos”). In contrast, promoting open access to clearing and settlement systems could lead to consolidation and the highest level of efficiency. Finally, regarding concerns about unfair practices by Central Securities Depositories (CSDs) toward custodian banks, regulatory interventions favouring custodian banks should be discouraged, as long as CSDs are not allowed to price discriminate between custodian banks and investor banks. The emergence and evolution of new markets in Europe (in particular start-up financing markets). While fairly well integrated, “new markets” and start-up financing are less developed and integrated in Europe than in the United States. However, new markets and venture capitalists are the most important intermediaries for the financing of projects with high risk but with potentially very high return. The analysis carried out within the network reveals that European start-up financiers are mostly institutional investors, while US venture capitalists are mostly rich individuals. Also, new markets are essential for the development of start-up finance in Europe, as they provide an exit strategy for start-up financiers who can then sell new successful projects using initial public offerings. Finally, the legal framework affects the development of venture capital firms. For example, very strict personal bankruptcy laws constrain early stage entrepreneurs, reducing demand for venture capital finance. International portfolio choices and asset market linkages between Europe, the United States and Japan. At a global scale, asset market linkages have increased recently. For example, major economies such as the United States and the euro area have become more financially interdependent. This phenomenon can be observed in stock and bond markets as well as in money markets, where the main direction of spillovers has recently been from the US to the euro area. Country-specific shocks now play a smaller role in explaining stock return variations of firms whose sales are internationally diversified. Increases in firmby-firm market linkages are a global phenomenon, but they are stronger within the euro area than in the rest of the world. Various other phenomena also increase market linkages and therefore the likelihood that financial shocks spread across countries. One example is the use of global bonds. Finally, the nowadays more direct access of unsophisticated investors to financial markets may increase volatility. Other areas. Financial integration affects financial structures, but it does not need to lead to their convergence across countries. Financial structures matter for growth, as market-oriented financial systems benefit all sectors and firms, whereas bank-based systems primarily benefit younger firms that depend on external finance. Moreover, good corporate governance increases firms’ value. In particular, the dual board system, where the monitoring and advising roles of the board of directors are separated, is found to dominate the single board structure. Therefore, the further development of the European single market should strongly require good corporate governance. In general, well designed institutions foster entrepreneurial activity, partly by relaxing capital constraints. The results of the network clearly illustrated the substantial effects the introduction of the euro had on euro area financial markets. In addition to the effects on bond markets, stock markets and the cost of capital summarised above, research produced showed that the single currency had its strongest effects on money markets, whose unsecured segment is now completely integrated. Without any doubt the euro generally enhanced the liquidity and efficiency of euro area financial markets, and ongoing initiatives such as the European Union’s Financial Services Action Plan will help to continue this process. In sum, in the first two years the network has established itself as the hub for the research debate on European financial integration. Some of the best papers produced by the network, leading to the conclusions mentioned above, are currently being considered for publication in two special issues of academic journals. An issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy on “European financial integration” is published contemporaneously with this report, and an issue of the Review of Finance is planned for next year. The current policy context, the gradual progress of integration as well as the creation of other related non-ECB or non-CFS initiatives on financial integration suggest that this topic will remain high on the agendas of policy makers and academics for the years to come. Therefore, the ECB Executive Board and the CFS decided to continue the network, refocusing its priorities. Three priority areas have been added: 1) The relationship between financial integration and financial stability, 2) EU accession, financial development and financial integration, and 3) financial system modernisation and economic growth in Europe. These three areas have become particularly important at the current juncture, but have not received particularly strong attention in the first two years of the network. For example, the area of financial stability research was highlighted by the ECB research evaluators as an area deserving further development. Moreover, despite the results found in the first two years of the network, new developments remain to be further explored in the earlier priority areas. A three-year extension is envisaged, running from after the May 2004 symposium until 2007, with two events to be held per year. The threeyear period is long enough to consider the first effects of the Financial Services Action Plan. It also constitutes a realistic horizon for the ambitious agenda implied by the three new priorities. The generally light organisational structure and working of the network will not be changed. In addition, given the value of the Lamfalussy fellowship research program in inducing further research in the areas of the network, the program has also been extended for all the research topics in the area of the network.
Die Debatte, wie die Organisation des universitären Lehrbetriebs an deutschen Hochschulen verbessert werden kann, wurde in den vergangenen Monaten intensiv medial begleitet. Eine ehrliche Diskussion über realistisch umsetzbare Reformen ist notwendig. Ich plädiere vor allem für eine Diversifizierung der Prüfungsleistungen, wodurch sich gleichzeitig die Vorbereitung auf Seminare verbessern könnte. Darüber hinaus wäre ein konsensorientierteres Verhältnis zwischen Dozenten_innen, Administration und Studentenschaft wünschenswert.
In this publication, researchers from the social and economic sciences and medicine as well as practitioners from the media and politics reflect on the influence of scientific expertise in times of crisis. Differences and similarities between the Covid-19 pandemic, the financial and economic crisis, the refugee crisis and the climate crisis are elaborated. The interviews were conducted in November/December 2021.
In der Publikation reflektieren Forschenden aus den Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Medizin sowie Praktiker aus Medien und Politik den Einfluss wissenschaftlicher Expertise in Krisenzeiten. Dabei werden Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen der Covid-19-Pandemie, der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise, der Flüchtlingskrise und der Klimakrise herausgearbeitet. Die Gespräche wurden im November/Dezember 2021 geführt.
Die Frage, was die Goethe-Bibliographie für die Goethe-Edition leisten kann, setzt stillschweigend voraus, daß sie etwas leisten kann. Es geht also um das Ausmaß und die Art und Weise, in denen bibliographische Information für die editorische Arbeit förderlich, ja unentbehrlich ist. Unmittelbarer Anlaß, dieser Frage erneut nachzugehen, ist die Erarbeitung und Veröffentlichung der Goethe-Bibliographie 1950-1990.
Dies ist der 22. Artikel unseres Blogfokus „Salafismus in Deutschland“. Die Beiträge der Blogserie „Salafismus in Deutschland – Herausforderungen für Politik und Gesellschaft“ beschäftigten sich pointiert mit den gesellschaftlich, politisch, wissenschaftlich und medial wichtigsten Aspekten der salafistischen Glaubenslehre, Ideologie und Bewegung. Sie betonten die vielen Schattierungen dieser sich beständig im Wandel befindlichen Phänomene, wagten den Blick über den deutschen Tellerrand hinaus und formulierten Handlungsempfehlungen für Politik, Medien, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft. Obwohl es einige blinde Flecken vor allem in der empirischen Forschung zu Salafismus und Dschihadismus gibt (siehe unter anderem den Beitrag von Riem Spielhaus), ist es offensichtlich, dass nicht nur ein Erkenntnisproblem, sondern ein Umsetzungsproblem besteht: es gibt sehr viel grundlegendes Wissen, welches aber nicht in konkrete Handlungen übersetzt wird und oft in „Inseln des Wissens“ verharrt. Dies bezieht sich auf zweierlei: erstens auf die Gestaltung eines nur in seiner Gegenseitigkeit produktiven Wissenstransfers zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis und zweitens auf eine sinnvolle Priorisierung politischer Steuerungsmaßnahmen....
'Innovation', 'Technologie', 'Grundlagenforschung' oder 'Exzellenz' gehören - wie viele andere Schlagworte auch - zum Vokabular, mit dem in unserer Gesellschaft über Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technik kommuniziert wird. Wissenschaftspolitische Expertinnen ebenso wie Laien, die sich auf die eine oder andere Weise mit Wissenschaft und Technik auseinandersetzen, scheinen ein Grundverständnis von dem zu haben, was mit diesen Begriffen gemeint ist. Versucht man sich jedoch an konkreten Deinitionen, so erweist sich das schnell als ein schwieriges Unterfangen. Die Begriffe sind vielschichtig, kontextabhängig und mitunter sehr unscharf. Als Bestandteile unserer wissenschaftspolitischen Sprache sind sie hochgradig normativ aufgeladen und können dabei sowohl negativ als auch positiv konnotiert sein.
Das Museum Giersch scheint manchmal weit ab vom Schuss, gerät es doch im Schatten der großen Frankfurter Galerien ein ums andere Mal in Vergessenheit. Umso wichtiger ist es, diesem Umstand entgegenzuwirken – denn derzeit präsentiert das Ausstellungshaus am Museumsufer mit der Schau Frobenius – Die Kunst des Forschens ein Stück Frankfurts kultureller Identität. Konträr zum vielbesuchten Städel, erwartet das villenartige Museum den Besucher mit gedimmtem Licht und warmem Holz: Eine ruhige Stimmung breitet sich aus, die nicht nur der Konzentration beim Lesen der ausführlichen Erklärtexte, sondern der Wirkung von mehr als 200 gezeigten Werken zuträglich ist. ...