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Die Geschichte klingt bekannt: Ein Rechtssystem etabliert im 19. Jahrhundert eine liberale institutionelle Ordnung. Eine Verfassung garantiert mehr oder weniger verbindlich individuelle Rechte, flankiert von einer prinzipiell nach Vertragsfreiheit und Eigentumsfreiheit gestalteten Privatrechtskodifikation. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts gerät das liberale Gleichgewicht jedoch ins Wanken. Arbeitende Menschen artikulieren ihre Interessen schärfer als zuvor, es entsteht revolutionärer Sprengstoff, die "soziale Frage" ist allgegenwärtig und das Privatrecht der alten Ordnung scheint keine Antworten darauf zu haben. Es beginnt ein Ringen zwischen neuen, zunehmend radikalen politischen Bekenntnissen, die den Gegensatz der Klassen entweder zugunsten einer Klasse – wenn nötig gewaltsam – entscheiden oder ihn beseitigen wollen, durch Harmonisierung widerstreitender Interessen. Die neuen politischen Richtungen beeinflussen entscheidend das Privatrecht. Das Arbeitsrecht, als neu entstehende Disziplin, gerät in das Spannungsfeld der politischen Glaubenskämpfe des neuen Jahrhunderts und gewinnt gerade durch sie an Relevanz. ...
In Spanien blickte man, wie wohl in keinem anderen Land Europas, auf reiche Erfahrungen mit der Inkorporation großer Gruppen Fremdgläubiger, auf massenhafte und nicht immer von äußerem Zwang freie Erwachsenentaufen zurück. Im 15. Jahrhundert hatten die Taufen von Juden, im 16. Jahrhundert die von Muslimen zu zahlreichen politischen, rechtlichen und theologischen Problemen geführt. Weitere Dimensionen erhielten die Fragen nach Taufe, Orthodoxie und Kirchenangehörigkeit durch die Reformation in Europa einerseits und die Mission in Lateinamerika andererseits. ...
This paper analyzes the evolving architecture for the prudential supervision of banks in the euro area. It is primarily concerned with the likely effectiveness of the SSM as a regime that intends to bolster financial stability in the steady state.
By using insights from the political economy of bureaucracy it finds that the SSM is overly focused on sharp tools to discipline captured national supervisors and thus under-incentives their top-level personnel to voluntarily contribute to rigid supervision. The success of the SSM in this regard will hinge on establishing a common supervisory culture that provides positive incentives for national supervisors. In this regard, the internal decision making structure of the ECB in supervisory matters provides some integrative elements. Yet, the complex procedures also impede swift decision making and do not solve the problem adequately. Ultimately, a careful design and animation of the ECB-defined supervisory framework and the development of inter-agency career opportunities will be critical.
The ECB will become a de facto standard setter that competes with the EBA. A likely standoff in the EBA’s Board of Supervisors will lead to a growing gap in regulatory integration between SSM-participants and other EU Member States.
Joining the SSM as a non-euro area Member State is unattractive because the cur-rent legal framework grants no voting rights in the ECB’s ultimate decision making body. It also does not supply a credible commitment opportunity for Member States who seek to bond to high quality supervision.
This paper analyzes the evolving architecture for the prudential supervision of banks in the euro area. It is primarily concerned with the likely effectiveness of the SSM as a regime that intends to bolster financial stability in the steady state. By using insights from the political economy of bureaucracy it finds that the SSM is overly focused on sharp tools to discipline captured national supervisors and thus underincentives their top-level personnel to voluntarily contribute to rigid supervision. The success of the SSM in this regard will hinge on establishing a common supervisory culture that provides positive incentives for national supervisors. In this regard, the internal decision making structure of the ECB in supervisory matters provides some integrative elements. Yet, the complex procedures also impede swift decision making and do not solve the problem adequately. Ultimately, a careful design and animation of the ECB-defined supervisory framework and the development of inter-agency career opportunities will be critical.
The ECB will become a de facto standard setter that competes with the EBA. A likely standoff in the EBA’s Board of Supervisors will lead to a growing gap in regulatory integration between SSM-participants and other EU Member States.
Joining the SSM as a non-euro area Member State is unattractive because the current legal framework grants no voting rights in the ECB’s ultimate decision making body. It also does not supply a credible commitment opportunity for Member States who seek to bond to high quality supervision.
The article makes two points regarding the fundamental rights dimensions of intellectual property (IP). First, it explains why the prevailing approach to balancing the fundamental right to intellectual property with conflicting fundamental freedoms as if they were of equal rank is conceptually flawed and should be replaced by a justification paradigm. Second, it highlights the pre-eminent role of the legislature and the much more limited role of the judiciary in developing IP law. The arguments are based on an analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and last but not least the German Constitutional Court, the Bundesverfassungsgericht, regarding the respective inter-/supra-/national fundamental-rights regimes.
During the late Middle Ages, the subject of Berman’s focus, the West, equalled a Europe whose overseas expansion had not yet begun. This recalls the "Europe of legal historians" as their attempt, efficiently caricatured by Dieter Simon, to determine the borders of the continent on the basis of a medieval state of affairs. Such a historical justification of geopolitical concepts is risky, but nonetheless common. In the Middle East, the borders of Biblical regions legitimize present or future frontiers. Berman shared the usual ideas of legal history as regards the modern being nothing else than a protraction or renewal of the old, when he identified the papal revolution of 1075 as the factor having durably impregnated western legal culture. ...
Stability maintenance at the grassroots: China’s weiwen apparatus as a form of conflict resolution
(2013)
This working paper explores the history and potential of “stability maintenance” (weiwen) as a form of conflict resolution in China. Its emphasis on conflict resolution is novel. Previous examinations of the weiwen apparatus have concentrated on its political function, namely to manage resistance within society and maintain the authority of the party-state. This avenue of investigation has proved fruitful as a means of characterising the political motivation and the higher-level strategies involved in stability maintenance. Nonetheless, there remain significant conceptual and empirical gaps relating to how stability maintenance offices and processes actually function, particularly out of larger cities and at local levels. The research described in this paper aims to consider the effectiveness of stability maintenance as a part of the “market” for conflict resolution in local China, and to test the hypothesis that conflict resolution as facilitated by weiwen is the most pragmatic and effective means of actually resolving conflicts in the current Chinese political context, notwithstanding the closeness of the stability maintenance discourse to state authority and its relative distance from rule of law-based methods of dispute resolution...
Nietzsche unterscheidet in seiner so unzeitgemäßen wie unvergleichlichen Schrift "Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie für das Leben" bekanntlich drei Arten von Historie, die, wenn sie sich vereinigen, dem Lebendigen dienen, anstatt es zu Grunde zu richten. Zumindest zwei dieser drei Anforderungen (vielleicht auch alle drei) erfüllt Fleckners wegweisende, von Reinhard Zimmermann betreute Regensburger Dissertation: Sie ist dem Inhalt nach "kritisch", da sie die Kraft hat, "eine Vergangenheit zu zerbrechen und aufzulösen, um leben zu können", und sie ist der Form nach "antiquarisch", da sie durch Pietät gleichsam den Dank für ihr Dasein abträgt. ...
Peter Gilles : 75 Jahre
(2013)