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Institute
Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die Legitimität der Kriminalisierung des Glücksspiels in Brasilien zu hinterfragen. Dies geschieht mit besonderem Augenmerk auf das spezifische brasilianische Glücksspiel, das „Spiel der Tiere“ (Jogo do bicho), das Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in der Stadt Rio de Janeiro, der Hauptstadt des damaligen kaiserlichen Brasiliens, entstand. Es handelt sich um eine Form des Glücksspiels, die sich in ganz Brasilien verbreitet hat und bereits Gegenstand mehrerer akademischer Studien in den Bereichen Anthropologie und Soziologie war. Das Verbot dieser Art von Glücksspiel, seine Kriminalisierung, seine große Beliebtheit und seine gesellschaftliche Toleranz sind jedoch Gründe dafür, dass das Spiel der Tiere im Besonderen und das Glücksspiel im Allgemeinen auch im juristischen Bereich, insbesondere im Strafrecht, ein bisher vernachlässigter Forschungsgegenstand von großem Interesse ist.
Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Analyse der Kriminalisierung des Glücksspiels, das in Brasilien seit über einem Jahrhundert unter freiem Himmel praktiziert wird. Bei dieser Analyse werden die Gründe für die Kriminalisierung und die Legitimität des Verbots in Frage gestellt. Zu diesem Zweck ist der Text, abgesehen von der Einleitung und der Schlussfolgerung, in sechs Kapitel unterteilt.
Kapitel 1 beschreibt die Geschichte des brasilianischen Tierspiels, die Ursprünge seines Verbots und seiner Kriminalisierung. In Kapitel 2 wird über die Wirklichkeit der Strafverfolgung in diesem „Kriminalitätsbereich“ berichtet. Kapitel 3 stellt den ent-sprechenden Straftatbestand des brasilianischen „Código Penal“ im Kontext der Systematik des brasilianischen Strafgesetzbuches vor. Kapitel 4 widmet sich zunächst den verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen der Kriminalisierung, und danach einem Überblick über das deutsche Glücksspielverbot und die Glücksspielregulierung. Ergänzt wird diese Suche in Kapitel 5, in dem die Forschung das strafrechtliche Glücksspielverbot in den Kontext der Debatte über die Abgrenzung zwischen und den Zusammenhang von Recht und Moral. Im abschließenden Kapitel 6 wird das (strafrechtlich sanktionierte) Glücksspielverbot mit den klassischen Legitimations-anforderungen konfrontiert.
Was in der strafrechtlichen Literatur der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts zur Rechtfertigung des Verbots zu lesen ist, deutet auf einen großen Einfluss moralischer Argumente hin. Diese Argumente haben bis heute an Gewicht nicht verloren, auch wenn die Befürworter der Beibehaltung der Kriminalisierung versuchen, ihre letztlich moralistische Ideologie gegen das Glücksspiel mit Argumenten wie der Begleitkriminalität des Glückspiels zu verschleiern, die eher eine Folge als eine Ursache der Kriminalisierung ist.
Chronische pulmonale Infektionen mit Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) betreffen die überwiegende Mehrheit der erwachsenen Mukoviszidose (Cystische Fibrose, CF) Patienten.
Diese Infektionen führen gesichert zu einer Abnahme der Lungenfunktion und Zunahme der Mortalität der Patienten. Atemwegsviren stehen im Verdacht pulmonale Exazerbationen bei CF-Patienten auszulösen. Unklar ist jedoch, welchen Einfluss eine chronische Infektion mit PA auf die Anfälligkeit und Reaktion des Atemwegsepithels auf virale Infektionen hat.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, die Interaktionen zwischen PA, humanen Rhinoviren (HRV) und primären bronchialen Epithelzellen zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurden Zellen von jeweils drei Patienten mit CF und mit Lungenemphysem aus Lungenexplantaten isoliert und in einem speziellen Air- Liquid-Interface Zellkulturmodell zu einem mukoziliär differenzierten mehrreihigen Flimmerepithel kultiviert. Chronische Infektionen wurden mit klinischen PA Isolaten für einen Gesamtzeitraum von 16 Tagen durchgeführt. Anschließend wurden die Zellen mit HRV infiziert. Schlüsselzytokine, Interferone und virale RNA wurden mittels Cytometric bead array, ELISA und qPCR bestimmt.
Rein virale Infektionen mit HRV führten zu einem Anstieg von IL-1, -6, -8, TNF- α, IP10 und IFN-b, IFN-l1 sowie ISGs und in ähnlichem Ausmaß konnte dies auch bei Coinfektionen mit einem mukoiden PA-Isolat beobachtet werden. Coinfektionen mit einem nicht-mukoiden PA-Isolat führten im Vergleich zu rein viralen Infektionen zu vermehrter Expression von IL-1β und IL-6 mRNA. Während es unter diesen Bedingungen auch auf Proteinebene zu einem Anstieg der IL-1β Konzentration kam, lag die Konzentration von freiem IL-6 Protein in nahezu allen Proben unter der Nachweisgrenze. Zellkulturmedium aus Coinfektionen mit diesem nicht-mukoiden PA-Isolat führten zudem zu einem Abbau oder einer Bindung von extern zugegebenen rekombinantem IL-6.
IL-8, IP-10, TNF-α Protein und mRNA von IFN-β, -λ1 und ISGs, sowie die Viruslast waren vergleichbar zwischen rein viralen Infektionen und bakteriell- viralen Coinfektionen. Ebenfalls keine Unterschiede wurden zwischen Zellen von Emphysem und CF-Spendern gefunden. Insgesamt zeigen diese Daten, dass eine PA-Infektion die Antwort differenzierter bronchialer Epithelzellen auf eine Virusinfektion verändern kann. Die hierdurch veränderte Immunantwort und möglicherweise eingeschränkten epithelialen Reparaturmechanismen könnten eine Ursache aggravierter viraler Infektionen in P. aeruginosa-infizierten Atemwegen darstellen.
Ein besseres Verständnis der Interaktionen zwischen chronisch-bakteriellen und viralen Atemwegsinfektionen könnte potenziell die Behandlung virus-induzierter Exazerbationen bei PA-infizierten CF-Patienten verbessern.
Historic amphibian settlements in the northwestern Nile delta - a geoarchaeological perspective
(2020)
No concise picture of the archaeological and palaeoecological evolution can be drawn for the northwestern Nile delta, and archaeological records show significant population dynamics that still need explanation and spur the need for further palaeoenvironmental research. This study delivers a set of new methods especially in the fields of remote sensing and data analytics that can be regarded as important milestones and foundations for further palaeoenvironmental research in the area. Additionally, it shows new insights for individual time slices.
This geoarchaeological project is a cooperation with the archaeological excavations of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) in Buto and Kom el’Gir. It expands the work of Wunderlich (1989) which laid important foundations in understanding the origin of the initial landscape that was later colonized in different cultural stages showing different dynamics, settlement intensities and even long phases of abandonment or breaks in between. This forms the starting point for relating the population dynamics of the different cultural phases reaching from Predynastic (prior to 3150 before Christ) up to the Greco-Roman era (~anno Domini 650) to the environmental history and events that occurred in the area. It is very likely that environmental changes such as the shifting of major water routes, inundation or paludification of larger areas or other environmental events affected settlements and human life in the area.
In the fields of remote sensing new methods are presented to complete information on the location of ancient settlements, and complex workflows are developed that allow the tracing of subsurface structures via indirect analysis of vegetation growth in larger time series data. It was verified that a relationship exists between vegetation performance, the appearance of archaeologic material in the topsoil, and the location of former Nile river branches.
Together with a new high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) based on TanDEM-X data, new interpretations with a high spatial significance are possible. For individual time slices, namely the Late Dynastic and Greco-Roman era, this work delivers a detailed landscape description suggesting a finely ramified subdelta, with all settlements placed on alluvial levees. This explains the massive increase in settlements in the Ptolemaic, Roman and in particular late Roman periods (4th century before Christ – anno Domini 7th century).
We sampled the Nile delta clays together with the channels and the material of the archaeologic excavations in vibracores and profile walls. This geologic inspection of the subsurface together with geochemical results from a handheld portable X-ray fluorescence device (pXRF) allowed new interpretations of the landscape and environmental history. For example, we used geochemical data to distinguish between artificial and natural channels as a measure for the anthropogenic influence, a proxy for past environmental characteristics and lastly as a basis for a new dating method. Many of the channels, for instance, were dated by our own 14C datings, comparisons with the previous work ofWunderlich (1989) and application of new dating approach based on machine learning with artificial neural networks. Additionally, we run a full methodological approach, and examine the applicability of pXRF methods in general, and test the quality of the data to detect distinct geochemical differences between the main settlement phases with advanced methods in data analytics. The dating is based, for example, on the training of artificial neural networks with pXRF data from archaeological material of well-dated context to date test data of cultural layers within the vibracores. With this method the homogeneous Nile alluvium, cultural layers and channels can be dated roughly and, as a result, fundamental changes in the landscape can be linked with the settlement history of Buto and neighboring tells.
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) catalyzes the conversion of GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate (H2NTP), the initiating step in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Besides other roles, BH4 functions as cofactor in neurotransmitter biosynthesis. The BH4 biosynthetic pathway and GCH1 have been identified as promising targets to treat pain disorders in patients. The function of mammalian GCH1s is regulated by a metabolic sensing mechanism involving a regulator protein, GCH1 feedback regulatory protein (GFRP). GFRP binds to GCH1 to form inhibited or activated complexes dependent on availability of cofactor ligands, BH4 and phenylalanine, respectively. We determined high-resolution structures of human GCH1−GFRP complexes by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). Cryo-EM revealed structural flexibility of specific and relevant surface lining loops, which previously was not detected by X-ray crystallography due to crystal packing effects. Further, we studied allosteric regulation of isolated GCH1 by X-ray crystallography. Using the combined structural information, we are able to obtain a comprehensive picture of the mechanism of allosteric regulation. Local rearrangements in the allosteric pocket upon BH4 binding result in drastic changes in the quaternary structure of the enzyme, leading to a more compact, tense form of the inhibited protein, and translocate to the active site, leading to an open, more flexible structure of its surroundings. Inhibition of the enzymatic activity is not a result of hindrance of substrate binding, but rather a consequence of accelerated substrate binding kinetics as shown by saturation transfer difference NMR (STD-NMR) and site-directed mutagenesis. We propose a dissociation rate controlled mechanism of allosteric, noncompetitive inhibition.
The p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is activated through stress stimuli such as heat shock or hypoxia. In the nucleus, p38α modulates the activity of other kinases and transcription factors, a process that regulates the expression of specific target genes, most importantly pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dysregulation of p38α therefore plays a major role in the development of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Despite many years of intensive research, no p38 small-molecule inhibitors have been approved yet. Several inhibitor design strategies have been reported, leading to >100-fold selective compounds for α/β over the γ and δ isoforms. Achieving such a selectivity among the two structurally most related α and β isoforms, however, remains a challenging task. Targeting an inactive DFG-out conformation offers another strategy for the development of potent kinase inhibitors (type-II), exemplified by the BCR/ABL-inhibitor Imatinib. Achieving selectivity with type-II binders is challenging, because many kinases can adopt an inactive DFG-out conformation. This is exemplified by the p38 type-II inhibitor BIRB-796, which exhibits picomolar on-target affinity but only a poor kinome-wide selectivity. A potent and selective type-II chemical probe for p38α/β was still lacking at the start of this thesis.
The promising hit VPC-00628, was chosen for a combinatorial synthetic approach to develop a type-II chemical probe. The studies covered the optimization of the hinge-binding head group, the hydrophobic region I and the DFG-out deep pocket of the lead compound VPC-00628. Selectivity for the p38α and p38β isoforms was monitored during the optimization process, which identified several inhibitors with favorable isoform selectivity, providing valuable insights into the potential of isoform-selective inhibitor design for p38. A potent and highly selective p38 MAPK probe (SR-318) was discovered, which showed IC50 values in the low nanomolar range in HEK293T cells. An unusual P-loop conformation induced upon binding of SR-318 to p38α contributed most likely to the impressive selectivity profile within the kinome that surpassed both the parent compound and BIRB-796. A negative control compound, SR-321, was developed, to distinguish between on-target effects and non-specific effects due to cross-reactivity with other cellular proteins. Studies of the metabolic stability in human liver microsomes revealed a high stability of the compounds, with only a small amount of metabolites formed over several hours. Compound SR-318 also exhibited a good in vitro efficacy, quantitatively reducing the LPS-stimulated TNF-α release in whole blood. Taken together, SR-318 is a highly potent and selective type-II p38α/β chemical probe, which will help to gain a better understanding of the catalytic and non-catalytic functions of these key signaling kinases in physiology and pathology.
The next studies focused on the exploration of the highly dynamic allosteric back pocket of p38 MAPK, and allosteric BIRB-796 derived compounds for targeting the αC- and DFG-out pockets were synthesized. Kinase activities of allosteric pyrazole-urea fragments were analyzed against a comprehensive set of 47 diverse kinases by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF), revealing that BIRB-796 off-targets remain a problem when targeting this back-pocket binding motif. Revisiting the recently published compound MCP-081, which combines the allosteric part of BIRB-796 with the active-site directed part of VPC-00628, showed that it displays a clean selectivity profile in our kinase panel. Because the potency of MCP-081 was slightly reduced compared with VPC-00628 and the allosteric tert-butyl pyrazole moiety seemed suboptimal, a set of VPC-00628 derivatives for targeting the αC-out pocket region was synthesized. Through structure-guided extension of the terminal amide of VPC-00628 toward this allosteric site, the potent and selective compound SR-43 was developed, which showed excellent cellular activity on p38 MAPK in NanoBRETTM assays (IC50 [p38α/β] = 14.0 ± 0.1/ 16.8 ± 0.1 nM). SR-43 showed a dose-dependent inhibition of activating phosphorylation of p38 in HCT-15 cells as well as inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 downstream substrates MK2 and Hsp27. In addition, SR-43 induced an anti-inflammatory response by blocking TNF-α release in whole blood and displayed a high metabolic stability. Selectivity profiling of SR-43 revealed a narrow selectivity for additional targets such as the discoidin domain receptor kinases (DDR1/2). DDR kinases play a central role in fibrotic disorders, such as renal and pulmonale fibrosis, atherosclerosis and different forms of cancer. Since selective and potent inhibitors for these important therapeutic targets are largely lacking and the existing inhibitors are of low scaffold diversity, the next study focused on the optimization of SR-43 toward DDR1/2 kinase inhibition. The synthetic work covered the optimization of the hinge-binding head group and the allosteric part of SR-43 toward DDR1/2 kinase inhibition. These studies provided novel insights into the P-loop folding process of p38 MAPK and how targeting of non-conserved amino acids affects inhibitor selectivity. Importantly, they led to the development of a selective dual DDR/p38 inhibitor probe, SR-302, with picomolar affinity for DDR2. SR-302 was efficient in vitro and showed a destabilizing effect on the surface adhesion protein E-cadherin in epithelial cells. In summary, SR-302 and its negative control SR-301 provide a valuable tool set for studying the phenotypic effects of DDR1/2 signaling, e.g., in cancer cell lines.