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Invasive treatment of NSTEMI patients in German chest pain units – evidence for a treatment paradox
(2018)
Background: Patients with non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) represent the largest fraction of patients with acute coronary syndrome in German Chest Pain units. Recent evidence on early vs. selective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is ambiguous with respect to effects on mortality, myocardial infarction (MI) and recurrent angina. With the present study we sought to investigate the prognostic impact of PCI and its timing in German Chest Pain Unit (CPU) NSTEMI patients.
Methods and results: Data from 1549 patients whose leading diagnosis was NSTEMI were retrieved from the German CPU registry for the interval between 3/2010 and 3/2014. Follow-up was available at median of 167 days after discharge. The patients were grouped into a higher (Group A) and lower risk group (Group B) according to GRACE score and additional criteria on admission. Group A had higher Killip classes, higher BNP levels, reduced EF and significant more triple vessel disease (p < 0.001). Surprisingly, patients in group A less frequently received early diagnostic catheterization and PCI. While conservative management did not affect prognosis in Group B, higher-risk CPU-NSTEMI patients without PCI had a significantly worse survival.
Conclusions: The present results reveal a substantial treatment gap in higher-risk NSTEMI patients in German Chest Pain Units. This treatment paradox may worsen prognosis in patients who could derive the largest benefit from early revascularization.
Vorhofflimmern entsteht unter anderem durch ein Ungleichgewicht zwischen sympathischem und parasympathischem autonomen Nervensystem. Sowohl invasive Ansätze via Ablation oder Denervierung als auch minimalinvasive Ansätze via Elektrostimulation liefern erfolgsversprechende Ergebnisse in Bezug auf Beeinflussung eines bestehenden Vorhofflimmerns.
Interessanterweise konnte durch Akupunktur des Tragus eine Reduktion von Vorhofflimmer-Rezidiven nach Kardioversion erreicht werden. Ziel dieser Studie war die Evaluation von Akupunktur-induzierten kardialen (vegetativen) Effekten bei gesunden Probanden.
Herzgesunde männliche Probanden (n=24) wurden im Bereich des Vagus-Innervationsgebietes an der Concha inferior des Ohres (Herzpunkt 100, OHR) sowie an einem klassischen Akupunktur-Punkt des Herzens (ventralen Unterarm, P6/Neiguan, ARM) akupunktiert. Eine „Placebo“-Akupunktur eines Punktes, der gegen Gonarthrose-Schmerzen helfen soll (Magenpunkt 35), diente als Kontrolle. Die Hälfte der Probanden erhielt eine zusätzliche Messung ohne Akupunktur, um Effekte durch das alleinige Platzieren einer Nadel zu untersuchen.
Um eine Aktivierung des ANS zu bewirken und Veränderungen quantifizieren zu können, wurden 12-Kanal Langzeit-EKG Messungen wie folgt durchgeführt: 30 Minuten (min) in liegender Position unter Akupunktur, Entfernung der Akupunkturnadel, 5 min liegend, 5 min sitzend, 5 min stehend, 5 min sitzend.
Es erfolgten Analysen folgender Parameter der Herzfrequenzvariabilität: Herzfrequenz, SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF. Des Weiteren wurden Periodic Dynamics Repolarization und Deceleration Capacity untersucht.
Verglichen mit Placebo-Akupunktur wurde sowohl durch Akupunktur am OHR als auch am ARM die Herzfrequenz in liegender und sitzender Körperpositionen signifikant gesenkt (Phasen 30L, 5S1, 5S2, ∆5L-5S1, ∆5S1-5ST).
Während die Akupunktur am OHR vor allem die SDNN signifikant erhöhte, führte die Akupunktur am ARM zu einer signifikanten Steigerung von RMSSD und dem parasympathischen Leistungsdichtespektrum-Parameter HF. Der Quotient LF/HF wurde ebenfalls signifikant gesenkt.
Kein Unterschied bestand zwischen Placebo-Akupunktur und Messung ohne Akupunktur, sodass postuliert werden kann, dass das alleinige Platzieren einer Nadel keinen nennenswerten Effekt auf das autonome Nervensystem besitzt.
Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass eine Akupunktur an Orten, die mit dem autonomen Nervensystem verschaltet sind, zu einer Modulation des parasympathischen kardialen autonomen Nervensystems führen kann.
Eine Modulation der parasympathisch-sympathischen Balance durch minimalinvasive Zusatzbehandlung, wie in unserer Studie, könnte möglicherweise bei Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern zusätzlich zu medikamentöser oder nach invasiver Behandlung wie der Pulmonalvenenisolation das Therapieresultat verbessern und die Rezidivrate verringern.
With a notional amount outstanding of more than USD 500 trillion, the market for OTC derivatives is of vital importance for global financial stability. A growing proportion of these contracts are cleared via central counterparties (CCPs), which means that CCPs are gaining in importance as critical financial market infrastructures. At the same time, there is growing concern that a new „too big to fail" problem could arise, as the CCP industry is highly concentrated due to economies of scale. From a European perspective, it should be noted that the clearing of euro-denominated OTC derivatives mainly takes place in London, hence outside the EU in the foreseeable future. For some time there has been a controversial discussion as to whether this can remain the case post Brexit. CCPs, which clear a significant proportion of euro OTC derivatives and are systemically relevant from an EU perspective, should be subject to direct supervision by EU authorities and should be established in the EU. This would represent an important building block for a future Capital Markets Union in Europe, as regulatory or supervisory arbitrage in favour of systemically important third-country CCPs could be prevented. In addition, if a systemically relevant CCP handling a considerable portion of the euro OTC derivatives business were to run into serious difficulties, this may impact ECB monetary policy. This applies both to demand for central bank money and to the transmission of monetary policy measures, which can be significantly impaired, particularly in the event that the repo market or payment systems are disrupted. It is therefore essential for the ECB to be closely involved in the supervision of CCPs. Against this background, the draft amendment of EMIR (European Market Infrastructure Regulation) presented on 13 June 2017 is a step in the right direction. In addition, there is an urgent need to introduce a recovery and resolution mechanism for CCPs in the EU to complement the existing single resolution mechanism (SRM) for banks in the eurozone. Only then can the diverse interdependencies between banks and CCPs be adequately taken into account in the recovery and resolution programmes required in a financial crisis.
Background: Protective effects of vitamin D have been reported in autoimmune and malignant thyroid diseases, though little is known about the underlying mechanism. Sirtuin 1 histon deacethylase (SIRT1) links the vitamin D pathway with regulation of transcription factor FOXO3a, a key player in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Aim of the present study was to investigate common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) in FOXO3a gene in respect to thyroid diseases, as well as to evaluate the hypothesis of Sirtuin1-FOXO3a interaction being a mediator of anti-proliferative vitamin D effects.
Methods: The SNP's FOXO3a rs4946936/rs4945816/rs9400239 were genotyped in 257 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), 139 patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and 463 healthy controls (HC). Moreover, T-helper cells of HC and papillary thyroid cancer cell line BCPAP were incubated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and/or SIRT1 inhibitor Ex-527 in order to elucidate SIRT1- dependent vitamin D effects on cell proliferation and FOXO3a gene expression in vitro.
Results: Patients with DTC tended to carry more often allele C in FOXO3a rs4946936 in comparison to HC (pcorrected = pc = 0.08). FOXO3a rs9400239T and rs4945816C was more frequent in HT in comparison to HC (pc = 0.02 and pc = 0.01, respectively). In both DTC and HT, we could not find a correlation of FOXO3a SNP's with vitamin D status. However, on in vitro level, 1,25(OH)2D3 showed an anti-proliferative effect in both T-helper cells and BCPAP, that was blocked by SIRT1 inhibition (T-helper cells: p = 0.0059, BCPAP: p = 0.04) and accompanied by elevated FOXO3a gene expression in T-helper cells (p = 0.05).
Conclusions: FOXO3a rs9400239T and rs4945816C may constitute risk factors for HT, independent of the vitamin D status.This indicates the implication of FOXO3a in pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The dependency of anti-proliferative vitamin D effects on SIRT1 activity further suggests a key role of vitamin D-SIRT1-FOXO3a axis for protective vitamin D effects.
The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Slottsmøya Member of the Agardhfjellet Formation in central Spitsbergen has yielded two new species of asteroids and two species of ophiuroids, one of which is described as new. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau & Gale gen. et sp. nov. is a forcipulatid neoasteroid with elongated arms, small disc and very broad ambulacral grooves with narrow adambulacrals. Savignaster septemtrionalis Rousseau & Gale sp. nov. is a pterasterid with welldeveloped interradial chevrons. The Spitsbergen specimens are the first described articulated material of Savignaster and reveal the overall arrangement of the ambulacral groove ossicles. Ophiogaleus sp. is an ophiacanthid with relatively long jaws and lateral arm plates, with a coarsely reticulate outer surface. Here again, we report the first articulated skeletons of this genus, providing unprecedented insights into the disc morphology. Ophioculina hoybergia Rousseau & Thuy gen. et sp. nov. is an ophiopyrgid with a well-developed arm comb and tentacle pores reduced to within-plate perforations starting at median arm segments. These new finds are important additions to the asterozoan fossil record with regard to their good degree of articulation and the high latitudinal position of the localities. They significantly add to the set of exhaustively known fossil asterozoan taxa which play a key role in the phylogenetic analysis and reconstruction of evolutionary history.