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Objectives: To investigate whether citizens’ adherence to health-protective non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic is predicted by identity leadership, wherein leaders are perceived to create a sense of shared national identity.
Design: Observational two-wave study. Hypotheses testing was conducted with structural equation modelling.
Setting: Data collection during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, Germany, Israel and the USA in April/May 2020 and four weeks later.
Participants: Adults in China (n=548, 66.6% women), Germany (n=182, 78% women), Israel (n=198, 51.0% women) and the USA (n=108, 58.3% women).
Measures: Identity leadership (assessed by the four-item Identity Leadership Inventory Short-Form) at Time 1, perceived shared national identification (PSNI; assessed with four items) and adherence to health-protective NPIs (assessed with 10 items that describe different health-protective interventions; for example, wearing face masks) at Time 2.
Results: Identity leadership was positively associated with PSNI (95% CI0.11 to 0.30, p<0.001) in all countries. This, in turn, was related to more adherence to health-protective NPIs in all countries (95% CI 0.03 to 0.36, 0.001≤p≤0.017) except Israel (95% CI−0.03 to 0.27, p=0.119). In Germany, the more people saw Chancellor Merkel as engaging in identity leadership, the more they adhered to health-protective NPIs (95% CI 0.04 to 0.18, p=0.002). In the USA, in contrast, the more people perceived President Trump as engaging in identity leadership, the less they adhered to health-protective NPIs (95% CI−0.17 to −0.04, p=0.002).
Conclusions: National leaders can make a difference by promoting a sense of shared identity among their citizens because people are more inclined to follow health-protective NPIs to the extent that they feel part of a united ‘us’. However, the content of identity leadership (perceptions of what it means to be a nation’s citizen) is essential, because this can also encourage people to disregard such recommendations.
Patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) commonly show abnormalities of liver tests (LTs) of undetermined cause. Considering drugs as tentative culprits, the current systematic review searched for published COVID-19 cases with suspected drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and established diagnosis using the diagnostic algorithm of RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method). Data worldwide on DILI cases assessed by RUCAM in COVID-19 patients were sparse. A total of 6/200 reports with initially suspected 996 DILI cases in COVID-19 patients and using all RUCAM-based DILI cases allowed for a clear description of clinical features of RUCAM-based DILI cases among COVID-19 patients: (1) The updated RUCAM published in 2016 was equally often used as the original RUCAM of 1993, with both identifying DILI and other liver diseases as confounders; (2) RUCAM also worked well in patients treated with up to 18 drugs and provided for most DILI cases a probable or highly probable causality level for drugs; (3) DILI was preferentially caused by antiviral drugs given empirically due to their known therapeutic efficacy in other virus infections; (4) hepatocellular injury was more often reported than cholestatic or mixed injury; (5) maximum LT values were found for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 1.541 U/L and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 1.076 U/L; (6) the ALT/AST ratio was variable and ranged from 0.4 to 1.4; (7) the mean or median age of the COVID-19 patients with DILI ranged from 54.3 to 56 years; (8) the ratio of males to females was 1.8–3.4:1; (9) outcome was favorable for most patients, likely due to careful selection of the drugs and quick cessation of drug treatment with emerging DILI, but it was fatal in 19 patients; (10) countries reporting RUCAM-based DILI cases in COVID-19 patients included China, India, Japan, Montenegro, and Spain; (11) robust estimation of the percentage contribution of RUCAM-based DILI for the increased LTs in COVID-19 patients is outside of the current scope. In conclusion, RUCAM-based DILI with its clinical characteristics in COVID-19 patients and its classification as a confounding variable is now well defined, requiring a new correct description of COVID-19 features by removing DILI characteristics as confounders.
Environmental gradients have emerged as important barriers to structuring populations and species distributions. We set out to test whether the strong salinity gradient from the marine North Sea to the brackish Baltic Sea in northern Europe represents an ecological and genetic break, and to identify life history traits that correlate with the strength of this break. We accumulated mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 sequence data, and data on the distribution, salinity tolerance, and life history for 28 species belonging to the Cnidaria, Crustacea, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Polychaeta, and Gastrotricha. We included seven non-native species covering a broad range of times since introduction, in order to gain insight into the pace of adaptation and differentiation. We calculated measures of genetic diversity and differentiation across the environmental gradient, coalescent times, and migration rates between North and Baltic Sea populations, and analyzed correlations between genetic and life history data. The majority of investigated species is either genetically differentiated and/or adapted to the lower salinity conditions of the Baltic Sea. Species exhibiting population structure have a range of patterns of genetic diversity in comparison with the North Sea, from lower in the Baltic Sea to higher in the Baltic Sea, or equally diverse in North and Baltic Sea. Two of the non-native species showed signs of genetic differentiation, their times since introduction to the Baltic Sea being about 80 and >700 years, respectively. Our results indicate that the transition from North Sea to Baltic Sea represents a genetic and ecological break: The diversity of genetic patterns points toward independent trajectories in the Baltic compared with the North Sea, and ecological differences with regard to salinity tolerance are common. The North Sea–Baltic Sea region provides a unique setting to study evolutionary adaptation during colonization processes at different stages by jointly considering native and non-native species.
Tight control over transcription factor activity is necessary for a sensible balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation in the embryo and during tissue homeostasis by adult stem cells, but mechanistic details have remained incomplete. The homeodomain transcription factor MEIS2 is an important regulator of neurogenesis in the ventricular–subventricular zone (V-SVZ) adult stem cell niche in mice. We here identify MEIS2 as direct target of the intracellular protease calpain-2 (composed of the catalytic subunit CAPN2 and the regulatory subunit CAPNS1). Phosphorylation at conserved serine and/or threonine residues, or dimerization with PBX1, reduced the sensitivity of MEIS2 towards cleavage by calpain-2. In the adult V-SVZ, calpain-2 activity is high in stem and progenitor cells, but rapidly declines during neuronal differentiation, which is accompanied by increased stability of MEIS2 full-length protein. In accordance with this, blocking calpain-2 activity in stem and progenitor cells, or overexpression of a cleavage-insensitive form of MEIS2, increased the production of neurons, whereas overexpression of a catalytically active CAPN2 reduced it. Collectively, our results support a key role for calpain-2 in controlling the output of adult V-SVZ neural stem and progenitor cells through cleavage of the neuronal fate determinant MEIS2.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung eines interaktionalen Simulationsmodells zum späteren Einsatz in der VR-Simulation Clasivir 2.0 (Classroom Simulator in Virtual Reality), welche in der Lehrkräftebildung eingesetzt werden soll. Das Clasivir-Simulationsmodell wurde im Rahmen eines Prototyps implementiert und zwei anderen Simulationsmodellen in einem Fragebogen entgegengestellt. Ein Simulationsmodell beschreibt im Kontext einer digitalen Schulunterrichtssimulation, wie sich SuS in der Simulation verhalten.
Die drei Simulationsmodelle wurden über zwei unterschiedliche Typen von Video-Visualisierungen, genannt Mockup-Videos, dargestellt: Zum einen über eine 2D-Darstellung aus Vogelperspektive, zum anderen über eine 3D-Darstellung, in welcher 3D-Modelle von SuS animiert wurden. Bei dem realen Simulationsmodell handelt es sich um eine Übertragung einer authentischen Videoaufzeichnung von Unterricht einer hessischen Realschule in 2D/3D-Visualisierungen. Im randomisierten Simulationsmodell führen SuS ihre Verhalten zufällig aus. Alle Modelle basieren auf zweisekündigen Intervallen. Im Falle des realen Simulationsmodells wurde dies durch Analyse aller beobachtbaren einundzwanzig SuS gewonnen, im Falle des Clasivir-Simulationsmodells wurden die Vorhersagen des Simulationsmodells übertragen. Das Simulationsmodell von Clasivir basiert auf behavior trees, stellt eine Art von künstlicher Intelligenz dar und modelliert das SuS-Verhalten größtenteils in Abhängigkeit von Lehrkrafthandlungen. Die Entwicklung des interaktionalen Simulationsmodells von Clasivir ist eine Kernkomponente dieser Arbeit. Das Simulationsmodell basiert auf empirischen Ergebnissen aus den Bereichen der Psychometrie, der pädagogischen Psychologie, der Pädagogik und Ergebnissen der Simulations-/KI-Forschung. Ziel war die Entwicklung eines Modells, das nicht nur auf normativen Vorhersagen basiert, sondern empirisch und theoretisch valide ist. Nur wenige Simulationsmodelle in Unterrichtssimulationen werden mit dieser Art von Transparenz beschrieben, was eines der Alleinstellungsmerkmale dieser Arbeit ist. Es wurden Anstrengungen unternommen die vorliegenden empirischen Ergebnisse in einen kausalen Zusammenhang zu bringen, der mathematisch modelliert wurde. Im Zentrum steht die Konzentration von SuS, welche Ein uss auf Stör-, Melde- und Antwortverhalten hat. Diese Variable wird durch andere situative und personenbezogene Variablen (im Sinne von traits) ergänzt. Wo keine direkten empirischen Ergebnisse vorlagen wurde versucht plausibles Verhalten anhand der Übertragung von Konzeptionsmodellen zu gewinnen.
Da die bisherige Verwendung der angrenzenden Begriffe rund um die Simulationsentwicklung bislang sehr inkonsistent war, wurde es notwendig diese Termini zu definieren. Hervorzuheben ist die Entwicklung einer Taxonomie digitaler Unterrichtssimulationen, die so bislang nicht existierte. Anhand dieser Taxonomie und der erarbeiteten Fachtermini wurden Simulationen in der Lehrkräftebildung auf ihre Modellierung des Simulationsmodells hin untersucht. Die Untersuchung der Simulationen simSchool und VCS war, da sie einen verwandten Ansatz zu Clasvir verfolgen, besonders ergiebig.
Nach der Generierung der Mockup-Videos wurden N=105 Studierende, N=102 davon Lehramtsstudierende, aufgefordert, in einem Online-Fragebogen zwei der Simulationsmodelle miteinander zu vergleichen. Lehramtsstudierende wurden ausgewählt, da sie die Zielgruppe der Simulation sind. Welche Modelle die Partizipantinnen verglichen, war abhängig von der Gruppe der sie zugeteilt wurden. Hierbei wurde neben den Simulationsmodellen auch die visuelle Darstellung variiert. Insbesondere wurden die Partizipantinnen darum gebeten, den Fidelitätsgrad des Simulationsmodells, also den Maßstab, wie realistisch die Partizipantinnen das Verhalten der SuS in der Simulation fanden, zu bewerten. Inferenzstatistisch bestätigte sich, dass Partizipantinnen keinen Unterschied zwischen dem realen Simulationsmodell und dem Clasivir-Simulationsmodell erkennen konnten (t=1.463, df=178.9, p=.1452), aber das randomisierte Simulationsmodell mit einer moderaten Effektstärke von d=.634 als signifikant schlechter einschätzten (t=-2.5231, df=33.581, p=.008271). Die Art der Darbietung (2D oder 3D) hatte keinen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf die wahrgenommene Schwierigkeit der Bewertung (z=1.2426, p=.107). Damit kann festgestellt werden, dass eine komplexe und zeitintensive 3D-Visualisierung eines Simulationsmodells bei noch nicht vorliegender Simulation nicht erforderlich ist. Das Clasivir-Simulationsmodell wird als realistisch wahrgenommen. Es kann damit empfohlen werden, es in der VR-Simulation zu verwenden.
Im Ausblick werden bereits während des Schreibens der Arbeit gemachte Entwicklungen beschrieben und Konzepte zum weiteren Einsatz der Ergebnisse entwickelt. Es wird darauf verwiesen, dass eine erste Version eines VR-Simulators entwickelt wurde (Clasivir 1.0), der jedoch rein deterministisch funktioniert und noch nicht das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Simulationsmodell inkludiert.
Anthropogenic activities have a major impact on our planet and rapidly drive biodiversity loss in ecosystems at a global scale. Particularly over the last century, rising CO2 emissions significantly raised global temperatures and increased the intensity and frequency of droughts and heatwaves. Additionally, agricultural land use and fossil fuel combustion contribute to the continuous release of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into ecosystems worldwide through extensive fertilization and deposition from the atmosphere. It is important to understand how these rapid changes affect the evolution of plant populations and their adaptive potential. Adaptation by natural selection (i.e., adaptive evolution) within a few generations is an essential process as a response to rapid environmental changes. Rapid evolution of plant populations can be detected by using the so-called resurrection approach. Here, diaspores (i.e., seeds) from a population are collected before (ancestors) and after (descendants) a potential selection pressure (e.g., consecutive years of drought or changes in nutrient supply). Comparing phenotypes of ancestors and descendants in a common environment such as an outside garden, greenhouse, or climate chamber, may then reveal evolutionary changes. Ideally, plants are first grown in a common environment for an intermediate refresher generation to reduce parental and storage effects.
The aim of this thesis was to investigate the occurrence of adaptive evolution in natural plant populations in response to rapidly changing environments over the past three decades. I conducted three experiments using the resurrection approach to generate comprehensive data on the adaptive processes that acted on three plant populations from three different species over the last three decades. Furthermore, I filled knowledge gaps in plant evolutionary ecology and conceptually developed the resurrection approach further.
In Chapter I, I performed a novel approach by testing for adaptive evolution in natural plant populations using the resurrection approach in combination with in-situ transplantations. I cultivated seedlings from ancestors (23 – 26 years old) and contemporary descendants of three perennial species (Melica ciliata, Leontodon hispidus and Clinopodium vulgare) from calcareous grasslands in the greenhouse and In Chapter III, I assessed the reproducibility of phenotypic differences between genotypes among three different growth facilities (climate chamber, greenhouse, and outdoor garden). I also evaluated differences in phenotypic expression between plants grown after one vs. two intermediate generations (i.e., refresher generations). I performed this experiment within the framework of the resurrection approach and compared ancestors and descendants of the same population of Leontodon hispidus.
I observed very strong differences among plants growing in the different growth facilities. I found a significant interaction between the growth facility and the temporal origin (ancestors vs. descendants): descendants had significantly larger rosettes than ancestors only in the greenhouse and they flowered significantly later than ancestors exclusively in the climate chamber. I did not find significant differences between intermediate generations within the growth facilities. Overall, Chapter III shows that the use of a particular experimental system can dictate the presence and magnitude of phenotypic differences. This implies that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence when it comes to investigating genetically based trait differentiation among plant origins (in space or time). Experimental systems should be carefully designed to provide meaningful conditions, ideally mimicking the environmental conditions of the population’s origins. Finally, growing a second intermediate generation did not impact the genetic differences of ancestors and descendants within the environments, supporting the idea that only one intermediate generation may be sufficient to reduce detectable parental and storage effects.
The resurrection approach allows a better understanding of rapid plant adaptation, but some limitations deserve to be highlighted. I only studied one population per species, and Chapters II and III only focus on one population of L. hispidus, which is also hampering generalizations, as adaptive potential can vary greatly among populations of the same species. I only compared the ancestral genotypes to one descendant sample with a long time span in between (26 – 28 years), which makes it hard to pinpoint the selection agents that caused the genetic differentiation among the sampling years. Hence, closely monitoring biotic and abiotic factors of the studied populations between the ancestral and descendant sampling in future studies, would make identifying the responsible selection pressures more precise. I also recommend sampling multiple populations over consecutive years to improve the robustness of results and make generalizations more approachable.Furthermore, combining the resurrection approach with other methods such as in-situ transplantations will be valuable to offset the limitation that adaptations cannot be proven under artificial conditions (e.g., in the greenhouse).
Objective: Randomized trials have shown that concomitant methotrexate (MTX) augments the effectiveness of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but its benefit in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has not been demonstrated. The goal of this study was to examine whether the impact of concomitant MTX on therapeutic outcomes in patients with PsA was similar to its effects in RA.
Methods: We used data from highly comparable and concurrent observational studies of patients with PsA (N = 1424) or RA (N = 3148) who initiated adalimumab therapy during routine clinical care. The 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and patient-reported pain scores were evaluated in patients who received 24 months of continuous treatment with adalimumab monotherapy or adalimumab + MTX and in patients who initiated or stopped concomitant MTX during ongoing adalimumab therapy.
Results: Twenty-four months of continuous treatment with adalimumab + MTX was superior to adalimumab monotherapy in RA patients, while no significant difference was observed in patients with PsA. RA patients who added MTX during the study showed significant individual improvements in DAS28 and pain scores at 6 months after the change in therapy, while those who removed MTX had slight increases in disease activity. In contrast, in patients with PsA, neither initiation nor removal of MTX during continuous adalimumab therapy had a significant effect on therapeutic outcomes.
Conclusion: Addition of MTX to adalimumab confers further therapeutic benefit in patients with RA, but not in those with PsA, suggesting differences in MTX effects in these two patient populations.
Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01078090, NCT01077258, NCT01111240
Aim: Replicate the analysis conducted by Prof. Dr. Alexander W. Schmidt-Catran (Goethe University Frankfurt), Prof. Dr. Malcolm Fairbrother (Umea University), and Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Andreß (University of Cologne) that was published in a special issue on Cross-National Comparative Research in the German academic journal Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie in 2019. Result: Almost all calculations, tables and graphs from Schmidt-Catran et al. (2019) could be replicated sufficiently well in R.
Recombinant DNA technology is an essential area of life engineering. The main aim of research in this field is to experimentally explore the possibilities of repairing damaged human DNA, healing or enhancing future human bodies. Based on ethnographic research in a Czech biochemical laboratory, the article explores biotechnological corporealities and their specific ontology through dealings with bio-objects, the bodywork of scientists. Using the complementary concepts of utopia and heterotopia, the text addresses the situation of bodies and bio-objects in a laboratory. Embodied utopias are analyzed as material semiotic phenomena that are embodied by scientists in their visions and emotions and that are related to potential bodies and to future, not-yet-actualized embodiments. As a counterpart to this, the text explores embodied heterotopias, which are always the other spaces, like biotechnological bio-objects that are simulated in computers or stored in special solutions.