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This issue of L1 – Educational Studies in Language and Literature is the largest single issue we have produced since our introduction in 2000. Containing seven articles, it covers a range of L1 issues: reform movements, the role of literature, culture and multiculturalism in L1, literacy, technology, reading comprehension and the role of oral and written language in L1 Teacher Education. Authors represent a similar diverse national scope: New Zealand, North Cyprus, France, USA, Hong Kong and Israel. The issue reflects the sentiments expressed in our IAIMTE Conference 2007 theme in Exeter, UK: "Crossing Cultural Boundaries." It represents both the diversity in the field and the simultaneous opportunity to speak to a wide range of critical L1 issues between the covers of a single copy of the journal.
In France, literature has been for a long time the basis for the teaching of French as mother tongue. Today, however, its role and position are being questioned because of both empirical difficulties linked with its daily teaching and disciplinary changes in French didactics. Its formerly obvious use is now giving way to doubts. While some firmly stick to their old positions, as expressed in press pamphlets and media discussions (« C'est la littérature qu'on assassine rue de Grenelle », Le Monde, 4 March, 2000), others try to « remodel » the teaching of French in redefining the functions of its various components (literature ranging at the top) and in finding new ways to link them. These are the issues at stake in the current debate that we hope to clarify through an analysis of the Education Ministry's new instructions on secondary teaching.
In Portugal, the last decade has been characterised by important reforms in the educational system particularly of secondary education. The Portuguese Language Area, comprising different subjects, was submitted to deep changes concerning its aims, content, methodologies, and assessment. In this paper, it is my purpose to analyse some of those changes, focusing on their underlying principles, their main features and their impact both in the pedagogic field and in the public sphere. I consider firstly the political and educational circumstances in which the reconfiguration of the Portuguese Language Area in secondary education took place. Then, I proceed to describe the main features of the official pedagogic discourse that gives expression to such reconfiguration through an examination of the Portuguese Language Syllabus. After that, school textbooks are focused on, in order to understand how they interpret the official discourse and how they conceive pedagogic practice. Subsequently, as a means to capture continuities and discrepancies between pedagogic and public spheres, the analysis deals with a corpus of texts from the media that give voice to positions concerning the teaching of Portuguese. In the last section, according to the analysis previously developed, I discuss the tensions that lie across the Portuguese Language Area and that will probably regulate the directions of its development.
This article reports on some commonalities among the eight education systems in Australia in terms of mother-tongue education. It discusses the context in which mother-tongue education is conducted in Australia, in particular the "competition" to English-as-discipline that comes from "literacy" and from a growing trend towards inter-disciplinary, cross-curricular education.
The new high school Chinese language curriculum in Hong Kong (2002) calls for the integration of literature after more than two decades of emphasis on language skills learning. However, many language teachers do not really know how to incorporate literature instruction into a language class and rely heavily on textbooks. The textbook becomes the "hidden teacher", guiding the content of learning, the sequence of teaching and the approaches to learning. Few teachers investigate the learning tasks designed by material writer(s) and question the nature of these tasks, or the underpinning pedagogy. This article reports on a survey of three sets of commonly used Chinese language textbooks in terms of the structure of learning units and the design of learning tasks for literary texts.
Considered as both the salvation of the educational system and the main agent in the failure of the schooling process, mother tongue education in Brazil is a battlefield between the traditional or grammatical paradigm and the socio-interactionist paradigm. The battle occurs on several fronts from academy to textbook to law, and those who defend the socio-interactionist paradigm are winning most of them. However, the imminent victory of this paradigm can be problematic. The new paradigm needs to consider its excessive pragmatism and utilitarianism, among other difficulties, beyond the classroom. The socio-interactionist paradigm also needs to prove that it is capable of success in an area in which failure seems to be the rule, as shown by institutional evaluations of mother tongue education.
This contribution attempts a partial synthesis of a large international study (Collès, Dufays & Maeder 2003), which explores the teaching and learning of Romance languages in France, French Belgium, French Switzerland and Quebec. Each author analysed in their country or region the official instructions related to primary and secondary school and the plans of action related to teachers' training. All dealt with the same questions. Considering those data, the analysis here focuses particularly on the section of the report concerning the teaching and learning of literature in French mother tongue lessons. Specifically, I address three questions:
1. Over the last 50 years, what place and value has been given to literature in the official programs for primary and secondary schools in the 4 countries or regions, compared to the other subjects considered as part of teaching French?
2. What are today's prescriptions as far as literature is concerned? In relation to the contemporary debate between different paradigms, is literature first handled in terms of skills or in terms of knowledge? Which values are these knowledges and skills bound to?
3. What about the teachers' literature training? Are there important changes in this field which might be similar to the changes in the official prescriptions? Where were and are the teachers trained? What were and are the nature of, the level required and the relative weight given to this particular training?
Mother-tongue education curriculum is in a constant state of debate. Indeed, the field may be accurately characterised as polyparadigmatic. We use three specific sets of analyses to discuss the curriculum variety of the field: ten Brinke's classification of dimensions, Matthijssen's rationality theory and Englund's concept of competing meta-discourses. We then conceptualise the field in terms of paradigm competition, specifically discussing academic, developmental, communicative and utilitarian paradigms. We finish with a case study of the historiography of curriculum paradigms in English.
This edition of L1 is devoted to discussion of debates around paradigms of mother tongue education. In this special issue we have sampled contributions from Belgium, Brazil, Hong Kong and Australia that each take up the kinds of arguments which we have tried to capture in our own chapteron paradigm conflict. Each contribution deals with the polyparadigmatic character of mother tongue education and answers the main question of this issue: MTE paradigms – common? competing? coexisting? In editing this edition, what struck us was the remarkable consistency of the debates across a range of cultures, nationalities and languages.
In this paper we propose that hypertext writing at school could have beneficial effects on the acquisition of content knowledge and the acquisition of writing skills compared to linear writing. We view the effects of hypertext writing on writing skills from the perspective of "shared" cognitive activities in writing linear texts and hypertexts. In a pilot study we examined the effects of hypertext writing on writing processes and we related the occurrence of writing processes to the quality of the resulting writing products. We set up this study to identify students' cognitive activities during hypertext and linear writing. We also tried to determine whether hypertext writing could facilitate linear writing. We focused on the most central, distinctive features of linear and hypertext writing. For linear writing, this is a linearization process: i.e., transforming elements of content into linear text. For hypertext writing, this is a hierarchicalization process: converting a linearly presented line of thought into a hierarchical structure. Students (N = 123) from Grades 8 and 9 performed two linearization tasks and two hierarchicalization tasks under think aloud conditions Results showed that Planning and Analyzing activities contributed to the final quality of hypertexts and linear texts, and that these activities were more often elicited in hypertext tasks than in linear writing. We argue that writing hypertexts stimulates the use of writing activities that are positively related to writing proficiency. Moreover, we speculate that creating hypertext writing conditions and optimizing these conditions for different writer/learner styles might be a theoretical and practical challenge for mother tongue teaching.