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Decisions under ambiguity depend on both the belief regarding possible scenarios and the attitude towards ambiguity. This paper exclusively investigates the belief formation and belief updating process under ambiguity, using laboratory experiments. The results show that half of the subjects tend to adopt a simple heuristic strategy when updating beliefs, while the other half seems to partially adopt the Bayesian updates. We recover beliefs, represented by distributions of the priors/posteriors. The recoverable initial priors mostly follow a uniform distribution. We also find that subjects on average demonstrate slight pessimism in an ambiguous environment.
Background: Tularemia is caused by Francisella tularensis and can occasionally establish foodborne transmission.
Methods: Patients were identified by active case detection through contact with the treating physicians and consent for publication was obtained. Clinical data were accumulated through a review of the patient charts. Serology, culture, and PCR methods were performed for confirmation of the diagnosis.
Case cluster: A 46-year-old patient was hospitalised in the University Hospital Frankfurt (a tertiary care hospital) for pharyngitis and cervical lymphadenitis with abscess. A diagnosis of tularemia was made serologically, but treatment with ciprofloxacin initially failed. F. tularensis was detected in pus from the lymph node using a specific real-time PCR. The use of RD1 PCR led to the identification of the subspecies holarctica. Antibiotic therapy with high-dose ciprofloxacin and gentamicin was administered and was subsequently changed to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. During a must-tasting, five other individuals became infected with tularemia by ingestion of contaminated must. All patients required treatment durations of more than 14 days.
Conclusions: Mechanically harvested agricultural products, such as wine must, can be a source of infection, probably due to contamination with animal carcasses. The clinical course of tularemia can be complicated and prolonged and requires differentiated antibiotic treatment.
Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using two previously validated questionnaires in a large patient sample, and to evaluate depressive symptoms in the context of clinical characteristics (e.g. remission of disease) and patient-reported impact of disease.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the previously validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Beck-Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) were used to assess the extent of depressive symptoms in RA patients. Demographic background, RA disease activity score (DAS28), RA impact of disease (RAID) score, comorbidities, anti-rheumatic therapy and antidepressive treatment, were recorded. Cut-off values for depressive symptomatology were PHQ-9 ≥5 or BDI-II ≥14 for mild depressive symptoms or worse and PHQ-9 ≥ 10 or BDI-II ≥ 20 for moderate depressive symptoms or worse. Prevalence of depressive symptomatology was derived by frequency analysis while factors independently associated with depressive symptomatology were investigated by using multiple logistic regression analyses. Ethics committee approval was obtained, and all patients provided written informed consent before participation.
Results: In 1004 RA-patients (75.1% female, mean±SD age: 61.0±12.9 years, mean disease duration: 12.2±9.9 years, DAS28 (ESR): 2.5±1.2), the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 55.4% (mild or worse) and 22.8% (moderate or worse). Characteristics independently associated with depressive symptomatology were: age <60 years (OR = 1.78), RAID score >2 (OR = 10.54) and presence of chronic pain (OR = 3.25). Of patients classified as having depressive symptoms, only 11.7% were receiving anti-depressive therapy.
Conclusions: Mild and moderate depressive symptoms were common in RA patients according to validated tools. In routine clinical practice, screening for depression with corresponding follow-up procedures is as relevant as incorporating these results with patient-reported outcomes (e.g. symptom state), because the mere assessment of clinical disease activity does not sufficiently reflect the prevalence of depressive symptoms.
Clinical trial registration number: This study is registered in the Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS00003231) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02485483).
Der Terminus „Annotation“ gewinnt mit der fortschreitenden Verankerung der Digital Humanities innerhalb der akademischen Landschaft immer stärker an Bedeutung. Gleichzeitig steht er in den Geistes- und Informationswissenschaften für jeweils unterschiedliche Konzepte, welche zwar in Umfang, Einsatz und Zielausrichtung variieren, aber auch konzeptuelle Parallelen aufweisen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Zusammenarbeit der verschiedenen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen scheint es daher geboten, verschiedene Annotationspraxen und die mit ihnen verbundenen Konzepte von Annotationen zu reflektieren und diskutieren, ins Verhältnis zueinander zu setzen sowie Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiedlichkeiten zu systematisieren. Hierfür luden Julia Nantke und Frederik Schlupkothen (beide Bergische Universität Wuppertal) vom Graduiertenkolleg "Dokument – Text – Edition. Bedingungen und Formen ihrer Transformation und Modellierung in transdisziplinärer Perspektive" zur interdisziplinär angelegte Tagung "Annotationen in Edition und Forschung. Funktionsbestimmung, Differenzierung und Systematisierung" vom 20. bis zum 22. Februar 2019 an die Bergische Universität Wuppertal ein. Wissenschaftler*innen aus verschiedenen Ländern und Fachbereichen berichteten in fünf Sektionen über ihre Forschungsprojekte und –ergebnisse zu Annotationen, deren unterschiedlichen Erscheinungsformen und Funktionsweisen sowie zu verschiedenen terminologischen, methodischen und technischen Fragestellungen. Der Annotationsbegriff wurde hierbei bewusst weit gefasst und sowohl auf digitale und analoge sowie manuelle und automatisierte Annotationsprozesse in unterschiedlichen Medien bezogen.
updated version --
The Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN) was designed in order to assess narrative skills in children who acquire one or more languages from birth or from early age. MAIN is suitable for children from 3 to 10 years and evaluates both comprehension and production of narratives. Its design allows for the assessment of several languages in the same child, as well as for different elicitation modes: Model Story, Retelling, and Telling. MAIN contains four parallel stories, each with a carefully designed six-picture sequence. The stories are controlled for cognitive and linguistic complexity, parallelism in macrostructure and microstructure, as well as for cultural appropriateness and robustness. The instrument has been developed on the basis of extensive piloting with more than 550 monolingual and bilingual children aged 3 to 10, for 15 different languages and language combinations. Even though MAIN has not been norm-referenced yet, its standardized procedures can be used for evaluation, intervention and research purposes. MAIN is currently available in the following languages: English, Afrikaans, Albanian, Basque, Bulgarian, Croatian, Cypriot Greek, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Icelandic, Italian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Standard Arabic, Swedish, Turkish, Vietnamese, and Welsh.
The main objective of this PhD work is to assess the impact of fine-scale air-sea interaction on the performance of a regional climate prediction model in marginal sea regions. Focus is on the North and Baltic Seas, the largest marginal sea area in the mid-latitudes. Motivation for this work is to better understand the interaction between the different components of the climate system, namely atmosphere, ocean and sea-ice. In addition to that, the sea regions of interest, the North and Baltic Seas, are orographically complex and cannot be resolved by a global ocean model. The ice coverage on the Baltic Sea is underestimated in the stand-alone atmospheric model COSMO-CLM due to the low water freezing temperature value assumed, which is not applicable for such brackish water body. To fulfil the thesis goal, a new regional coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice system was developed for these two seas, named COSMO-CLM/NEMO. The two-way coupling system involves active feedback from both component models: the limited-area climate model COSMO-CLM and the regional ocean model NEMO-NORDIC.
The coupled system COSMO-CLM/NEMO for the North and Baltic Seas was used to study the impact of sea surface temperature and sea ice on the atmosphere on diffrent topics. The long term impact of the North and Baltic Seas was studied through 15- year long simulations driven by European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) data. Furthermore, to see whether the marginal sea modelling can advance the simulation of extreme climate events, the coupled model was used to reproduce six extreme snowband phenomena over the Baltic Sea in simulations driven by ERA-interim data. Last but not least, the role of the North and Baltic Sea model in improving long-term regional climate prediction was examined. Two sets of experiments with coupled and uncoupled models, each set has five independent decadal hindcasts forced by global climate model, were carried out.
All results were compared with observations and the stand-alone atmospheric model COSMO-CLM results. In all experiments, COSMO-CLM/NEMO showed good agreement with observations. Improvements compared with the uncoupled COSMO-CLM were also found. Coupling was found to affect the air temperature not only around the coupled sea region but also inland. The convective snowbands over the Baltic Sea were successfully reproduced by the coupled model. The high contrast of temperature in the air column, as well as considerably high amounts of surface heat fluxes exchanged between air and sea could not be simulated by COSMO-CLM without the help of reanalysis data. The coupled model also provided better forecasts in decadal scales compared with the uncoupled model and the global model. The added predictability came from the initialized regional seas and better simulated sea surface temperatures by the ocean model.
The impact of the North and Baltic Seas on the climate of the surrounding regions is in certain phases dominated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) activity. In this thesis, the relation between the NAO and the marginal sea influences was studied. It is confirmed by this study that, in strong phases, the NAO can overpower the impact of the local seas. During dominant phases of NAO, the European climate is mainly governed by large-scale circulation. On the other hand, the local seas play an important role in determining the European climate when NAO is in weak phases.
The added value of the coupled model raises promising perspectives for research in this field. It points to a potential benefit of using the coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice system for climate prediction in the region surrounding the North and Baltic Seas. Along with that, it is still a challenge to complete the model representation of the climate system by adding more climate components (such as a hydrological model). Further improvement of the coupled system can be achieved by coupling for a larger sea region, or by trying to reduce remaining low performance of the coupled model in some areas with a better configuration of the current system.
This dissertation is an investigation of pitch accent, or lexical tone, in standard Croatian. The first chapter presents an in-depth overview of the history of the Croatian language, its relationship to Serbo-Croatian, its dialect groups and pronunciation variants, and general phonology. The second chapter explains the difference between various types of prosodic prominence and describes systems of pitch accent in various languages from different parts of the world: Yucatec Maya, Lithuanian and Limburgian. Following is a detailed account of the history of tone in Serbo-Croatian and Croatian, the specifics of its tonal system, intonational phonology and finally, a review of the most prominent phonetic investigations of tone in that language.
The focal point of this dissertation is a production experiment, in which ten native speakers of Croatian from the region of Slavonia were recorded. The material recorded included a diverse selection of monosyllabic, bisyllabic, trisyllabic and quadrisyllabic words, containing all four accents of standard Croatian: short falling, long falling, short rising and long rising. Each target word was spoken in initial, medial and final positions of natural Croatian sentences. This research fills several gaps in the existing literature. Namely, the production of tone was investigated in words with a syllabic /r̩/, in pretonal syllables and in non-initial context. Acoustic parameters measured included duration, F0 in every 10% of the nucleus duration, overall pitch, pitch range and pitch peak alignment.
Results showed that differences between falling and rising accents in Croatian are produced mainly with tonal parameters and that the most salient features were pitch peak alignment and overall pitch. The difference between long and short accents was primarily durational and optionally tonal. Words produced in initial and medial sentence positions had a rising contour in their accented syllable, while in the final, segments were usually falling.
SAFE Newsletter : 2019, Q2
(2019)
The differences between contemporary Monte Carlo generators of high energy hadronic interactions are discussed and their impact on the interpretation of experimental data on ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is studied. Key directions for further model improvements are outlined. The prospect for a coherent interpretation of the data in terms of the UHECR composition is investigated.
IFLS-Journal. Nr. 24, 2019
(2019)