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After entorhinal deafferentiation of the hippocampal dentate gyrus a reinnervation of the denervated neurons by axon collaterals can be observed. This process takes place in a matter of weeks. However, the overall functional effect on the hippocampal network is still unclear.
In an effort to investigate this effect of axonal sprouting on the neuronal network of the dentate gyrus we compared the electrophysiological response of the dentate gyrus after electric stimulation in wild-type mice (WT mice) with a normal post-lesion sprouting, with genetically modified mice with an overexpression of the growth-protein CAP23 (cytoskeleton-associated protein 23). CAP23 overexpressing mice (CAP23tg mice) are known to have an enhanced axonal growth and sprouting after lesion.
The mice (both the WT as well as the CAP23tg mice) were deeply anesthetized and a lesion of the perforant path was induced stereotactically with a wire knife. After that the mice were permitted to survive for 4-6 weeks for partial reinnervation of the dentate gyrus before they were again operated and evoked potentials were measured (extracellular recordings of evoked potentials in the dentate gyrus). Non-lesioned litter-mate mice were taken as reference. The sprouting and the correct position of the electrodes was confirmed histologically.
For electrophysiological investigation we assessed laminar profiles and calculated a current-source density (CSD). In lesioned CAP23tg mice compared to lesioned WT mice this CSD-analysis revealed a significant enhancement of the current sink in the area of deafferentiation (outer molecular layer) and a significant excitation in the granule-cell layer.
Our results show that axonal sprouting seems to enhance the excitability of granule-cells. Thus, even if an enhanced axonal sprouting might accelerate the reinnervation of denervated dendrites after lesion, but it also leads to posttraumatic hyperexcitability of the neuronal network. In a therapeutic approach of fascilitating axonal sprouting this hyperexcitability has to be taken into consideration.
Objective: The present study aims to elucidate the state of gender equality in high-quality dermatological research by analysing the representation of female authorships from January 2008 to May 2017.
Design: Retrospective, descriptive study.
Setting: 113 189 male and female authorships from 23 373 research articles published in 23 dermatological Q1 journals were analysed with the aid of the Gendermetrics Platform.
Results: 43.0% of all authorships and 50.2% of the firstauthorships, 43.7% of the coauthorships and 33.1% of the last authorships are held by women. The corresponding female-to-male ORs are 1.41 (95% CI 1.37 to 1.45) for first authorships, 1.07 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.10) for coauthorships and 0.60 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.62) for last authorships. The annual growth rates are 1.74% overall and 1.45% for first authorships, 1.53% for coauthorships and 2.97% for last authorships. Women are slightly under-represented at prestigious authorships compared with men (Prestige Index=−0.11). The under-representation remains stable in highly competitive articles attracting the highest citation rates, namely, articles with many authors and articles that were published in highest-impact journals. Multiauthor articles with male key authors are only slightly more frequently cited than those with female key authors. Women publish slightly fewer papers compared with men (47.2% women hold 43.0% of the authorships). At the level of individual journals, there is a high degree of uniformity in gender-specific authorship odds. By contrast, distinct differences at country level were revealed. The prognosis for the next decades forecasts a consecutive harmonisation of authorship odds between the two genders.
Conclusions: In high-quality dermatological research, the integration of female scholars is advanced as compared with other medical disciplines. A gender gap consists mainly in the form of a career dichotomy, with many female early career researchers and few women in academic leadership positions. However, this gender gap has been narrowed in the last decade and will likely be further reduced in the future.
In the context of limited donor pool in cardiothoracic transplantation, utilization of organs from high risk donors, such as suicidal hanging donors, while ensuring safety, is under consideration. We sought to evaluate the outcomes of lung transplantations (LTx) that use organs from this group.
Between January 2011 and December 2015, 265 LTx were performed at our center. Twenty-two recipients received lungs from donors after suicidal hanging (group 1). The remaining 243 transplantations were used as a control (group 2). Analysis of recipient and donor characteristics as well as outcomes was performed.
No statistically significant difference was found in the donor characteristics between analyzed groups, except for higher incidence of cardiac arrest, younger age and smoking history of hanging donors (P < .001, P = .022 and P = .0042, respectively). Recipient preoperative and perioperative characteristics were comparable. Postoperatively in group 1 there was a higher incidence of extracorporeal life support (27.3 vs 9.1%, P = .019). There were no significant differences in chronic lung allograft dysfunction-free survival between group 1 and 2: 92.3 vs 94% at 1 year and 65.9 vs 75.5% at 3 years (P = .99). The estimated cumulative survival rate was also similar between groups: 68.2 vs 83.2% at 1 year and 68.2% versus 72% at 3 years (P = .3758).
Hanging as a donor cause of death is not associated with poor mid-term survival or chronic lung allograft dysfunction following transplantation. These results encourage assessment of lungs from hanging donors, and their consideration for transplantation.
Das menschliche Leben erscheint heute als in vielfältiger Weise mit seiner Umwelt verbunden. Bio- und neurowissenschaftliche Forschungen über die Interaktionsweisen mit der Umwelt verändern dabei das Bild des Körpers von einem hierarchisch aufgebauten Organismus zu einem organisch-kognitiv-verteilten Netzwerk. Nicht zuletzt Forschungen zur künstlichen Intelligenz haben gezeigt, dass das menschliche Gehirn nicht isoliert betrachtet werden kann, sondern verkörpert, vernetzt und damit in einer wechselwirkenden Abhängigkeit zu Körpern steht (embedded und extended mind). Epigenetische Forschungen haben ebenfalls auf die Umweltabhängigkeit auch genetischer Prozesse verwiesen (Postgenomik) und damit auf komplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen Biotischem und Abiotischem aufmerksam gemacht. Diese komplexen Wechselwirkungen und Umweltabhängigkeiten zwischen Lebendigem und Nicht-Lebendigem werden inzwischen zusehends zum Gegenstand menschlicher Selbstorganisation. Sie tauchen in veränderter Form in den Plänen zu den sogenannten Industrien 4.0 auf, wenn es darum geht, intelligente Umgebungen mit dem Menschen interaktiv zu vernetzen. Die hierfür notwendigen digitalen Datenmengen stehen aber nur zur Verfügung, wenn Menschen sich aktiv vernetzen. Die Entstehung digitaler Daten- körper wird dadurch zu einem essentiellen Bestandteil sozialer Teilhabe, wodurch Soziales zum entwicklungsoffenen und unbestimmten Prozess wird. Wie sich Menschen wann und wo vernetzen, ist nicht vorherbestimmt. Digitalisierung ist dabei, so die These der Arbeit, sich zur grundlegenden Praxis menschlicher Vernetzung zu entwickeln.
Die Arbeit geht Digitalisierung aus einer Perspektive koevolutionärer Entstehungs- und Entwicklungszusammenhänge nach und zeigt, dass digitale Praxen zu einer neuen Form menschlicher Selbstorganisation weltweit geworden sind. Angesprochen wird damit, dass Digitalisierung nicht als etwas dem Menschen Äußerliches betrachtet werden kann, sondern in einen größeren kulturellen Entstehungszusammenhang eingebettet werden muss, der bis zu den Anfängen der Menschheit zurückreicht. Um dies zu veranschaulichen, werden in der Arbeit drei verschiedene Wissensformationen benannt, die sich jeweils in unterschiedlicher Art und Weise mit den aktuellen Veränderungen digitalisierter Lebenswelten auseinandersetzen.
Die erste Wissensformation (Kapitel 2) benennt den Humanismus, der im Aufkommen neuer Medientechnologien eine Bedrohung für den Menschen sieht. Eine zweite Wissensformation (Kapitel 3) widmet sich dem „Ende des Humanismus“, indem Ansätze der Science and Technology Studies (STS), der Akteur-Network-Theory (ANT) und des Agentiellen Realismus von Karan Barad diskutiert werden. Mit einer „neuen Ökonomie für eine neue Menschheit“ wird eine dritte Wissensformation (Kapitel 4) benannt, die, von postoperaistischen Ansätzen ausgehend, die These eines „dritten“ oder „kognitiven Kapitalismus“ diskutiert. Hier geht es um die These des Zusammenfallens von Ökonomischem und Sozialem, aus dem neue offene Sozialformationen entstehen. Schließlich wird eine vierte Wissensformation (Kapitel 5) formuliert, die, ausgehend vom Ansatz einer Anthropologie des Medialen (AdM) und dem Modell der Erweiterung kultureller Kapazitäten (EECC) versucht, die als digitalen Wandel bezeichneten Veränderungen in einen größeren Zusammenhang zu stellen.
Mit beiden Ansätzen kann schließlich gezeigt werden, dass sich Veränderungen menschlicher Selbstorganisation immer in der biologischen, individuellen, kulturellen und historisch-sozialen Entwicklungsdimension zugleich vollziehen. Dies lässt sich auch für die Prozesse der Digitalisierung zeigen. Nämlich, dass sich der Mensch als Teil der Natur in einem fortwährenden koevolutionären Prozess befindet. Weder Kultur, noch Soziales, noch Technologien sind unnatürlich. Sie können als „indirekte Biologie“, als „Künstliches“ oder als „Kultur der Biologie“ bezeichnet werden, die der Natur aber nie entkommen. Die Erweiterung kultureller Kapazitäten ist deshalb nicht als eine Ausdehnung des Menschen in die Natur hinaus zu verstehen, sondern bezeichnet die im Laufe der Menschheitsgeschichte komplexer werdenden Reichweiten und Zeittiefen menschlicher Selbstorganisation, die immer auf den drei Ebenen von Phylogenese, Ontogenese, Technogenese und der damit verbundenen Soziogenese basieren.
This study aimed to appraise two quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques, T2* imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), for the diagnosis of the intervertebral disc degeneration of the cervico-thoracic junction. Influence of specific factors and diagnostic accuracy of both techniques were particularly explored. Sixty-one volunteers with neck and upper back pain were recruited and evaluated with both T2* imaging and DWI. The Pfirrmann grade, T2* relaxation time and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of each disc between C7 and T3 were recorded. Stratified analyses were performed for different anatomic levels, genders, age ranges and Pfirrmann grades. The diagnostic accuracy of both techniques was investigated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. No statistically significant difference of either T2* relaxation time or ADC value was detected between males and females. Both parameters decreased with the increasing age and Pfirrmann grade. The ROC curves showed the higher sensitivity and specificity for T2* imaging than DWI to quantitatively identify the disc degeneration. Particularly, T2* imaging allowed for a quantitative distinguishing the normal, mild and moderate disc degeneration from the severe degeneration, which was unable to accomplish with DWI. In conclusion, we demonstrated that T2* imaging possess a better accuracy than DWI to quantitatively diagnose the intervertebral disc degeneration at the cervico-thoracic junction.
Perception, particularly in the visual domain, is drastically influenced by rhythmic changes in ambient lighting conditions. Anticipation of daylight changes by the circadian system is critical for survival. However, the neural bases of time-of-day-dependent modulation in human perception are not yet understood. We used fMRI to study brain dynamics during resting-state and close-to-threshold visual perception repeatedly at six times of the day. Here we report that resting-state signal variance drops endogenously at times coinciding with dawn and dusk, notably in sensory cortices only. In parallel, perception-related signal variance in visual cortices decreases and correlates negatively with detection performance, identifying an anticipatory mechanism that compensates for the deteriorated visual signal quality at dawn and dusk. Generally, our findings imply that decreases in spontaneous neural activity improve close-to-threshold perception.
Ideally located in the writer's position of the voice "contractus (& quasi contractus)" of the Dictionary, the author of this paper tries to discover the difficulties that his drafting could imply. The difficulties encountered come mainly from the chronology and the diversity of profiles between the members of the Salamanca School that deal with contracts, from the unusual historical and material extension of the elements they work with and from the need to understand their methods, their initial assumptions and the aims they pursue. At the end, some practical considerations are offered to the voice's drafting.
Reconstructing the evolution of baleen whales (Mysticeti) has been problematic because morphological and genetic analyses have produced different scenarios. This might be caused by genomic admixture that may have taken place among some rorquals. We present the genomes of six whales, including the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), to reconstruct a species tree of baleen whales and to identify phylogenetic conflicts. Evolutionary multilocus analyses of 34,192 genome fragments reveal a fast radiation of rorquals at 10.5 to 7.5 million years ago coinciding with oceanic circulation shifts. The evolutionarily enigmatic gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is placed among rorquals, and the blue whale genome shows a high degree of heterozygosity. The nearly equal frequency of conflicting gene trees suggests that speciation of rorqual evolution occurred under gene flow, which is best depicted by evolutionary networks. Especially in marine environments, sympatric speciation might be common; our results raise questions about how genetic divergence can be established.
Diagnostic approaches for invasive aspergillosis—specific considerations in the pediatric population
(2018)
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children with hematological malignancies and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Similar to immunocompromised adults, clinical signs, and symptoms of IA are unspecific in the pediatric patient population. As early diagnosis and prompt treatment of IA is associated with better outcome, imaging and non-invasive antigen-based such as galactomannan or ß-D-glucan and molecular biomarkers in peripheral blood may facilitate institution and choice of antifungal compounds and guide duration of therapy. In patients in whom imaging studies suggest IA or another mold infection, invasive diagnostics such as bronchoalveolar lavage and/or bioptic procedures should be considered. Here we review the current data of diagnostic approaches for IA in the pediatric setting and highlight the major differences of performance and clinical utility of the tests between children and adults.
Background: Anger and aggression belong to the core symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Although an early and specific treatment of BPD is highly relevant to prevent chronification, still little is known about anger and aggression and their neural underpinnings in adolescents with BPD.
Method: Twenty female adolescents with BPD (age 15–17 years) and 20 female healthy adolescents (age 15–17 years) took part in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. A script-driven imagery paradigm was used to induce rejection-based feelings of anger, which was followed by descriptions of self-directed and other-directed aggressive reactions. To investigate the specificity of the neural activation patterns for adolescent patients, results were compared with data from 34 female adults with BPD (age 18–50 years) and 32 female healthy adults (age 18–50 years).
Results: Adolescents with BPD showed increased activations in the left posterior insula and left dorsal striatum as well as in the left inferior frontal cortex and parts of the mentalizing network during the rejection-based anger induction and the imagination of aggressive reactions compared to healthy adolescents. For the other-directed aggression phase, a significant diagnosis by age interaction confirmed that these results were specific for adolescents.
Discussion: The results of this very first fMRI study on anger and aggression in adolescents with BPD suggest an enhanced emotional reactivity to and higher effort in controlling anger and aggression evoked by social rejection at an early developmental stage of the disorder. Since emotion dysregulation is a known mediator for aggression in BPD, the results point to the need of appropriate early interventions for adolescents with BPD.