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For the German observer the idea of a Company repurchasing its own shares seems to resemble the picture of a snake eating its own tail. It appears to be highly unnatura1 and one wonders how the tail tan possibly be eatable for the snake. Not in the United States. Although repurchases have once been subject to the most stubbornly fought conflict in US Company law only some modest disclosure requirements and safeguards against overt market manipulation exist today. Large repurchases are an almost everyday event and there is an increasing tendency. The aggregate value of shares repurchased by NYSE listed companies has increased from $ 1 .l billion in 1975 to $ 6.3 billion in 1982 to $ 37.1 billion in 1985*. Few examples may illustrate this practice further: Within three years Ford Motor Corp. repurchased 30 million shares for $ 1.2 billion. In 1985 Phillips Petroleum Corp. was faced with two hostile bids and took several defensive Steps, one of which was to tender for 20 million of its own shares at a total tost of $ 1 billion. And by the end of 1988 Exxon Corp. retired 28 percent of its shares that had once been outstanding at an aggregate tost of $ 14.5 billion. The Situation in Germany is completely different. As it will be shown under German law repurchases are severely restricted and do appreciable amount at all. not take place at an In contrast to German law the United Kingdom does not prohibit repurchases but requires companies to comply with such complex rules that US companies would regard simply as limiting their economic freedom. Therefore UK companies very seldom repurchase their own shares, too. This Paper deals with repurchases by quoted companies, in particular the UK public Company and the more or less German equivalent, the Aktiengesellschaft (AG). It seeks to ascertain the reasons why companies might want to engage in those activities. Moreover, it tries to analyse the Problems which may arise from repurchases and the safeguards which the UK and German legal Systems provide for these Problems.This Paper deals with repurchases by quoted companies, in particular the UK public Company and the more or less German equivalent, the Aktiengesellschaft (AG). It seeks to ascertain the reasons why companies might want to engage in those activities. Moreover, it tries to analyse the Problems which may arise from repurchases and the safeguards which the UK and German legal Systems provide for these Problems.
Until the late 1980s, asset securitisation was an US-American finance technique. Meanwhile this technique has been used also in some European countries, although to a much lesser extent. While some of them have adopted or developed their legal and regulatory framework, others remain on earlier stages. That may be because of the lack of economic incentives, but also because of remaining regulatory or legal impediments. The following overview deals with the legal and regulatory environment in five selected European countries. It is structured as follows: First, this finance technique will be described in outline to the benefit of the reader who might not be familiar with it. A further part will report the recent development and the underlying economic reasons that drive this development. The main part will then deal with international aspects and give an overview of some legal and regulatory issues in five European legislations. Tax and accounting questions are, however, excluded. Concluding remarks follow.
The following descriptive overview of the German corporate governance system and the current debate is structured as follows. Part II will give some information on the empirical background. Part III will describe the formal legal setting as well as actual practices in some key areas. Part IV will then deal with some issues of the current debate.
Bekanntlich hat der Handel von Anteilen deutscher Gesellschaften an US-amerikanischen Börsen in der Vergangenheit bisher ein Schattendasein geführt. An den beiden US-Börsen mit den meisten Notierungen ausländischer Gesellschaften, der New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") und der American Stock Exchange ("AMEX") waren deutsche Aktiengesellschaften nicht vertreten. Im computergestützten Handelssystem National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations System ("NASDAQ") waren gerade einmal die "ADRs" einer einzigen Gesellschaft zum Handel zugelassen. Daneben wurden Ende 1992 noch im Freiverkehr ("OTC") die "ADRs" von 12 weiteren Gesellschaften gehandelt. Die Notierung der Daimler Benz AG an der NYSE seit dem 5. Oktober 1993 sowie die bislang eher verhaltene Reaktion hierauf geben Anlaß, sich mit den Voraussetzungen und daraus erwachsenden Konsequenzen des Ganges an eine US-Börse zu befassen (11. - VI.). Insbesondere sollen aus dem Bezugsrecht der Aktionäre bei zukünftigen Kapitalerhöhungen entstehende Probleme erörtert werden (VII.).
Frühgeschichte deutscher Filmtheorie : ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg
(2001)
Ziel der Arbeit ist die umfassende Darstellung und systematische Einordnung der Entwicklung der deutschsprachigen Filmtheorie bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Mit den Kinoreformern (Pädagogen und Juristen), der literarischen Intelligenz (Schriftsteller und Feuilletonjournalisten) und den Autoren der Kino-Fachpresse sind die drei wesentlichen Gruppierungen benannt, die sich in den Jahren ab 1907 an der heftigen und vor allem umfangreichen Debatte über das neue Massenmedium und künstlerische Mittel Film beteiligten. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die spezifisch filmtheoretische Seite der Vorkriegsdiskussionen, die filmästhetische Theorie, verstanden als Prozess der zunehmenden Bewusstwerdung der filmischen Gestaltungsmittel, der filmischen Formen, der "Filmsprache". Entwicklungsmodelle der Filmform in der filmgeschichtlichen Praxis bzw. der formästhetischen Theorie des Films geben der Arbeit ihren kategorialen und systematischen Rahmen.