Refine
Year of publication
- 2010 (842) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (353)
- Book (127)
- Doctoral Thesis (101)
- Part of Periodical (98)
- Working Paper (47)
- Part of a Book (39)
- Report (33)
- Conference Proceeding (19)
- Review (11)
- diplomthesis (3)
Language
- English (842) (remove)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (842) (remove)
Keywords
- Intonation <Linguistik> (9)
- distribution (9)
- Cape Verde Islands (8)
- Relativsatz (8)
- Phonologie (7)
- Prosodie (7)
- Tension (7)
- taxonomy (7)
- Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (6)
- Spannung (6)
Institute
- Medizin (117)
- Physik (60)
- Biochemie und Chemie (58)
- Biowissenschaften (55)
- Geowissenschaften (45)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (37)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (27)
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS) (23)
- E-Finance Lab e.V. (21)
- Extern (19)
Background: Clock genes and their protein products regulate circadian rhythms in mammals but have also been implicated in various physiological processes, including bone formation. Osteoblasts build new mineralized bone whereas osteoclasts degrade it thereby balancing bone formation. To evaluate the contribution of clock components in this process, we investigated mice mutant in clock genes for a bone volume phenotype. Methodology/Principal Findings: We found that Per2Brdm1 mutant mice as well as mice lacking Cry2-/- displayed significantly increased bone volume at 12 weeks of age, when bone turnover is high. Per2Brdm1 mutant mice showed alterations in parameters specific for osteoblasts whereas mice lacking Cry2-/- displayed changes in osteoclast specific parameters. Interestingly, inactivation of both Per2 and Cry2 genes leads to normal bone volume as observed in wild type animals. Importantly, osteoclast parameters affected due to the lack of Cry2, remained at the level seen in the Cry2-/- mutants despite the simultaneous inactivation of Per2. Conclusions/Significance: This indicates that Cry2 and Per2 affect distinct pathways in the regulation of bone volume with Cry2 influencing mostly the osteoclastic cellular component of bone and Per2 acting on osteoblast parameters.
For many services, consumers can choose among a range of optional tariffs that differ in their access and usage prices. Recent studies indicate that tariff-specific preferences may lead consumers to choose a tariff that does not minimize their expected billing rate. This study analyzes how tariff-specific preferences influence the responsiveness of consumers’ usage and tariff choice to changes in price. We show that consumer heterogeneity in tariff-specific preferences leads to heterogeneity in their sensitivity to price changes. Specifically, consumers with tariff-specific preferences are less sensitive to price increases of their preferred tariff than other consumers. Our results provide an additional reason why firms should offer multiple tariffs rather than a uniform nonlinear pricing plan to extract maximum consumer surplus.