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The formation and maintenance of a defined three-dimensional structure is a prerequisite for most proteins in order to fulfill their function in the native context. However, there are proteins, which are intrinsically unstructured and thus natively unfolded. In addition, the misfolding and aggregation of many proteins can lead to severe diseases. The investigation of non-native states of proteins significantly contributes to the understanding of protein folding and misfolding. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the only known technique that can provide information on structure and dynamics of non-native states of proteins at atomic resolution. Unfolded and non-native states of proteins have to be treated as ensembles of rapidly interconverting conformers and their observed properties are ensemble and time averaged. In this thesis, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and mutants thereof have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy. The reduction of its four disulfide bridges and the successive methylation of the cysteine residues renders HEWL permanently non-native (‘HEWL-SMe’). Alternatively, the exchange of the eight cysteines for alanines results in very similar states (‘all-Ala-HEWL’). Under these conditions, HEWL-SMe and all-Ala-HEWL do not resemble random coil conformations, but exhibit residual secondary and tertiary structure. The presence of hydrophobic clusters and long-range interactions around the proteins six tryptophan residues and the modulation of these properties by single-point mutants has been observed. For the NMR spectroscopic investigation, HEWL has been isotopically labelled in E. coli by expression into inclusion bodies. After purification, the 1HN, 15NH, 13Calpha, 13Cbeta, 13C’, 1Halpha and 1Hbeta resonances of HEWL-SMe and all-Ala-HEWL have been assigned almost completely using three-dimensional NMR experiments. The analysis of secondary chemical shifts revealed regions in the proteins sequence — particularly around the six tryptophan residues—with significantly populated alpha-helix like conformations. In order to further elucidate the influence of the tryptophan side chains, a set of two new pulse sequences has been developed that allowed for the successful assignment of the 13Cg, 15Ne and 1HNe resonances in these side chains. This knowledge was eventually exploited in the interpretation of two-dimensional 15N-1H photo-CIDNP spectra, which revealed a differential solvent accessibility of the tryptophan residues in all-Ala-HEWL but not in the single point mutant W62G-all-Ala-HEWL. In addition, heteronuclear R2 relaxation rates have been determined for the indole 15Ne nuclei of all-Ala-HEWL and W62G. While in the wild-type like all-Ala-HEWL, the rates are different among the six tryptophan residues, in W62G they are more uniform. Together with relaxation data from the amide backbone, these results indicate the significant destabilization of the hydrophobic clusters in the absence of W62. In contrast, in the W108G mutant the profile of the R2 relaxation rates was not found to be significantly altered. No evidence was found by R1rho relaxation rates and relaxation dispersion measurements for conformational exchange on slower (micro- to millisecond) timescales. Residual dipolar couplings have been determined for non-native HEWL in order to retrieve structural information of these states. The differences of the W62G and the wild-type like non-native HEWL is also picked up in NH-RDCs of these proteins aligned in polyacrylamide gels. Significant positive RDCs are observed in the regions of the hydrophobic clusters in all-Ala-HEWL, but to a much lesser degree in W62G. So far, all attempts to simulate RDCs from generated non-native ensembles failed even when including long-range contacts or specific phi/psi backbone angle propensities. However, the measured RDCs can be used to cross-validate structural ensembles of non-native HEWL generated by molecular dynamics simulations that are based on restraints from the other experimental data, such as the differential solvent accessibilities from the photo-CIDNP experiments and the data on the hydrophobic clustering gained from the combined mutational and relaxation studies. Finally, non-native HEWL has been investigated for the first time using two-dimensional NMR in organic solvents, which are able to induce secondary structures and ultimately lead to amyloid formation. Under these conditions severe line broadening was observed, which was attributed to exchange between different — mostly a-helical— conformations. In summary, in this thesis methods have been developed, optimized and successfully applied for the structural and dynamical characterization of non-native states of proteins and the effect of single-point mutants on the properties of such ensembles has been investigated. Data has been gained that can considerably contribute to the further elucidation of the nature of non-native states of HEWL by molecular dynamics simulations.
An application of EPR spectroscopy that is becoming increasingly important is the measurement of distances between electron spins. Several EPR methods have been developed for this purpose, all based on measuring the dipolar coupling between two spins. Due to the specific nature of the sample, we applied dipolar relaxation enhancement measurements to study the geometry of a protein-protein complex. The paramagnetic centers in question had EPR spectra that were too broad and had such short relaxation time that they could not be studied using the more straightforward PELDOR technique. EPR spectral resolution can be increased appreciably by measuring at a frequency higher than conventional X-band (9 GHz) frequency. The spectra of many paramagnetic species can only be resolved at frequencies higher than 90 GHz. For accurate measurement of the orientation of the vector between two dipolar coupled spins with respect to the g-tensors of the spins, high spectral resolution is required. We therefore performed our EPR measurements at G-band (180 GHz) frequency. Dipolar relaxation measurements were applied to study the complex that is formed by the two electron-transfer proteins cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) from the soil bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans. We were able to detect dipolar relaxation enhancement due to complex formation of soluble subunit II of P.d. CcO (CcOII) with two substrate cytochromes, which was practically absent in a mixture of CcOII with the negative control protein cytochrome c1. This complex formation was characterized by a pronounced temperature dependence that could be simulated using a home-written computer program. The G-band EPR measurements could not be simulated with a single complex geometry. This provided evidence for the hypothesis that electron-transfer protein complexes are short-lived and highly dynamic; they do not seem to form one specific electron-transfer conformation, but rather move around on each other’s binding surfaces and transfer an electron as soon as the distance between donor and acceptor is short enough. As a test of our simulation program, we also applied dipolar relaxation measurements to specially synthesized organic molecules that contained a nitroxide radical and a metal center. The transverse relaxation of Cu2+-OEP-TPA was compared to the relaxation of Ni2+-OEP-TPA at temperatures between 20 and 120 K. In this temperature range, the nitroxide relaxation was enhanced due to the presence of Cu2+, but not by Ni2+. Similarly, relaxation enhancement was found in the nitroxide-Mn2+ pair in Mn2+-terpyridine-TPA with respect to the terpyridine-TPA ligand. Due to the fast T2 relaxation of the nitroxide radical at high temperatures, the measurements were all performed in the low-temperature regime where the T1 relaxation rate of the metal ion was smaller than the dipolar coupling frequency. In this region, no structural information about the molecule can be deduced, since the dipolar relaxation enhancement is only determined by the T1 of the metal ion. The dipolar relaxation measurements we performed at high field indicated a difference in relaxation times between X-band and G-band frequencies. Extensive T1 - measurements of different paramagnetic centers (CuA, Cu2+) confirmed a strong dependence of T1 on magnetic field in the temperature range where the direct process is the dominating T1 relaxation process. This dependence is very strong (factor of 103 with respect to X-band), but does not follow the B04 dependence predicted in literature. The T1 relaxation of low-spin iron in cytochrome c at high magnetic field, estimated from dipolar relaxation data, is also in agreement with a larger contribution by the direct process (factor of 104). Dipolar relaxation enhancement was found to be a technique that is useful for measuring distances between paramagnetic centers, but only for systems where several important conditions are met, such as: the system exists in one certain static geometry, and the relaxation rate of the fast-relaxing spin is faster than the dipolar coupling frequency within the accessible temperature range. Additionally, it is a great advantage for the analysis of dipolar relaxation data if the procedure of dividing the relaxation trace of the dipolar-coupled slow-relaxing spin by the relaxation trace of the slow-relaxing spin in absence of dipolar coupling can be applied. Another useful application of dipolar relaxation enhancement measurements is the measurement of T1 relaxation of extremely fast-relaxing spins, or spins that are otherwise difficult to detect.
The retinoic acid related orphan receptor alpha (RORalpha) regulates the expression of various target genes by binding to specific response elements in their promoter region. RORalpha is an interesting pharmaceutical target since it positively affects several pathophysiological processes of clinical relevance. RORalpha enhances the expression of Apo-AI protein, the major constituent of HDL, which is responsible for the cholesterol transportation. RORalpha notably contributes to the bone mineralization and generation of the extracellular bone matrix, demonstrating its involvement in osteoporosis, and by up-regulating the gene for IKBalpha, RORalpha has anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, RORalpha is necessary for cerebellar development and the maintenance of the mammalian day-night periodicity governed by the core-clock within the suprachiasmatic nuclei. RORalpha receptors have been reported to bind cholesterol, melatonin, or to function ligand-independent. By monomeric binding to the recognition motif AGGTCA preceded by an A/T-rich sequence (ROR response element, RORE), RORalpha constitutively activates gene transcription. However, RORalpha activity is passively suppressed by its opponents RevErbalpha and RevErbbeta, which both bind to the same target sequence. ...
Two types of proteins transport ions across the membrane – ion channels and ion pumps. Ion pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradient by co-transporting another ion or a substrate molecule through a concentration gradient or by coupling this process to an energy source like ATP. Those that couple ATP hydrolysis to ion transport are called ion motive ATPases and can be classified as ‘V’, ‘F’ and ‘P’ types. In this thesis, two sub-classes of P-type ATPases, PIIIA and PIB were studied. Attempts were made to over-express and crystallize the plant proton pump AHA2 (a PIIIA-ATPase). Also, the two putative copper transporting ATPases, CtrA3 (CopB-like) and CtrA2 (CopA-like) from Aquifex aeolicus (both PIB pumps) were over-expressed in E. coli and characterized. PIIIA-type pumps transport protons across the membrane and are found exclusively in plants and fungi, and probably some archaea. One of the most characterized proton pump biochemically is the A. thaliana proton pump AHA2. An 8Å projection map of this enzyme is already available (Jahn 2001). PIBATPases, also called CPX type pumps transport heavy metal ions such as Cu+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+ across biological membranes and play an important role in homeostasis and biotolerance of these metals. CopA and CopB are two such proteins that transport copper across cell membrane found in many prokaryotes. CopB-like proteins are found almost exclusively in bacteria, with CPH sequence motif, while CopA-like proteins have CPC sequence motif, also found in eukaryotic copper transporters including human ATP7A and ATP7B. CopB extrudes Cu2+ across the membrane. CopA is activated by and transports Cu+ but the direction of transport is debated. Attempts were made to over-express the plant proton pump AHA2 in yeast Pichia pastoris. However, the yeast expressed only a truncated protein, which could not be used for further studies. It can be concluded that P. pastoris strain SMD1163 is not a good host for expression of AHA2. Focus was then shifted to AHA2 that has been over-expressed and purified from S. cerevisiae strain RS72. Growth and purification protocols had to be changed from published methods because of laboratory constraints and this probably had an effect on the protein produced. The protein purified from S. cerevisiae could not be crystallized reproducibly for structural studies by electron microscopy. CtrA3 was expressed in E. coli and purified using Ni2+-NTA matrix. Like CopB of A. fulgidus (Mana Capelli 2003), it was active only in the presence of Cu2+ and to some extent in Ag+. The protein was maximally active at 75°C, at pH 7 and in presence of cysteine. Lipids were essential for the activity of CtrA3. However, when the protein was purified in Cymal-6, CtrA3 could not hydrolyze ATP, even when lipids were added to the reaction mixture. For reconstitution of CtrA3 into liposomes for 2D crystallization, several lipids were tested. To screen the lipids compatible for protein incorporation, CtrA3 was dialyzed with different lipids at a high lipid-to-protein ratio of 10:1 and centrifuged by sucrose density gradient. Protein incorporated in lipids localized with liposome fraction in the gradient. Most of the CtrA3 was incorporated into DPPC with no aggregation. This lipid was used for reconstitution of CtrA3 at low LPRs, and at an LPR of 0.3-0.5, the protein formed 2D crystals. A NaCl concentration of 50mM was necessary for the formation of crystals. However, salt removal by dialysis prior to harvesting was essential for obtaining wellordered lattices of CtrA3. Addition of preservatives like trehalose and tannin or direct plunging in liquid ethane for cryo-microscopy destroyed the crystal lattice. Similar to CtrA3, the gene responsible for expression of CtrA2 was amplified from genomic DNA of A. aeolicus and expressed in E. coli and purified by Ni2+-NTA. Functional characterization of CtrA2 was done by analyzing ATP hydrolysis activity of the enzyme. Similar to CopA of A. fulgidus (Mandal 2002), CtrA2 was activated in the presence of Ag+ and to some extent, Cu+. It is possible that both the copper ATPases of A. aeolicus have different ion selectivity- CtrA3, specific for Cu2+ and CtrA2, specific for Cu+. Maximal activity of CtrA2 was also at 75°C. Cysteine was essential for activity of CtrA2, but the protein was not dependent on addition of lipids for activation. Reconstitution of CtrA2 was done similar to CtrA3 for screening of lipids for 2D crystallization. Of the lipids tested, DOPC reconstituted the protein best. However, screening at low LPRs did not yield any crystals. Even though both CtrA3 and CtrA2 are similar heavy metal transporting Ptype ATPases from the same organism and have 36% identity, they behaved completely different in their expression levels in E. coli, purification profiles, activity and reconstitution in lipids.
The ABC protein ABCE1, also called HP68 or RNase L inhibitor (RLI), is one of the most conserved proteins in evolution. It is universally expressed in eukaryotes and archaea, where ABCE1 is essential for life. ABCE1 plays a crucial role in translation initiation and ribosome biogenesis, however, the molecular mechanism of ABCE1 remains unclear. In addition to two ABC ATPase domains, ABCE1 contains a unique N-terminal region with eight conserved cysteines predicted to coordinate iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. To analyze the function of ABCE1, the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus solfataricus was chosen as a model system. S. solfataricus ABCE1 was overexpressed homologously in S. solfataricus and heterologously in E. coli. Noteworthy, for tagged-protein production in S. solfataricus a novel expression system based on a virus shuttle vector was established. This is the first example for a successful overexpression and purification of isolated full-length ABCE1. For the first time it was shown that ABCE1 indeed bears biochemical properties of an ABC protein even though it has unique features. Remarkably, the nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) of ABCE1 bound ATP and AMP, but were functionally non-equivalent in ATP hydrolysis. Mutations of conserved residues in the second NBD led to a hyperactive ATPase, which implies an intramolecular mechanism of dimer formation. Truncation of the Fe-S cluster domains did not influence ATPase activity. The Fe-S clusters of ABCE1 were analyzed by biophysical and biochemical methods. As presented in this study, ABCE1 harbors two essential diamagnetic [4Fe-4S]2+ clusters, one ferredoxin-like cluster formed by cysteines at position 4/5/6/7 and one unique ABCE1 cluster formed by cysteines at position 1/2/3/8. ABCE1 was found to be associated with RNA after purification from S. solfataricus and bound ribosomal RNA in vitro. In addition, ABCE1 showed homo-oligomerization and appeared to form a hexameric complex of ~440 kDa, which was RNase sensitive. Archaeal ABCE1 associated with ribosomes, however, the unique Fe-S clusters of ABCE1 were not required for this interaction. Although archaeal ABCE1 assembled with ribosomes and ribosomal RNA, ABCE1 proved not to be essential for translation in S. solfataricus and did not interact with archaeal initiation factors. Nevertheless, the ABCE1 gene is one of the few genes conserved between archaea and eukaryotes and fulfills a universal task, which needs further characterization.
In this thesis the three dimensional solution strucutre of the RbfA protein from Thermotoga maritima was solved using multidimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The RbfA protein binds to the helix I region of the 16S rRNA. To gain insights into the binding mode of RbfA to its target, a second RbfA construct from Helicobacter pylori was used. Comparison of the RbfA proteins with the published structure of RbfA from Escherichia coli, led to studies concerning the differences between proteins from thermophile and mesophile systems. In the second part of this thesis the native binding motive of the RbfA protein was identified. The RbfA protein binds to an alternate helix fold within the pre-sequence of the immature 16S rRNA.
Colorectal cancer is one of the most cause of cancer and death in Western societies. Recently, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs), which regulate transcription through modification of chromatin structure, received considerable interest on the ground of they ability to stop the growth and induce cell death in colon cancer tumours, representing a promising transcriptional cancer therapy. This kind of cancer initiates with an activating mutation in the Wnt cascade, allowing the nuclear import of ß-catenin binding to LEF/TCF. This induces the overexpression of growthpromoting oncogenes affecting the cell cycle arrest, lineage-specific cell differentiation and apoptosis processes. In addition, ß-catenin also participates in cell-cell adhesion via interactions with E-cadherin, which can be repressed by families of transcription factors Snail and ZEB. This, and gain of vimentin has been closely correlated with local invasion and metastasis since they avoid the induction of apoptosis through the loss of cell anchorage, a phenomenon called anoikis. In this process the inactivation of the kinases Src an FAK provoking disruption of focal adhesion complexes through is involved. LAQ824 is a HDAC inhibitor derivative of hydroxamic acid, which present antitumor effect in colon and other cancer cells. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of LAQ824 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility and tumour invasion in a colon carcinoma model based on the adenoma-carcinoma sequence descrying trough which pathways LAQ824 is able to cause these effects. Here I demonstrate for the first time that a HDAC inhibitor, LAQ824, induces detachmentinduced cell death of colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT-29, a phenomenon called anoikis, in a caspase-dependent and p53-independent manner. In this process the component of the Wnt signalling pathway ß-catenin is involved. Furthermore LAQ824 upregulates the adhesion molecule E-cadherin expression in these cell lines independently of its repressor Snail, but probably mediated by the repressor ZEB. In addition LAQ824-induced anoikis is caused by disruption of focal adhesion complexes through inhibition of the activity of the kinases FAK and Src inhibiting cell motility indicating a strong antimetastatic potential for LAQ824.
First milestone of this Ph.D. thesis was the successful extension of conventional NTA/His-tag technique to self-assembling, multivalent chelator thiols for high-affinity recognition as well as stable and uniform immobilization of His-tagged proteins on chip surfaces. Bis-NTA was linked via an oligoethylene glycol to alkyl thiols by an efficient modular synthesis strategy yielding a novel, multivalent compound for formation of mixed SAMs with anti-adsorptive matrix thiols on gold. Multivalent chelator chips allow a specific, high-affinity, reversible, long-term immobilization of His-tagged proteins. In AFM studies reversibility of the specific protein immobilization process was visualized at single molecule level. The entire control over the orientation of the immobilized protein promotes this chip surface to an optimal platform for studies focusing on research targets at single molecule level and nanobiotechnology. Based on the constructed protein chip platform above and a novel AFM mode (contact oscillation mode, COM) – developed during the current Ph.D. work – protein nanolithography under physiological conditions enabling fabrication of active biomolecular patterns in countless variety has been established. Reversible COM-mediated nanostructuring is exceptionally suitable for multiplexed patterning of protein assemblies in situ. The first selfassembled protein layer acts as a biocompatible and ductile patterning material. Immobilized proteins can be replaced by the AFM tip applying COM, and the generated structures can be erased and refilled with different proteins, which are immobilized in a uniform and functional manner. Multi-protein arrays can be systematically fabricated by iterative erase-and-write processes, and employed for protein-protein interaction analysis. Fabrication of two-dimensionally arranged nanocatalytic centres with biological activity will establish a versatile tool for nanobiotechnology. As an alternative chip fabrication approach, the combined application of methodologies from surface chemistry, semiconductor technology, and chemical biology demonstrated successfully how pre-patterned templates for micro- and nanoarrays for protein chips are fabricated. The surface physical, as well the biophysical experiments, proved the functionality of this technology. The promises of such process technology are fast and economic fabrication of ready-to-use nanostructured biochips at industrial scale. Membrane proteins are complicated in handling and hence require sophisticated solutions for chip technological application. A silicon-on-insulator (SOI) chip substrate with microcavities and nanopores was employed for first technological investigation to construct a protein chip suitable for membrane proteins. The formation of an artificial lipid bilayer using vesicle fusion on oxidized SOI cavity substrates was verified by CLSM. Future AFM experiments will give further insights into the chip architecture and topography. This will provide last evidence of the sealing of the cavity by the lipid bilayer. Transmembrane proteins will be employed for reconstitution experiments on this membrane protein chip platform. Highly integrated microdevices will find application in basic biomedical and pharmaceutical research, whereas robust and portable point-of-care devices will be used in clinical settings.
A detailed understanding of how potassium channels function is crucial e. g. for the development of drugs, which could lead to novel therapeutic concepts for diseases ranging from diabetes to cardiac abnormalities. An improved understanding of channel structure may allow researchers to design medication that can restore proper function of these channels. This is particularly important for KCNQ channels, since four out of five family members are involved in human inherited disease. In addition to structure and function relationships the determinants which govern assembly of KCNQ subunits are decisive to understand the physiological role of the KCNQ channel family members. Many details of KCNQ channel assembly remain incompletely understood. Previous work has shown that the subunit-specific heteromerisation between KCNQ subunits is determined by a ~115 amino acid-long subunit interaction domain (si) within the C-terminus (Schwake et al., 2003). Recently, Jenke et al. (2003) proposed that the C-terminal domains in eag and erg K+ channels act as sites which drive tetramerization. From their ability to form coiled coils, these domains were referred to as tetramerizing coiled-coil (TCC) sequences. Jenke et al. also pointed out that KCNQ channels contain bipartite TCC motifs within their C-termini, exactly within the si domain, which is responsible for the subunit-specific interaction pattern. The first part of this thesis was dedicated to determine the individual role of these TCC domains on homomeric and heteromeric channel formation in order to further characterize the molecular determinants of KCNQ channel assembly. In the second part of this thesis cystein-scanning mutagenesis was employed, followed by thiol-specific modification using MTS reagents to screen more than 20 residues in the S3-S4 linker region and in the S4 transmembrane domain of the KCNQ1 channel to gain information about residue accessibility, the functional effects of thiol-modifying reagents (MTSES), and effects of crosslinking selected pairs of Cys residues by Cd+ ions, which could be used for testing model predictions based upon known Kv channel structures from the literature. According to homology modelling based on the Kv1.2 structure it was attempted to determine the proximity of individual residues from different transmembrane segments using the metal bridge approach (crosslinking by Cd+ ions). This led us to derive structural constraints for interactions between the S4 voltage sensor and adjacent transmembrane segments of KCNQ1. Similar studies have previously been performed on the Shaker K+ channel, which has served as a paradigm for structure-function research of voltage-gated K+ channels for a long time, but little is known for KCNQ channels concerning their similarity to published K+ channel structures.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 (mGluR7) belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors. mGluR7 is widely distributed in the brain and primarily localized at presynaptic terminals, where it is thought to regulate neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. Studies have shown that the intracellular C-terminal tail of mGluR7 binds a variety of proteins in addition to trimeric G-proteins. These newly identified protein interactions are believed to play a key role in the synaptic targeting and G-protein dependent signaling of mGluR7. Protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1), a PDZ-domain protein, is a strong interaction partner of mGluR7a. In order to investigate the role of PICK1 in the synaptic trafficking and signaling of mGluR7a, a knock-in mouse line in which the interaction of mGluR7a and PICK1 is disrupted was generated. Analysis of the mutant mice by immunocytochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy showed that the synaptic targeting and clustering of mGluR7a was not altered, indicating that PICK1 is not required for mGluR7a receptor membrane trafficking and synaptic localization. However, when the spontaneous synaptic activity of cerebellar granule cell cultures prepared from both wild-type and knock-in mice was monitored, and L-AP4 (400μm) was found to decrease the frequency, but not the amplitude, of spontaneous excitatory currents in wild-type neurons, while no effect of L-AP4 on spontaneous synaptic activity was observed in knock-in neurons. This indicates that PICK1 binding to the C-terminal region of mGluR7a plays an essential role in mGluR7a mediated G-protein signaling. We examined the threshold sensitivity for the convulsant pentetrazole (PTZ) in knock-in mice. It was found that mGluR7a knock-in mice had a greater sensitivity to PTZ than wild-type mice. Moreover, the surface parietal cortex EEG recordings of the mutant mice revealed spontaneous synchronous oscillation, or "spike-and-wave discharges" (SWD), which displayed similar characteristics to absence-like seizures. It was also observed that the knock-in mice responded to pharmacology as human absence epilepsy. These data suggests that the knock-in mice displayed the phenotype of absencelike epilepsy. Furthermore, the behavioral analysis of the mGluR7a knock-in mice showed no deficits in motor coordination, pain sensation, anxiety as well as spatial learning and memory, thus the interaction of mGluR7a and PICK1 appears not to contribute to these physiological processes. Taken together, our data provides evidence for an important role of PICK1 in Gprotein dependent signaling of mGluR7a, whereas PICK1 is not required for synaptic targeting and clustering of mGluR7a. Our results also provide an animal model of absencelike epilepsy generated by disruption of a single mGluR7a-PDZ interaction, thus creating a novel therapeutic target against this neurological disease.