Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Part of Periodical (152) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (152)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (152)
Keywords
- Islam (2)
- Central Asia (1)
- Frau (1)
- Mahmud II (1)
- Nigeria (1)
- Ottomans reforms (1)
- Schleier (1)
- Soviet Islam (1)
- Soviet Ulama (1)
- Westernization (1)
Institute
- Institut für Wissenschaftliche Irenik (152) (remove)
Diakonie ist in der Zeit des hl. Franz in Assisi sowohl in ritueller als auch in materieller Hinsicht wohlorganisiert. Er selbst übt sich vor seiner Konversion in der einem frommen Katholiken üblichen Barmherzigkeit. In seinem Testament heißt es: "Der Herr selbst hat mich unter jene [nl. die Leprosen] geführt, und ich erwies ihnen Barmherzigkeit" (Et ipse Dominus conduxit me inter illos [sc. leprosos] et feci misericordiam cum illis). Mit dem technischen Begriff "Barmherzigkeit erweisen" (misericordiam facere) meint Franz die gewöhnliche katholische Diakonie - die materielle Hilfe von Almosenunabhängigen an Almosenabhängige. Die ästhetische Konversion, die Franz im Leprosorium von Assisi erlebt, läßt ihn jedoch eine ganz andere Dimension der Diakonie erfahren. Der reiche Tuchhändlerssohn verliert allmählich das Grenzmaß normaler Diakonie, nämlich den Erhalt selbst- oder rechtsgesicherter Existenz, und beginnt stattdessen deren Gegenteil, die völlige materielle Abhängigkeit von anderen, als vollkommene Weise menschlicher Existenz zu feiern. Diakonie wird nunmehr zum alleinigen und unumschränkten Prinzip Franzens irdischen Daseins. ...
I would like to begin my presentation with the quotation of the first sentence of Shafii’s Trea-tise er-Risala, the first work which has been reached us until now, concerning foundation of Islamic jurisprudence. “Praise be to God gratitude for one of His favors can only be paid through another favor of him. And this favor generates favor to be bestowed, wherefore, one should feel obliged continuously to pay gratitude to God for each favor.” It is possible to conceive that Mercy (al-Rahma), the common expression of all favors granted by the Almighty Creature of human beings, has two salient characteristics: one is vertical that is with regard to the Creator and creatures, and the other is horizontal that is concerning hu-man relations among themselves as well as with other creatures. When the concept of Mercy is evaluated in perspective of God-human being relations in the existing world, it indicates that God’s favors, without discrimination, are granted to all human beings. ...
Zunächst hielt der als „Reichserztambour“ verspottete hessen-darmstädtische Soldaten-Landgraf Ludwig IX. die Französische Revolution offenbar für eine Nebensache! Der Erstbesteiger der „Bastille“ in Paris sei ein Gardekorporal aus Rufach im Elsaß gewesen: Dieser erste Hinweis auf den „Sturm auf die Bastille“ am 14.07.1789 im Tagebuch des Landgrafen am 16.07.1789 steht dort zwischen den Routine-Einträgen über die täglich komponierten Militärmärsche („4 Märsche gemacht, damit 91.197 überhaupt“) und über Gichtanfälle der landgräflichen Mätresse „Madame de Bickenbach“. Allerdings ist schon am 23.07.1789 an gleicher Stelle eine Prophetie des durchreisenden Marquis de Montasqui zu lesen, demzufolge „die große Rebellion in Frankreich... würde viele Köpfe kosten“. In einem Brief an Christoph Martin Wieland in Weimar schreibt Kriegsrat Johann Heinrich Merck im Februar 1791 aus Paris: „Eine ganze Nation, die nach Besserung der Sitten dürstet“, „die Mörgenröte einer besseren Erziehung, ... und in allem diesem das große Beispiel für Europa, was der Mensch und die Menschen cumulatim vermögen“. In seiner „Kampagne in Frankreich 1792“ schreibt Jo-hann Wolfgang Goethe am 19.09.1792 nachts unter dem Eindruck der „Kanonade von Valmy“: „Von hier und heute geht eine neue Epoche der Weltgeschichte aus, und ihr könnt sagen, ihr seid dabei gewesen.“ ...
Aus der bedingungslosen Mutterliebe Allahs gegenüber seinen Geschöpfen resultiert die bedingungslose Mutterliebe der Menschen gegenüber dem Nächsten, insb. dem Bedürftigen. Diese folgt als logische Notwendigkeit aus dem Glauben an Allahs unbedingte Gnade. Diakonie ist daher nach der Gnadenbotschaft Mohammeds kein sündentilgendes Werk, sondern ein Handeln aus dem Glauben an Allahs Werk, seiner freien Sündenvergebung. So wie Allah seine Sündenvergebung nicht an das Werk des Menschen bindet, so bindet der glaubende Mensch sein Werk der Barmherzigkeit nicht an das vergeltende Handeln des Bedürftigen. Er schenkt, weil er beschenkt worden ist. Diakonie wie Nächstenliebe allgemein wird somit zum Spiel, einer Handlung, die sich in sich selbst erschöpft und sich an sich selbst erfreut. Denn Allahs Handeln, seine jede Gerechtigkeit mit Füßen tretende Gnade, ist nichts als ein Gottesspiel. Indem die Menschen auf Allahs Spiel der Sündenvergebung vertrauen, werden sie zu Mitspie-lern Gottes.
As for the relation between Islam and pluralism, it seems a little bit complicated. There are some verses in The Koran for pluralism and at the same time we have some verses against. Among the sayings of Prophet Muhammad like the some Koranic verses, we came across with something good and bad for non-Muslims in special contexts. By another saying, we find both positive and negative statements for Jews and Christians in different circumstances. Muslim scholars the complexity still exists. We find both positive and negative stances. So it is difficult to see a standard or official view on this issue. However, we should point out that Islam recognizes all the sacred (Semitic) books and their messages. It accepts all prophets of that traditions. It defines itself as the last and perfect religion of Semitic tradition and states that no other religion will be accepted from anybody else other then itself. It criticizes both the Jews and Christians especially about their failure to uphold the Oneness of God, tawhid, and to preserve the authenticity of their scripture from interventions. This exclusivist aspect of Islam as many conservative scholars formed with putting together some evidences from the Koran is generally accepted by Muslims.
Religious Anthropology studies the origins, evolution and functions of religions. The discipline researching religious beliefs and rituals comparatively with cross-cultural perspectives tries to enlighten the belief world of the mankind. Religion, as a term, can be defined as "believing as well as worshipping to the supernatural powers and/or beings by the individual who are emotionally or consciously devoted to them" (Örnek 1988: 127). There have been a number of theories so far which try to bring an explanation to the origins and the evolution of religion. In these theories, Fetishism, cults of nature, animism, Totemism, dynamism, Manism, magic, polytheism, monotheism as well as certain physiological phenomena have been particularized as evolutionary stages and forms of belief (Evans-Pritchard 1998: 124). All of these theories have the perspective of so called "progressive" and / or "unilinear" that maintain a religion which has reached ongoing stages and that communities which have developed from primitiveness to civilization. They argue that there has only been one single line of progress, and all of the communities are bound to go through the same evolutionary stages.
Untouchability and inter-caste relations in rural India : the case of southern Tamil villages
(2004)
Justice and equality are the two subjects often talked about by most of the nationalists and leaders of various political and ideological streams across the world including India. India was at the fore-front in condemning racial discrimination particularly apartheid and also the influence of super powers) on the internal affairs of independent nations. Her commitment to secure its citizens' freedom, justice, equality and fraternity is reflected in the very preamble of the Indian Constitution. Towards achieving these challenging goals, special provisions have also been made in the Constitution to protect and promote the interests of the most oppressed section of Indian society - traditionally known as Untouchables and Constitutionally as the Scheduled Castes. These provisions are expected to alter the given unjust distribution of power (political and economic) and status (social) among different sections of people and thereby transform India into an egalitarian society. Given India's unequivocal commitment to secure its citizens these noble ideals - particularly the most exploited and pilloried section of India -, we shall attempt here to understand Indian villages, which host over 80 per cent of the Indian population, from the point of view of whether or not these villages patronise the institution of caste which is in contravention of these ideals or whether there are these little republics ideal for realising the said goals and thus to be preserved as they are as claimed by many social reformers including Mahatma Gandhi. In the process, we shall also address the question of how caste has remained unchanged, how it controls social interaction between higher and lower caste groups and accordingly perpetuates unequal control over power and status. And most importantly we shall also understand whether all the Scheduled Castes (lower castes) treat their members as equals or there is hierarchy, discrimination and practice of untouchability even among them.
Dialogue has become a fashionable word in the theological circles for quite some time now. However, there is a need to review what has been achieved so far. If it is significant, we should then review how much religious tension has been reduced so far. If it is not much, why has there been no progress. In this note I will deal with the issues relating to Hindu-Christian dialogue. I am using Christianity only as a reference point, and the issues raised do have a wider context as well. As far as Hindu-Christian dialogue is concerned, I am of the opinion that there has been hardly any progress all these years. Many academics and theologians have been involved in the exercise so far. The whole literature, over a long period of time, seems to follow a familiar pattern – a discussion on the theory of the dialogue, what should be included in a dialogue, who should and should not be involved in a dialogue, and ends with a lament that there is so very little progress. The problem, according to me, is that the dialogue does not even consider a need to discuss what is the basic difference between Hinduism and Christianity, and an inquiry into whether these come in the way of communal harmony. A dialogue is really not necessary if we are to discuss only what is similar between the two systems. ...
The Dalai Lama, in exile since 1959 in Hindu majority India, has continuously been taking a firm stand on giving importance to an inter-religious dialogue and interaction. He has made it absolutely clear that Buddhism represents just one of the many religious ways open for mankind. Nonetheless, he has always referred to the bond shared between Buddhism and Hinduism as a very special one and has experienced it as a religious tie. Both these religious streams belong to what is known as Bharatiya or Indo-genous Dharma. The Dalai Lama does not restrict his care for nurturing this common bond to a mere academic talk. In fact he has been taking active part in promoting this kind of inter-religious dialogue and has been showing a fiery political commitment as well. He thus took active part in the second World Hindu Congress organized by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad held in Prayag-Allahabad in the year 1979. According to official reports, the organizers in their welcome speech for the Dalai Lama were frank enough to admit that 2500 years ago, the Kashi Pandits (Kashi also known as Varanasi) had stopped Siddharta Gautama Buddha from entering the Vishwanath temple. It was also mentioned that for all these years, there has never been any letup in the conflict between Sanatani Hindus and Bauddhas, despite the fact that later on Shakya Muni was rewarded the status of avatara by Hindus. The fact that these very Kashi Pandits had invite one of the highest religious authorities of Buddhism - the Dalai Lama- to this congress should be seen as "a positive step towards reconciliation." The Dalai Lama was thus pleasantly surprised to see that the highest rung of the religious body of Hindus publicly acknowledged the divine status of Siddharta Gautama Buddha and recognized the presence of the Dalai Lama as a valuable contribution towards the reconciliation between the two religious streams. ...
Die Heilige Schrift der Gemeinde der Sikh ist Adi Sri Guru Grantha Sahibaji oder „der am Anfang stehende Guru in Gestalt des Buches". Guru Govind Singh (1675-1708) setzte kurz vor seinem Tod eine erweiterte Fassung des Adi Grantha als seinen Nachfolger im Guruamt ein. Der Adi Grantha ist ein poetisches Werk, das keinerlei Prosa enthält. Autoren der verschiedenen Teile der Schrift gehörten nur zum Teil der Sikh-Gemeinde an: Guru Nanak, der Gründer der Religion der Sikh, sowie seine Nachfolger Angad, Amar Das, Ram Das, Arun, Teg Bahadur und Govind Singh. Aus anderen Religionen stammen die sogenannten Bhagats (Fromme) wie der islamische Sufi Kabir, ein Weber von Beruf, oder der hochberühmte Krishnadichter Sur Das. Schließlich zählen noch einige Bhatts oder Barden wie Haribans oder Ganga zu den Mitverfassern. Zu dieser multireligösen Verfasserschaft tritt als weitere Besonderheit dieser Heiligen Schrift ihre Vielsprachigkeit. Der Urtext des Adi Grantha ist in seinen verschiedenen Teilen in unterschiedlichen Sprachen und Dialekten abgefaßt (Hindi Sanskrit, Marathi, Persisch, Arabisch usw.). Zwar waren Guru Nanak und seine Nachfolger Panjabi; dennoch sprachen sie ein Idiom, das nach E. Trumpp eine Mischung aus Hindi und Panjabi war. Guru Govind Singh jedoch schrieb in reinem Hindi. Das Alphabet des Adi Grantha ist das Gurmukhi, eine Schrift, die Guru Nanak für die Abfassung seines Schriftteils entwickelt haben soll. Der Adi Grantha setzt sich aus liturgischen Gebrauchstexten, aus Psalmen und Preisgesängen zusammen.