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The aim of this paper is the exploration of an optimality theoretic architecture for syntax that is guided by the concept of "correspondence": syntax is understood as the mechanism of "translating" underlying representations into a surface form. In minimalism, this surface form is called "Phonological Form" (PF). Both semantic and abstract syntactic information are reflected by the surface form. The empirical domain where this architecture is tested are minimal link effects, especially in the case of "wh"-movement. The OT constraints require the surface form to reflect the underlying semantic and syntactic representations as maximally as possible. The means by which underlying relations and properties are encoded are precedence, adjacency, surface morphology and prosodic structure. Information that is not encoded in one of these ways remains unexpressed, and gets lost unless it is recoverable via the context. Different kinds of information are often expressed by the same means. The resulting conflicts are resolved by the relative ranking of the relevant correspondence constraints.
The argument that I tried to elaborate on in this paper is that the conceptual problem behind the traditional competence/performance distinction does not go away, even if we abandon its original Chomskyan formulation. It returns as the question about the relation between the model of the grammar and the results of empirical investigations – the question of empirical verification The theoretical concept of markedness is argued to be an ideal correlate of gradience. Optimality Theory, being based on markedness, is a promising framework for the task of bridging the gap between model and empirical world. However, this task not only requires a model of grammar, but also a theory of the methods that are chosen in empirical investigations and how their results are interpreted, and a theory of how to derive predictions for these particular empirical investigations from the model. Stochastic Optimality Theory is one possible formulation of a proposal that derives empirical predictions from an OT model. However, I hope to have shown that it is not enough to take frequency distributions and relative acceptabilities at face value, and simply construe some Stochastic OT model that fits the facts. These facts first of all need to be interpreted, and those factors that the grammar has to account for must be sorted out from those about which grammar should have nothing to say. This task, to my mind, is more complicated than the picture that a simplistic application of (not only) Stochastic OT might draw.
Liebesbriefe von Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen : eine Textsorte im lebenszeitlichen Wandel
(2003)
Das Alter als soziolinguistische und – mit Bezug auf die Historizität des sozialen Alltags – als sozialhistorische Grösse ist in seiner Wirkung auf die Gestaltung des Liebesbriefs wenig offensichtlich. Unbestritten dürfte aber wohl sein, dass nicht alterslose Menschen einander Liebesbriefe schreiben. Und – Alter prägt, wie dies die hier vorliegende empirische Analyse zeigen wird, die Textsorte Liebesbrief vielleicht stärker als gemeinhin angenommen. Bereits die Briefstellerliteratur der Jahrhundertwende zeigt deutlich eine Altersspezifik der Sprache des Liebesbriefs. ...
The definition of similarity between sentences is formulated on the levels of words, POS tags, and chunks (Abney 91; Abney 96). The evaluation of this approach shows that while precision and recall based on the PARSEVAL measures (Black et al. 91) do not reach state of the art Parsers yet (F1=87.19 on syntactic constituents, F1=77.78 including functionargument structure), the parser shows a very reliable performance where function-argument structure is concerned (F1=96.52). The lower F-scores are very often due to unattached constituents.
This paper addresses the problem ofconstraints for relative quantifier sope, in partiular in inverse linking readings wherecertain scope orders are exluded. We show how to account for such restrictions in the Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) framework by adopting a notion offlexible composition. In the semantics we use for TAG we introduce quantifier sets that group quantifiers that are "glued" together in the sense that no other quantifieran scopally intervene between them. Theflexible composition approach allows us to obtain the desired quantifier sets and thereby the desiredconstraints for quantifier sope.
This paper argues for a particular architecture of OT syntax. This architecture hasthree core features: i) it is bidirectional, the usual production-oriented optimisation (called ‘first optimisation’ here) is accompanied by a second step that checks the recoverability of an underlying form; ii) this underlying form already contains a full-fledged syntactic specification; iii) especially the procedure checking for recoverability makes crucial use of semantic and pragmatic factors. The first section motivates the basic architecture. The second section shows with two examples, how contextual factors are integrated. The third section examines its implications for learning theory, and the fourth section concludes with a broader discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed model.
Quantitative evaluation of parsers has traditionally centered around the PARSEVAL measures of crossing brackets, (labeled) precision, and (labeled) recall. However, it is well known that these measures do not give an accurate picture of the quality of the parsers output. Furthermore, we will show that they are especially unsuited for partial parsers. In recent years, research has concentrated on dependencybased evaluation measures. We will show in this paper that such a dependency-based evaluation scheme is particularly suitable for partial parsers. TüBa-D, the treebank used here for evaluation, contains all the necessary dependency information so that the conversion of trees into a dependency structure does not have to rely on heuristics. Therefore, the dependency representations are not only reliable, they are also linguistically motivated and can be used for linguistic purposes.
This paper provides an overview of current research on a hybrid and robust parsing architecture for the morphological, syntactic and semantic annotation of German text corpora. The novel contribution of this research lies not in the individual parsing modules, each of which relies on state-of-the-art algorithms and techniques. Rather what is new about the present approach is the combination of these modules into a single architecture. This combination provides a means to significantly optimize the performance of each component, resulting in an increased accuracy of annotation.
Der Liebesbrief des 20. Jahrhunderts ist Ausdruck einer konkreten lebensweltlichen und historisch zu verortenden Praxis der Liebeskommunikation. Liebesbriefe sind Brautbriefe, Liebesbekenntnisse, Berichte aus dem Alltag, Soldatenbriefe, Vereinbarungen von Treffen, E-Mail-Korrespondenzen, Flirtbriefe und Zettelchen – es gibt eine reiche Palette an Funktionen und Typen. Im Hinblick auf eine Geschichte des Liebesbriefs im 20. Jahrhunderts zeigte sich, dass im Liebesbrief neben der Liebeserklärung auch „Beziehungsarbeit“ und besonders aber die Konstruktion von Intimität eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Die Kritik an der Sprache der Liebe und des Liebesbriefs (des 19. Jahrhunderts) kann bereits in den 1920er Jahren beobachtet werden. Zu einem Codewechsel kommt es in Briefen der 1960er Jahre. Die Schriftlichkeit des Liebesbriefs entfernt sich allmählich von einer ausschließlichen Schreibschriftlichkeit. Der Liebesbrief wird mehr und mehr zu einem Sprache-Bild-Text. Die neuen Medien der Liebesschriftlichkeit zeigen eine Mediatisierung auch im Bereich des Liebesdiskurses: neben neuen Liebesbrieftypen, wie dem Flirtbrief, bilden sich neue Liebesbeziehungstypen heraus. Darüber hinaus fungieren die neuen Medien immer schon selbstreflexiv als Metakommunikatoren der Modernität.
Chunk parsing has focused on the recognition of partial constituent structures at the level of individual chunks. Little attention has been paid to the question of how such partial analyses can be combined into larger structures for complete utterances. Such larger structures are not only desirable for a deeper syntactic analysis. They also constitute a necessary prerequisite for assigning function-argument structure. The present paper offers a similaritybased algorithm for assigning functional labels such as subject, object, head, complement, etc. to complete syntactic structures on the basis of prechunked input. The evaluation of the algorithm has concentrated on measuring the quality of functional labels. It was performed on a German and an English treebank using two different annotation schemes at the level of function argument structure. The results of 89.73% correct functional labels for German and 90.40%for English validate the general approach.