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Two methods for the fast, fragment-based combinatorial molecule assembly were developed. The software COLIBREE® (Combinatorial Library Breeding) generates candidate structures from scratch, based on stochastic optimization [1]. Result structures of a COLIBREE design run are based on a fixed scaffold and variable linkers and side-chains. Linkers representing virtual chemical reactions and side-chain building blocks obtained from pseudo-retrosynthetic dissection of large compound databases are exchanged during optimization. The process of molecule design employs a discrete version of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [2]. Assembled compounds are scored according to their similarity to known reference ligands. Distance to reference molecules is computed in the space of the topological pharmacophore descriptor CATS [3]. In a case study, the approach was applied to the de novo design of potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR gamma) selective agonists. In a second approach, we developed the formal grammar Reaction-MQL [4] for the in silico representation and application of chemical reactions. Chemical transformation schemes are defined by functional groups participating in known organic reactions. The substructures are specified by the linear Molecular Query Language (MQL) [5]. The developed software package contains a parser for Reaction-MQL-expressions and enables users to design, test and virtually apply chemical reactions. The program has already been used to create combinatorial libraries for virtual screening studies. It was also applied in fragmentation studies with different sets of retrosynthetic reactions and various compound libraries.
Die Komplementarität der molekularen Oberflächen und der Pharmakophorpunkte ist ein verbreiteter Konzept im rechnergestützen Moleküldesign. Diesem Konzept folgend wurde die Software SQUIRREL neu entwickelt und in der Programmiersprache Java implemetiert. Die Software generiert die Vorschläge für den bioisosteren Ersatz von Molekülen und Molekülfragmenten. SQUIRREL kombiniert Oberflächen- und Pharmakophoreigenschaften bioaktiver Substanzen und kann im virtuellen Screening und fragment-basierten de novo Design eingesetzt werden. In einer prospektiven Studie wurde SQUIRREL verwendet, um neue selektive PPARalpha-Agonisten aus einer kommerziellen Moleküldatenbank zu identifizieren. Die Software lieferte eine potente Substanz (EC50 = 44 nM) mit über 100facher Selektivität gegenüber PPARgamma. In einer zweiten Studie wurde eine Leitstruktur de novo generiert und synthetisiert. Als Ausgangstruktur diente der bekannte PPARalpha-Agonist GW590735. Während des Designvorgangs wurden zwei Teilstrukturen, die für die Aktivität von GW590735 verantwortlich sind, durch bioisostere Gruppen ersetzt, die von SQUIRRELnovo vorgeschlagen wurden. Die neue Leitstruktur aktiviert PPARalpha in einem zellbasierten Reportergen-Testsystem bei einem EC50 von 0.51 µM.
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 antagonists (CysLT1RA) are frequently used as add-on medication for the treatment of asthma. Recently, these compounds have shown protective effects in cardiovascular diseases. This prompted us to investigate their influence on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) activities, two targets known to play an important role in CVD and the metabolic syndrome. Montelukast, pranlukast and zafirlukast inhibited human sEH with IC50 values of 1.9, 14.1, and 0.8 μM, respectively. In contrast, only montelukast and zafirlukast activated PPARγ in the reporter gene assay with EC50 values of 1.17 μM (21.9% max. activation) and 2.49 μM (148% max. activation), respectively. PPARα and δ were not affected by any of the compounds. The activation of PPARγ was further investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Analysis of lipid accumulation, mRNA and protein expression of target genes as well as PPARγ phosphorylation revealed that montelukast was not able to induce adipocyte differentiation. In contrast, zafirlukast triggered moderate lipid accumulation compared to rosiglitazone and upregulated PPARγ target genes. In addition, we found that montelukast and zafirlukast display antagonistic activities concerning recruitment of the PPARγ cofactor CBP upon ligand binding suggesting that both compounds act as PPARγ modulators. In addition, zafirlukast impaired the TNFα triggered phosphorylation of PPARγ2 on serine 273. Thus, zafirlukast is a novel dual sEH/PPARγ modulator representing an excellent starting point for the further development of this compound class.