Refine
Year of publication
- 2021 (3615)
- 2020 (3383)
- 2019 (3283)
- 2018 (3219)
- 2017 (3191)
- 2010 (2871)
- 2014 (2769)
- 2013 (2756)
- 2016 (2696)
- 2015 (2691)
- 2012 (2655)
- 2022 (2557)
- 2008 (2513)
- 2009 (2435)
- 2011 (2391)
- 2006 (2000)
- 2007 (1959)
- 2023 (1864)
- 2005 (1839)
- 2004 (1721)
- 2003 (1432)
- 2002 (1307)
- 2001 (1186)
- 2000 (947)
- 1999 (744)
- 1914 (695)
- 1998 (664)
- 1997 (558)
- 1996 (489)
- 1995 (483)
- 1994 (419)
- 1993 (411)
- 2024 (380)
- 1913 (366)
- 1992 (326)
- 1991 (285)
- 1911 (271)
- 1990 (259)
- 1909 (250)
- 1910 (249)
- 1908 (246)
- 1988 (235)
- 1912 (234)
- 1907 (226)
- 1989 (219)
- 1919 (212)
- 1915 (209)
- 1905 (196)
- 1906 (192)
- 1987 (192)
- 1904 (186)
- 1986 (183)
- 1903 (179)
- 1902 (173)
- 1985 (173)
- 1983 (161)
- 1916 (154)
- 1984 (154)
- 1900 (143)
- 1982 (135)
- 1981 (132)
- 1901 (121)
- 1924 (120)
- 1976 (105)
- 1899 (100)
- 1920 (98)
- 1926 (93)
- 1921 (86)
- 1974 (86)
- 1978 (86)
- 1925 (85)
- 1927 (85)
- 1972 (84)
- 1928 (83)
- 1977 (82)
- 1980 (81)
- 1930 (79)
- 1922 (76)
- 1975 (76)
- 1898 (75)
- 1923 (72)
- 1918 (71)
- 1931 (71)
- 1969 (71)
- 1895 (68)
- 1968 (68)
- 1929 (65)
- 1971 (65)
- 1979 (65)
- 1970 (64)
- 1935 (63)
- 1932 (62)
- 1973 (62)
- 1896 (61)
- 1933 (60)
- 1885 (59)
- 1917 (59)
- 1897 (58)
- 1881 (57)
- 1893 (56)
- 1966 (56)
- 1967 (54)
- 1890 (53)
- 1889 (52)
- 1850 (51)
- 1867 (51)
- 1934 (50)
- 1894 (49)
- 1965 (47)
- 1938 (46)
- 1957 (46)
- 1836 (45)
- 1937 (45)
- 1880 (44)
- 1964 (44)
- 1892 (43)
- 1962 (43)
- 1870 (42)
- 1887 (42)
- 1956 (42)
- 1963 (42)
- 1891 (40)
- 1936 (39)
- 1940 (39)
- 1960 (39)
- 1843 (38)
- 1883 (38)
- 1845 (37)
- 1884 (36)
- 1830 (35)
- 1840 (35)
- 1861 (35)
- 1869 (35)
- 1875 (34)
- 1939 (34)
- 1857 (33)
- 1855 (32)
- 1862 (32)
- 1886 (32)
- 1844 (31)
- 1863 (31)
- 1947 (31)
- 1854 (30)
- 1858 (30)
- 1882 (30)
- 1959 (30)
- 1961 (30)
- 1820 (29)
- 1848 (29)
- 1859 (29)
- 1877 (29)
- 1941 (29)
- 1953 (29)
- 1835 (28)
- 1853 (28)
- 1866 (28)
- 1888 (28)
- 1954 (28)
- 1833 (27)
- 1838 (27)
- 1856 (27)
- 1871 (27)
- 1952 (27)
- 1958 (27)
- 1846 (26)
- 1865 (26)
- 1834 (25)
- 1868 (25)
- 1876 (25)
- 1860 (24)
- 1864 (24)
- 1872 (24)
- 1873 (24)
- 1817 (23)
- 1849 (23)
- 1942 (23)
- 1955 (23)
- 1825 (22)
- 1879 (22)
- 1600 (21)
- 1819 (21)
- 1842 (21)
- 1847 (21)
- 1874 (21)
- 1878 (20)
- 1948 (20)
- 1832 (19)
- 1852 (19)
- 1807 (16)
- 1818 (16)
- 1829 (16)
- 1831 (16)
- 1841 (16)
- 1949 (16)
- 1805 (15)
- 1823 (15)
- 1790 (14)
- 1804 (14)
- 1806 (14)
- 1816 (14)
- 1837 (14)
- 1839 (14)
- 1946 (14)
- 1950 (14)
- 1951 (14)
- 1808 (13)
- 1815 (13)
- 1822 (13)
- 1803 (12)
- 1826 (12)
- 1828 (12)
- 1851 (12)
- 1943 (12)
- 1795 (11)
- 1802 (11)
- 1800 (10)
- 1801 (10)
- 1809 (10)
- 1821 (10)
- 1824 (10)
- 1719 (9)
- 1750 (9)
- 1784 (9)
- 1798 (9)
- 1812 (9)
- 1813 (9)
- 1827 (9)
- 1780 (8)
- 1783 (8)
- 1787 (8)
- 1791 (8)
- 1810 (8)
- 1814 (8)
- 1550 (7)
- 1644 (7)
- 1743 (7)
- 1760 (7)
- 1763 (7)
- 1777 (7)
- 1797 (7)
- 1799 (7)
- 1778 (6)
- 1781 (6)
- 1782 (6)
- 1789 (6)
- 1590 (5)
- 1615 (5)
- 1618 (5)
- 1620 (5)
- 1766 (5)
- 1770 (5)
- 1772 (5)
- 1775 (5)
- 1786 (5)
- 1788 (5)
- 1792 (5)
- 1794 (5)
- 1796 (5)
- 1944 (5)
- 1945 (5)
- 1545 (4)
- 1554 (4)
- 1560 (4)
- 1585 (4)
- 1675 (4)
- 1700 (4)
- 1724 (4)
- 1752 (4)
- 1762 (4)
- 1769 (4)
- 1771 (4)
- 1785 (4)
- 1793 (4)
- 1811 (4)
- 1531 (3)
- 1568 (3)
- 1611 (3)
- 1616 (3)
- 1672 (3)
- 1716 (3)
- 1722 (3)
- 1728 (3)
- 1737 (3)
- 1740 (3)
- 1749 (3)
- 1753 (3)
- 1758 (3)
- 1761 (3)
- 1768 (3)
- 1773 (3)
- 1776 (3)
- 1779 (3)
- 1537 (2)
- 1546 (2)
- 1552 (2)
- 1566 (2)
- 1598 (2)
- 1601 (2)
- 1608 (2)
- 1617 (2)
- 1629 (2)
- 1633 (2)
- 1640 (2)
- 1643 (2)
- 1646 (2)
- 1662 (2)
- 1671 (2)
- 1690 (2)
- 1705 (2)
- 1718 (2)
- 1723 (2)
- 1725 (2)
- 1732 (2)
- 1734 (2)
- 1741 (2)
- 1742 (2)
- 1745 (2)
- 1748 (2)
- 1751 (2)
- 1767 (2)
- 1774 (2)
- 0222 (1)
- 1488 (1)
- 1492 (1)
- 1512 (1)
- 1515 (1)
- 1518 (1)
- 1520 (1)
- 1524 (1)
- 1535 (1)
- 1538 (1)
- 1543 (1)
- 1553 (1)
- 1555 (1)
- 1561 (1)
- 1565 (1)
- 1576 (1)
- 1580 (1)
- 1582 (1)
- 1583 (1)
- 1587 (1)
- 1588 (1)
- 1589 (1)
- 1592 (1)
- 1595 (1)
- 1597 (1)
- 1604 (1)
- 1605 (1)
- 1607 (1)
- 1609 (1)
- 1610 (1)
- 1613 (1)
- 1614 (1)
- 1619 (1)
- 1621 (1)
- 1625 (1)
- 1627 (1)
- 1636 (1)
- 1639 (1)
- 1647 (1)
- 1650 (1)
- 1652 (1)
- 1654 (1)
- 1657 (1)
- 1658 (1)
- 1660 (1)
- 1663 (1)
- 1669 (1)
- 1670 (1)
- 1673 (1)
- 1674 (1)
- 1678 (1)
- 1679 (1)
- 1681 (1)
- 1682 (1)
- 1683 (1)
- 1687 (1)
- 1689 (1)
- 1692 (1)
- 1696 (1)
- 1703 (1)
- 1706 (1)
- 1708 (1)
- 1709 (1)
- 1712 (1)
- 1717 (1)
- 1720 (1)
- 1721 (1)
- 1726 (1)
- 1730 (1)
- 1735 (1)
- 1736 (1)
- 1738 (1)
- 1739 (1)
- 1744 (1)
- 1747 (1)
- 1755 (1)
- 1756 (1)
- 1757 (1)
- 1764 (1)
- 1765 (1)
Document Type
- Article (30528)
- Part of Periodical (11872)
- Book (8242)
- Doctoral Thesis (5604)
- Part of a Book (3869)
- Working Paper (3371)
- Review (2922)
- Contribution to a Periodical (2307)
- Preprint (1815)
- Report (1561)
- Conference Proceeding (1252)
- Other (392)
- Periodical (275)
- diplomthesis (224)
- Bachelor Thesis (157)
- magisterthesis (129)
- Master's Thesis (127)
- Diploma Thesis (112)
- Magister's Thesis (78)
- Habilitation (23)
- Lecture (15)
- Sound (10)
- Course Material (7)
- Study Thesis (7)
- Examination Thesis (1)
Language
- German (42743)
- English (28455)
- French (1071)
- Portuguese (843)
- Multiple languages (312)
- Spanish (309)
- Croatian (302)
- Italian (197)
- mis (174)
- Turkish (168)
Keywords
- Deutsch (1082)
- Literatur (862)
- taxonomy (738)
- Deutschland (551)
- Rezension (511)
- new species (438)
- Rezeption (349)
- Frankfurt <Main> / Universität (341)
- Übersetzung (314)
- Geschichte (300)
Institute
- Medizin (7386)
- Präsidium (5113)
- Physik (4115)
- Extern (2742)
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften (2657)
- Gesellschaftswissenschaften (2366)
- Biowissenschaften (2119)
- Biochemie und Chemie (1956)
- Center for Financial Studies (CFS) (1609)
- Informatik (1577)
The epitranscriptome embodies many new and largely unexplored functions of RNA. A major roadblock in the epitranscriptomics field is the lack of transcriptome-wide methods to detect more than a single RNA modification type at a time, identify RNA modifications in individual molecules, and estimate modification stoichiometry accurately. We address these issues with CHEUI (CH3 (methylation) Estimation Using Ionic current), a new method that concurrently detects N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and 5-methylcytidine (m5C) in individual RNA molecules from the same sample, as well as differential methylation between any two conditions, using signals from nanopore direct RNA sequencing. CHEUI processes observed and expected signals with convolutional neural networks to achieve high single-molecule accuracy and outperform other methods in detecting m6A and m5C sites and quantifying their stoichiometry. CHEUI’s unique capability to identify two modification types in the same sample reveals a non-random co-occurrence of m6A and m5C in mRNA transcripts in cell lines and tissues. CHEUI unlocks an unprecedented potential to study RNA modification configurations and discover new epitranscriptome functions.
The epitranscriptome embodies many new and largely unexplored functions of RNA. A significant roadblock hindering progress in epitranscriptomics is the identification of more than one modification in individual transcript molecules. We address this with CHEUI (CH3 (methylation) Estimation Using Ionic current). CHEUI predicts N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and 5-methylcytidine (m5C) in individual molecules from the same sample, the stoichiometry at transcript reference sites, and differential methylation between any two conditions. CHEUI processes observed and expected nanopore direct RNA sequencing signals to achieve high single-molecule, transcript-site, and stoichiometry accuracies in multiple tests using synthetic RNA standards and cell line data. CHEUI’s capability to identify two modification types in the same sample reveals a co-occurrence of m6A and m5C in individual mRNAs in cell line and tissue transcriptomes. CHEUI provides new avenues to discover and study the function of the epitranscriptome.
The expanding field of epitranscriptomics might rival the epigenome in the diversity of the biological processes impacted. However, the identification of modifications in individual RNA molecules remains challenging. We present CHEUI, a new method that detects N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and 5-methylcytidine (m5C) at single-nucleotide and single-molecule resolution from Nanopore signals. CHEUI predicts methylation in Nanopore reads and transcriptomic sites in a single condition, and differential m6A and m5C methylation between any two conditions. Using extensive benchmarking with Nanopore data derived from synthetic and natural RNA, CHEUI showed higher accuracy than other existing methods in detecting m6A and m5C sites and quantifying the site stoichiometry levels, while maintaining a lower proportion of false positives. CHEUI provides a new capability to detect RNA modifications with high accuracy and resolution that can be cost-effectively expanded to other modifications to unveil the full span of the epitranscriptome in normal and disease conditions.
The translation eukaryotic elongation factor 1alpha (eEF1A) is a monomeric GTPase involved in protein synthesis. In addition, this protein is thought to participate in other cellular functions such as actin bundling, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis. Here we show that eEF1A is associated with the alpha2 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptor in pulldown experiments with rat brain extracts. Moreover, additional proteins involved in translation like ribosomal S6 protein and p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase as well as ERK1/2 and calcineurin were identified in the same pulldown approaches. Glycine receptor activation in spinal cord neurons cultured for 1 week resulted in an increased phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 protein. Immunocytochemistry showed that eEF1A and ribosomal S6 protein are localized in the soma, dendrites, and at synapses of cultured hippocampal and spinal cord neurons. Consistent with our biochemical data, immunoreactivities of both proteins were partially overlapping with glycine receptor immunoreactivity in cultured spinal cord and hippocampal neurons. After 5 weeks in culture, eEF1A immunoreactivity was redistributed to the cytoskeleton in about 45% of neurons. Interestingly, the degree of redistribution could be increased at earlier stages of in vitro differentiation by inhibition of either the ERK1/2 pathway or glycine receptors and simultaneous N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Our findings suggest a functional coupling of eEF1A with both inhibitory and excitatory receptors, possibly involving the ERK-signaling pathway.
Mutations in the clk-1 gene result in slower development and increased life span in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue COQ7/CAT5 is essential for several metabolic pathways including ubiquinone biosynthesis, respiration, and gluconeogenic gene activation. We show here that Coq7p/Cat5p is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein directly involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis, and that the defect in gluconeogenic gene activation in coq7/cat5 null mutants is a general consequence of a defect in respiration. These results obtained in the yeast model suggest that the effects on development and life span in C. elegans clk-1 mutants may relate to changes in the amount of ubiquinone, an essential electron transport component and a lipid soluble antioxidant.
Calreticulin is a Ca2+ -binding chaperone that resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and in the folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins. In this study, we have used site-specific mutagenesis to map amino acid residues that are critical in calreticulin function. We have focused on two cysteine residues (Cys(88) and Cys(120)), which form a disulfide bridge in the N-terminal domain of calreticulin, on a tryptophan residue located in the carbohydrate binding site (Trp(302)), and on certain residues located at the tip of the "hairpin-like" P-domain of the protein (Glu(238), Glu(239), Asp(241), Glu(243), and Trp(244)). Calreticulin mutants were expressed in crt(-/-) fibroblasts, and bradykinin-dependent Ca2+ release was measured as a marker of calreticulin function. Bradykinin-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum was rescued by wild-type calreticulin and by the Glu(238), Glu(239), Asp(241), and Glu(243) mutants. The Cys(88) and Cys(120) mutants rescued the calreticulin-deficient phenotype only partially ( approximately 40%), and the Trp(244) and Trp(302) mutants did not rescue it at all. We identified four amino acid residues (Glu(239), Asp(241), Glu(243), and Trp(244)) at the hairpin tip of the P-domain that are critical in the formation of a complex between ERp57 and calreticulin. Although the Glu(239), Asp(241), and Glu(243) mutants did not bind ERp57 efficiently, they fully restored bradykinin-dependent Ca2+ release in crt(-/-) cells. This indicates that binding of ERp57 to calreticulin may not be critical for the chaperone function of calreticulin with respect to the bradykinin receptor.
Antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules depends on the heterodimeric transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). For efficient antigen supply to MHC I molecules in the ER, TAP assembles a macromolecular peptide-loading complex (PLC) by recruiting tapasin. In evolution, TAP appeared together with effector cells of adaptive immunity at the transition from jawless to jawed vertebrates and diversified further within the jawed vertebrates. Here, we compared TAP function and interaction with tapasin of a range of species within two classes of jawed vertebrates. We found that avian and mammalian TAP1 and TAP2 form heterodimeric complexes across taxa. Moreover, the extra N-terminal domain TMD0 of mammalian TAP1 and TAP2 as well as avian TAP2 recruits tapasin. Strikingly, however, only TAP1 and TAP2 from the same taxon can form a functional heterodimeric translocation complex. These data demonstrate that the dimerization interface between TAP1 and TAP2 and the tapasin docking sites for PLC assembly are conserved in evolution, whereas elements of antigen translocation diverged later in evolution and are thus taxon specific.
GTPase-activating proteins are required to terminate signaling by Rap1, a small guanine nucleotide-binding protein that controls integrin activity and cell adhesion. Recently, we identified Rap1GAP2, a GTPase-activating protein of Rap1 in platelets. Here we show that 14-3-3 proteins interact with phosphorylated serine 9 at the N terminus of Rap1GAP2. Platelet activation by ADP and thrombin enhances serine 9 phosphorylation and increases 14-3-3 binding to endogenous Rap1GAP2. Conversely, inhibition of platelets by endothelium-derived factors nitric oxide and prostacyclin disrupts 14-3-3 binding. These effects are mediated by cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases that phosphorylate Rap1GAP2 at serine 7, adjacent to the 14-3-3 binding site. 14-3-3 binding does not change the GTPase-activating function of Rap1GAP2 in vitro. However, 14-3-3 binding attenuates Rap1GAP2 mediated inhibition of cell adhesion. Our findings define a novel crossover point of activatory and inhibitory signaling pathways in platelets.
In this study the clinical value of the method of 31P und 1 H MRI spectroscopy is analyzed in the evaluation of tumors of the liver and the cerebrum. At first 39 patients (HCC n=30, metastases of colorectal carcinomas n=9) undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) were evaluated MR tomographically with 1.5 Tesla using 31P CSI spectroscopy. Moreover, 53 patients with cerebral tumors (17 meningiomas, 11 gliomas WHO grades I-II, 6 gliomas WHO grade III, 13 gliomas WHO grade IV and 6 metastases) were evaluated 1 H spectroscopically with the ISIS technique in different echo times. The results of both groups were correlated with the histopathological findings and compared with a study group. For evaluation the area under the curve of the measurable signal intensities were calculated, the ratios were determined and statistically evaluated. In patients with livertumors undergoing TACE, the 31P spectroscopy was performed before and after each course of TACE. Pretherapeutic evaluation revealed the tumor tissue with increased PME peak, PME/ß-ATP ratio, and PME/PDE ratio. In all cases the tumor spectres were to be differentiated from the spectra of the study group. If chemoembolization was technically successful, we found an increase in the Pi peak (+90.1%) and a decrease in the ß-ATP peak (-19.1%). After each course of therapy a number of patient groups could be differentiated depending on the changes in the different peaks and ratios. A response was characterized by a decrease of the PME/ß-ATP and PME/PDE ratios and an increase of the PDE/ß-ATP ratio. In non-responders, there was no decrease of the PME/ß-ATP and PME/PDE ratios, and these ratios increased 6 weeks later. The PDE/ß-ATP ratio decreased. Constant ratios were found if a steady state of the disease was achieved. Regrowth of tumor was accompanied by elevated PME and decreased PDE peaks. With regard to the 1 H spectroscopical findings the following statements can be made: The tumor spectra can be distinctly differentiated from the study group spectres. In this respect highly significant differences for the NAA/Cho and PCr/Cho ratios can be seen. The spectra of the meningiomas can be often characterized by the missing NAA. A small peak at 2.0 ppm can probably be due to a part of healthy brain tissue in the VOI at the rim of the tumor in some of the spectra. Moreover, some of the meningiomas show Alanin at 1.47 ppm, which, however, can also be overlain by fat signal in this area. On average, the PCr peak is reduced by half with regard to the referene; Inositol can hardly be detected even with short echo times. The metastases show a decreased NAA/Cho and PCr/Cho ratio. In few cases Ins/Cho can be measured, and then below the level of the study group. Additionally, two distinct peaks could be seen at 0.9 and 1.25 ppm according to strongly increased free fatty acids. All gliomas show a reduced NAA signal. In this respect, the reduction of the NAA/Cho ratio shows a nonsignificant dependence on malignity, which can be reflected in an almost completely reduced NAA signal in glioblastomas. PCr and Ins are also decreased. With increasing malignity of the lesion the Inositol signal increases and reaches the normal values of the study group. Using 1 H spectroscopy it is possible to support the differential diagnosis of the imaging modalities. Due to its sensitivity it is possible to use the 31P spectroscopy in therapy control. In order to establish these methods in the daily routine further improvements are necessary, particularly in regard to measurement sequences, automatisms and standardized evaluation protocols.
Taphonomy and palaeoecology of Laetoli as well as Makuyuni, Arusha region in northern Tanzania
(2004)
This thesis is the result of the Hominid Corridor research Project in Tanzania since 1993 to 1995 that include Pliocene and Pleistocene localities. The localities under study include Laetoli and Manyara area in Arusha Region, northern Tanzania. The thesis has the following specific objectives: firstly, to identify taxa recovered from the studied assemblages; secondly, to underpin taphonomic history of the assemblages under study; thirdly, to elucidate further palaeoecological reconstruction of the assemblages; and finally, to examine surface fossil fauna modifications including agents of modifications either hominids or carnivores.
The Upper Laetolil Beds are dated at 3.5 million years ago (Ma) and the Ndolanya Beds are bracketed in age between 3.5 and 2.41 Ma. The Naibadad Beds, also from Laetoli area, are date to be between 2.2 to 2.1 Ma. The Naibadad Beds are correlated with the base of Bed I at Olduvai Gorge. There are so far no absolute dates for Manyara assemblages. Based on biostratigraphic correlation, the younger overlying unit, the Upper Manyara Beds are estimated to belong to Later Pleistocene and the Lower Manyara Beds are estimated to belong to Early Pleistocene. The Upper Manyara Beds are correlated to the age of Bed III at Olduvai Gorge, while the Lower Manyara Beds are interpreted to span the same contemporaneity with the upper part of Bed II at Olduvai Gorge.
At Laetoli localities, terrestrial mammals while localities from Manyara besides terrestrial mammals dominate fauna; they include aquatic species such as fish, crocodiles and hippopotamus. The main families recovered from Upper Laetolil Beds complement those already recovered from former research works by other workers. This is also true for the younger overlying stratigraphic horizon, the Upper Ndolanya Beds. Thus, mammalian families recovered from Upper Laetolil Beds include Bovidae, Carnivora, Elephantidae, Equidae, Lagomorpha, Suidae, Rodentia, Hominoidea and Rhenocerotidae. Remains of an invertebrate, Gastropoda were also recovered. For Upper Ndolanya Beds include almost the same families recovered from Upper Laetolil Beds, but based on former recovery of fossil fauna, these Beds outnumber greatly the Upper Laetolil Beds in bovid composition by 20 per cent. Such a change in species composition is noticed also from South African localities and East African localities such as the East Turkana. This is interpreted to be due to climatic change drier environments that included species adapted to such palaeoclimates.
For the first time, our team has been able to retrieve specimens identifiable to taxa, a pattern that not possible from previous workers who claimed to have recovered too sparse specimens to be identifiable to any taxon.
The Upper Manyara Beds as well as Lower Manyara taxonomic composition include aquatic species besides the large terrestrial mammalian fauna retrieved from there. In due regard, the former horizon is attributed to have affinity with Olduvai Bed III components and the latter, older horizon, is attributed to have affinity with upper parts of Bed II times at Olduvai Gorge. The Lower Manyara Beds can be said to have, in relative terms, affinity to species recovered from site RC 11 of the Chiwondo Beds, Malema region in northern Malawi, although the former site may be equable to the terminal age of the latter locality.
Fossil hominid remains; attributable to genus Homo and possibly species Homo erectus have been recovered from two localities, Mk 2 and Mk, along Lower Manyara Beds. On the other hand, stone tools, identified to belong to the Acheulian industrial technocomplex, were recovered from site Mk 4.
All of fossil fauna from Laetoli sites were mostly exfoliated and there shows to be little effect in terms of hydrodynamic sorting of the fossil bones. However, intense carnivore activity is witnessed due to the almost one to one ratio of proximal to distal ends. This is also true for the Lower Manyara Beds locality. Through examination of surface modifications of the fossil fauna, it has been established that there was carnivore consumption of ungulates. There is no evidence of hominid involvement that has to be testified by stone tools.