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The Åland Islands archipelago enjoys a special international status sui generis, which essentially encompasses demilitarisation, neutralisation, and autonomy. This status is guaranteed under international law by the agreements of 1921, 1940, and 1947, which are still in force. Furthermore, there are convincing reasons to assume that the Åland Islands regime has grown into European customary law. By virtue of her international (treaty) obligations, Finland cannot unilaterally change this status under the present conditions, irrespective of domestic (constitutional) decisions. While integration into NATO’s collective defence system and the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy structures is compatible with the special status of the Åland Islands, care must be taken by Finland and her partners to ensure that the obligations arising from these developments are fulfilled in accordance with the demilitarised and neutralised status of the archipelago. This includes that the use by Finnish troops for preventive defence, beyond the exceptions laid down in the 1921 Åland Agreement, is only permitted in the case (of threat) of an immediate and clearly identifiable attack.
The autonomous character of the Åland Islands was established under a League of Nations dispute settlement and implemented, inter alia, in Finnish legislation. Its essence even grew into customary law. The arrangements of 1921, however, do not constitute a bilateral treaty between Finland and Sweden. The UN assumes that the international mechanism to protect Åland’s autonomy did not become obsolete with the demise of the League of Nations, but was only “suspended until such time as an express decision has been taken by the United Nations to put it back into force”. A corresponding proposal could be submitted, in any case, both by Finland and/or Sweden or possibly even by any other UN member state, for discussion in the Sixth Committee. However, the final decision to re-activate this special mechanism would have to be adopted by the UN General Assembly.
EU Law applies to the Åland Islands in principle; however, Finland’s Accession Treaty to the EU to which Protocol No. 2 on the Åland Islands was annexed, established a number of specific rules which are still in force today. This, most notably, results in the limited application of value added tax and excise duties in the Åland Islands. Therefore, the rules on customs procedures apply with respect to the movement of goods to and from the Åland Islands. In addition, other provisions of Union law, in particular those relating to fundamental freedoms and European state aid law, may be relevant in view of the special fiscal status of the Åland Islands. However, assessing individual cases would require further information and in-depth studies. Irrespective of the requirements set out in the said Protocol, the EU is obliged to respect the national identity of Member States pursuant to Article 4 para. 2 TEU; this obligation includes respect for the special status of the Åland Islands under both international and Finnish constitutional law.
Diese Woche steht nicht im Zeichen des #varoufake – schlicht und einfach weil es wichtigere Dinge gibt als den deutschen Michel mit Schaum vorm Mund. Stattdessen haben wir Debatten über Konfliktstudien und ihre Kontrollmöglichkeiten, Neues zu Venezuela, Postkoloniale Betrachtungen, Infos zu PPP-Projekten und einen weiteren ISA-Recap für Euch gesammelt. Und auch #blockupy darf nicht fehlen. Viel Spaß!
Making use of United Nations (U.N.) materials and documents, Anja Matwijkiw and Bronik Matwijkiw argue that the organization – in 2004 – converted to a stakeholder jurisprudence for human rights. However, references to “stakeholders” may both be made in the context of narrow stakeholder theory and broad stakeholder theory. Since the U.N. does not specify its commitment by naming the theory it credits for its conversion, the authors of the article embark on a comparative analysis, so as to be able to try the two frameworks for fit. The hypothesis is that it is the philosophy and methodology of broad stakeholder theory that best matches the norms and strategies of the U.N. While this is the case, certain challenges nevertheless present themselves. As a consequence of these, the U.N. has to – as a minimum – take things under renewed consideration.
Die Dissertation mit dem Titel „Zwischen Inter- und Transnationalismus: Die Kommunikationspolitik der UNESCO nach 1989/1990“ von Sami Rabieh widmet sich dem Wandel in der UNESCO-Kommunikationspolitik seit dem Ende des Ost-West Konflikts, um zu klären, welche demokratisierenden Gestaltungspotenziale eine auf die Organisation gerichtete Kommunikationspolitik bietet und welche anderen Pfade gegebenenfalls noch darüber hinaus beschritten werden müssen. Aufbauend auf v.a. gramscianischen Theoriesträngen werden zunächst aktuelle soziale Transformationsprozesse („Globalisierung“) als Interpretationsrahmen für die Analyse der UNESCO dargestellt. Dem folgt eine historische Aufarbeitung der internationalen Kommunikationspolitik bzw. der UNESCO bis 1989/1990 sowie ein empirischer Teil, der die Entwicklung der Organisation im Politikfeld bis in die Gegenwart untersucht. Eine Synopse und Erörterung alternativer Handlungsoptionen schließen die Arbeit ab. Zusammengenommen erweist sich die Eingangsthese zur Herausbildung eines transnationalen Systems und die damit verbundene Skepsis bezüglich der Demokratisierungspotentiale inter-staatlicher Apparate als korrekt. Die politische Form und Praxis der UNESCO, in der ausschließlich Staatenvertreter zu Kommunikationsprozessen und Entscheidungen fähig und befugt sind, hat im Internetzeitalter keine Grundlage mehr und wird wegen neuer politischer Terrains sowie der Beliebtheit amerikanischer Pop- und Cyberkulturen kein „comeback“ mehr erleben. Emanzipatorische Strategien sollten sich deshalb auf eine basisdemokratische Vernetzung mittels neuer Medien konzentrieren.