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Considering the microbiome in stress-related and neurodevelopmental trajectories to schizophrenia
(2020)
Early life adversity and prenatal stress are consistently associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia, although the exact pathogenic mechanisms linking the exposures with the disease remain elusive. Our previous view of the HPA stress axis as an elegant but simple negative feedback loop, orchestrating adaptation to stressors among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands, needs to be updated. Research in the last two decades shows that important bidirectional signaling between the HPA axis and intestinal mucosa modulates brain function and neurochemistry, including effects on glucocorticoid hormones and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The intestinal microbiome in earliest life, which is seeded by the vaginal microbiome during delivery, programs the development of the HPA axis in a critical developmental window, determining stress sensitivity and HPA function as well as immune system development. The crosstalk between the HPA and the Microbiome Gut Brain Axis (MGBA) is particularly high in the hippocampus, the most consistently disrupted neural region in persons with schizophrenia. Animal models suggest that the MGBA remains influential on behavior and physiology across developmental stages, including the perinatal window, early childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. Understanding the role of the microbiome on critical risk related stressors may enhance or transform of understanding of the origins of schizophrenia and offer new approaches to increase resilience against stress effects for preventing and treating schizophrenia.
Circadian oscillations in circulating leukocyte subsets including immature hematopoietic cells have been appreciated; the origin and nature of these alterations remain elusive. Our analysis of wild-type C57BL/6 mice under constant darkness confirmed circadian fluctuations of circulating leukocytes and clonogenic cells in blood and spleen but not bone marrow. Clock gene deficient Bmal1-/- mice lacked this regulation. Cell cycle analyses in the different hematopoietic compartments excluded circadian changes in total cell numbers, rather favoring shifting hematopoietic cell redistribution as the underlying mechanism. Transplant chimeras demonstrate that circadian rhythms within the stroma mediate the oscillations independently of hematopoietic-intrinsic cues. We provide evidence of circadian CXCL12 regulation via clock genes in vitro and were able to confirm CXCL12 oscillation in bone marrow and blood in vivo. Our studies further implicate cortisol as the conveyor of circadian input to bone marrow stroma and mediator of the circadian leukocyte oscillation. In summary, we establish hematopoietic-extrinsic cues as causal for circadian redistribution of circulating mature/immature blood cells.
Stress often has a negative influence on sports performance. Stress-induced decreases in performance can be especially disastrous for risk sports athletes, who often put their life at risk when practicing their sport. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify protective factors in stressful situations in risk sports. On average, risk sports athletes score extremely high on the personality trait sensation seeking. At the same time, theoretical considerations about dispositional mindfulness suggest that mindful athletes can handle stress more effectively. The main goal of this experiment is to examine the influence of sensation seeking and mindfulness on the stress response to a risk sport-specific stressor. To induce stress, 88 male students completed the Heidelberg Risk Sport-Specific Stress Test (HRSST) which utilizes fear of falling as the stressful event during a climbing exercise. Psychological (anxiety) and physiological (cortisol) responses were measured at multiple time points before and after the HRSST to determine the severity of the stress response. In reaction to the stressor, a significant increase in self-reported state anxiety, but no significant increase in cortisol were observed. The mindfulness subscale external observation correlated positively with anxiety in the climbing wall, sensation seeking and the anxiety scales after the jump correlated negatively and sensation seeking predicted anxiety subscales after the jump in hierarchical regression analyses. However, mindfulness did not predict anxiety measures. Neither sensation seeking nor mindfulness correlated significantly with cortisol levels. The results suggest that high sensation seekers perceive a risk sport-specific stressor as less stressful. The missing physiological response might be explained by the Cross-Stressor-Adaptation-Hypothesis and particularities of the sample. Good internal observers might be especially aware of their need of stimulation and new experiences, which in turn might explain the higher experience-seeking scores. Future studies should further examine the role of mindfulness in stressful situations and the interaction of its subscales with sensation seeking. The current experiment offers new possibilities for adjoining research fields at the interface between sports sciences, psychology and medicine: The findings can be transferred to high risk professions such as police officers, firefighters and military forces (e.g., for selection processes or for interventions).
The processing of pain undergoes several changes in aging that affect sensory nociceptive fibers and the endogenous neuronal inhibitory systems. So far, it is not completely clear whether age-induced modifications are associated with an increase or decrease in pain perception. In this study, we assessed the impact of age on inflammatory nociception in mice and the role of the hormonal inhibitory systems in this context. We investigated the nociceptive behavior of 12-month-old versus 6–8-week-old mice in two behavioral models of inflammatory nociception. Levels of TRP channels, and cortisol as well as cortisol targets, were measured by qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot in the differently aged mice. We observed an age-related reduction in nociceptive behavior during inflammation as well as a higher level of cortisol in the spinal cord of aged mice compared to young mice, while TRP channels were not reduced. Among potential cortisol targets, the NF-κB inhibitor protein alpha (IκBα) was increased, which might contribute to inhibition of NF-κB and a decreased expression and activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In conclusion, our results reveal a reduced nociceptive response in aged mice, which might be at least partially mediated by an augmented inflammation-induced increase in the hormonal inhibitory system involving cortisol.
Tanzen ist eine Form des Umgangs mit Musik, die in allen Kulturen weltweit existiert. Eine der vielen Funktionen, die dem Tanzen im Laufe der Geschichte zugeschrieben wurden, ist sein Nutzen als heilkräftiges Medium. Bisher gibt es jedoch nur wenige Untersuchungen, die sich mit den potenziellen Effekten des Tanzens als gesundheitsfördernde Tätigkeit beschäftigt haben. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es einerseits, eine Orientierung in diesem zersplitterten und gleichwohl viel versprechendem Forschungsfeld zu bieten und andererseits die subjektiven Wirkungen des Amateur Tanzens, seine psychobiologischen Korrelaten, sowie die dabei zu Grunde liegenden Einflüsse von Musikstimulation und Partner zu untersuchen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Tanzen eine multidimensionale Tätigkeit darstellt, die verschiedene gesundheitsfördernden Komponenten, nämlich Körperbewegung, soziale Interaktion und Musikstimulation, einschließt. Wahrgenommen werden positive Wirkungen des Tanzens auf das emotionale Befinden, das körperliche Wohlergehen, das Selbstwertgefühl, das Sozialempfinden sowie das spirituelle Wohlbefinden. Tanzen wird darüber hinaus als wichtige Strategie zur Stressbewältigung anerkannt. Die Untersuchung der Wirkung des Paartanzens auf den emotionalen Zustand sowie auf Cortisol- und Testosteronkonzentrationen ergab, dass Tanzen zu einem Anstieg des positiven und einem Absinken des negativen Affektes führt. In Bezug auf die psychobiologischen Parameter wurden Cortisolreduktionen nach dem Tanzen nachgewiesen, welche von der Musikstimulation abhängig waren, während Testosteronerhöhungen zu Beginn der Untersuchung mit der Präsenz des Partners assoziiert waren. Die hier skizzierten Studien geben Hinweise auf die gesundheitsfördernde Bedeutung des Amateurtanzens sowie auf seine subjektiven und neuroendokrinen Korrelate. Darüber hinaus trägt diese Arbeit dazu bei, die differentiellen Einflüsse von Musik und Partner beim Tanzen zu verstehen. Diese Befunde sollen zukünftige Forschungsvorhaben fördern, die den Nutzen des Tanzens als gesundheitsfördernde Tätigkeit weiter verdeutlichen und das Verständnis der dahinter liegenden psychobiologischen Mechanismen erweitern.