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RNA hat neben der Rolle als Informationsüberträger wichtige Aufgaben in regulatorischen Prozessen. Sie kann komplexe Strukturen ausbilden und ähnlich wie Proteine Liganden binden oder enzymatische Reaktionen katalysieren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollten zwei Beispiele von RNA-Liganden-Interaktionen untersucht werden. Im ersten Abschnitt wurde die Interaktion des TetR-bindenden Aptamers 12-1 mit dem Tetracyclin-Repressorprotein (TetR) biochemisch charakterisiert. Über Gelverzögerungs- experimente wurde gezeigt, dass das Aptamer 12-1K delta A TetR mit hoher Affinität und Spezifität bindet. Es wurde ein KD von 22 nM bestimmt. Die Bindung ist dabei ebenso stark wie die Bindung von TetR an die Operatorsequenz tetO. In Anwesenheit von Tetracyclin (Tc) nimmt die Affinität des TetR/Aptamer-Komplexes um das sechsfache ab. Des Weiteren konnten die Bindeepitope des Aptamers durch eine Analyse von verschiedenen TetR-Mutanten im DNA-Bindebereich bestimmt werden. Die Aminosäuren T27, N47 und K48 sind dabei essentiell für die RNA-Bindung und führen bei einem Austausch zum Verlust der RNA-Bindung. Der Bindebereich des Aptamers überlappt mit Aminosäureresten, die für die tetO-Bindung essentiell sind. Die Stöchiometrie der TetR/Aptamer-Bindung wurde durch LILBID-Messungen auf eine molare Verteilung von 2:1 festgelegt. Ein TetR-Dimer bindet dabei ein Aptamermolekül. Durch die umfassende biochemische Analyse der TetR/Aptamer-Bindung kann das Aptamer 12-1 nun als Expressionssonde für RNAs in bakteriellen Zellen genutzt werden. Des Weiteren kann das Aptamer als alternativer, artifizieller Transkriptionsregulator im tet on / tet off-System verwendet werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit sollten miRNAs identifiziert werden, die an der posttrans- kriptionellen Regulation der 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) und der Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) beteiligt sind. Mit bioinformatischen Vorhersageprogrammen wurden die 3’-UTR- Bereiche von 5-LO und COX-2 nach putativen Bindestellen abgesucht. Im Fall der 5-LO wurden durch eine zusätzliche Microarray-Expressionsanalyse miRNAs ausgewählt, welche in 5-LO positiven Zellen hoch exprimiert sind und Bindestellen im 3’-UTR aufweisen. Es konnten verschiedene miRNAs detektiert werden, jedoch keine Regulation der 5-LO Aktivität beobachtet werden. Für COX-2 wurde neben der Suche nach putativen miRNA-Bindestellen zudem die Stabilität des 3’-UTR untersucht. Mit Hilfe des auf Perl basierenden Programms SignificanceScoreAssignment (Florian Groher, Diplomarbeit 2011) konnte der 3’-UTR von COX-2 als generell destabilisierend analysiert werden. In Colonkarzinom- spezifischen HT-29-Zellen wurden miRNAs untersucht, welche Bindestellen im 3’-UTR von COX-2 aufweisen. In diesem Kontext sollte der Einfluss einer Interaktion von HT- 29-Zellen mit aktivierten Thrombozyten sowie daraus isolierten Bestandteilen wie Mikropartikeln und PDGF analysiert werden. MiR-16, miR-26b, miR-199a und miR- 199a* konnten in HT-29-Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Bei einer Stimulation von HT-29- Zellen mit PDGF-BB werden miR-16 und miR-26b konzentrationsabhängig stärker exprimiert, während die Expression von miR-199a und miR-199a* signifikant abnimmt. Eine direkte Regulation von COX-2 durch die untersuchten miRNAs konnte durch Überexpressions- und Reportergenanalysen jedoch nicht festgestellt werden. Die Analysen der 5-LO- und COX-2-Regulation durch miRNAs stellen Vorarbeiten dar. Die etablierten Methoden können nun für eine detaillierte Betrachtung weiterer miRNAs verwendet werden.
Epigenetic dysregulation contributes to the high cardiovascular disease burden in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are central epigenetic regulators, which substantially affect the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), no data on miRNA dysregulation in CKD-associated CVD are available until now. We now performed high-throughput miRNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ten clinically stable hemodialysis (HD) patients and ten healthy controls, which allowed us to identify 182 differentially expressed miRNAs (e.g., miR-21, miR-26b, miR-146b, miR-155). To test biological relevance, we aimed to connect miRNA dysregulation to differential gene expression. Genome-wide gene expression profiling by MACE (Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends) identified 80 genes to be differentially expressed between HD patients and controls, which could be linked to cardiovascular disease (e.g., KLF6, DUSP6, KLF4), to infection / immune disease (e.g., ZFP36, SOCS3, JUND), and to distinct proatherogenic pathways such as the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (e.g., IL1B, MYD88, TICAM2), the MAPK signaling pathway (e.g., DUSP1, FOS, HSPA1A), and the chemokine signaling pathway (e.g., RHOA, PAK1, CXCL5). Formal interaction network analysis proved biological relevance of miRNA dysregulation, as 68 differentially expressed miRNAs could be connected to 47 reciprocally expressed target genes. Our study is the first comprehensive miRNA analysis in CKD that links dysregulated miRNA expression with differential expression of genes connected to inflammation and CVD. After recent animal data suggested that targeting miRNAs is beneficial in experimental CVD, our data may now spur further research in the field of CKD-associated human CVD.
Malignant gliomas are intrinsic brain tumors with a dismal prognosis. They are well-adapted to hypoxic conditions and poorly immunogenic. NKG2D is one of the major activating receptors of natural killer (NK) cells and binds to several ligands (NKG2DL).
Here we evaluated the impact of miRNA on the expression of NKG2DL in glioma cells including stem-like glioma cells. Three of the candidate miRNA predicted to target NKG2DL were expressed in various glioma cell lines as well as in glioblastomas in vivo: miR-20a, miR-93 and miR-106b. LNA inhibitor-mediated miRNA silencing up-regulated cell surface NKG2DL expression, which translated into increased susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. This effect was reversed by neutralizing NKG2D antibodies, confirming that enhanced lysis upon miRNA silencing was mediated through the NKG2D system. Hypoxia, a hallmark of glioblastomas in vivo, down-regulated the expression of NKG2DL on glioma cells, associated with reduced susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. This process, however, was not mediated through any of the examined miRNA. Accordingly, both hypoxia and the expression of miRNA targeting NKG2DL may contribute to the immune evasion of glioma cells at the level of the NKG2D recognition pathway. Targeting miRNA may therefore represent a novel approach to increase the immunogenicity of glioblastoma.
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play various roles during central nervous system development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of ncRNAs that exert their function together with argonaute proteins by post-transcriptional gene silencing of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Several studies provide evidence for alterations in miRNA expression in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Among these is huntington‘s disease (HD), a dominantly inherited fatal disorder characterized by deregulation of neuronal-specific mRNAs as well as miRNAs. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) miRNA profiles from human HD and neurologically normal control brain tissues were reported. Five consistently upregulated miRNAs affect the expression of genes involved in neuronal differentiation, neurite outgrowth, cell death and survival. We re-analyzed the NGS data publicly available in array express and detected nineteen additional differentially expressed miRNAs. Subsequently, we connected these miRNAs to genes implicated in HD development and network analysis pointed to miRNA-mediated downregulation of twenty-two genes with roles in the pathogenesis as well as treatment of the disease. In silico prediction and reporter systems prove that levels of BDNF, a central node in the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, can be post-transcriptionally controlled by upregulated miR-10b-5p and miR-30a-5p. Reduced BDNF expression is associated with neuronal dysfunction and death in HD. Moreover, the 3’UTR of CREB1 harbors a predicted binding site for these two miRNAs. CREB1 is similarly downregulated in HD and overexpression decreased susceptibility to 3-nitropropionic-induced toxicity in a cell model. In contradiction to these observations, it is presumed that miR-10b-5p upregulation in HD exerts a neuroprotective role in response to the mutation in the huntingtin gene. Therefore, the function of miR-10b-5p and especially its effect on BDNF expression in HD requires further academic research.
Multimodal therapy of glioblastoma (GBM) reveals inter-individual variability in terms of treatment outcome. Here, we examined whether a miRNA signature can be defined for the a priori identification of patients with particularly poor prognosis.
FFPE sections from 36 GBM patients along with overall survival follow-up were collected retrospectively and subjected to miRNA signature identification from microarray data. A risk score based on the expression of the signature miRNAs and cox-proportional hazard coefficients was calculated for each patient followed by validation in a matched GBM subset of TCGA. Genes potentially regulated by the signature miRNAs were identified by a correlation approach followed by pathway analysis.
A prognostic 4-miRNA signature, independent of MGMT promoter methylation, age, and sex, was identified and a risk score was assigned to each patient that allowed defining two groups significantly differing in prognosis (p-value: 0.0001, median survival: 10.6 months and 15.1 months, hazard ratio = 3.8). The signature was technically validated by qRT-PCR and independently validated in an age- and sex-matched subset of standard-of-care treated patients of the TCGA GBM cohort (n=58). Pathway analysis suggested tumorigenesis-associated processes such as immune response, extracellular matrix organization, axon guidance, signalling by NGF, GPCR and Wnt. Here, we describe the identification and independent validation of a 4-miRNA signature that allows stratification of GBM patients into different prognostic groups in combination with one defined threshold and set of coefficients that could be utilized as diagnostic tool to identify GBM patients for improved and/or alternative treatment approaches.
Compared to their protein-coding counterparts, almost nothing is known about the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cardiac fibrosis. In the current report, Liang and Pan et al. characterized the pro-fibrotic lncRNA PFL in respect to cardiac fibrosis in mice. PFL was upregulated in the hearts of mice after myocardial infarction and in fibrotic cardiac fibroblasts. Moreover, PFL competitively sponged the cardio-protective miRNA let-7d in cardiac fibroblasts. Knockdown of platelet activating factor receptor (PTAFR) was shown to affect the pro-fibrotic collagen production mediated by PFL. PTAFR overexpression also led to collagen production and RNA abundance of PTAFR was also regulated by miRNA let-7d. Therefore, the PFL/PTAFR/let-7d-dependent gene regulatory mechanism proposed by the authors manifests the hypothesis of competing endogenous RNAs to cardiac fibrosis.
Development of T cells in the thymus is tightly controlled to continually produce functional, but not autoreactive, T cells. miRNAs provide a layer of post-transcriptional gene regulation to this process, but the role of many individual miRNAs in T-cell development remains unclear. miR-21 is prominently expressed in immature thymocytes followed by a steep decline in more mature cells. We hypothesized that such a dynamic expression was indicative of a regulatory function in intrathymic T-cell development. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed T-cell development in miR-21-deficient mice at steady state and under competitive conditions in mixed bone-marrow chimeras. We complemented analysis of knock-out animals by employing over-expression in vivo. Finally, we assessed miR-21 function in negative selection in vivo as well as differentiation in co-cultures. Together, these experiments revealed that miR-21 is largely dispensable for physiologic T-cell development. Given that miR-21 has been implicated in regulation of cellular stress responses, we assessed a potential role of miR-21 in endogenous regeneration of the thymus after sublethal irradiation. Again, miR-21 was completely dispensable in this process. We concluded that, despite prominent and highly dynamic expression in thymocytes, miR-21 expression was not required for physiologic T-cell development or endogenous regeneration.
The balance between peripheral T-cell reactivity and self-tolerance is achieved during T-cell development in the thymus. During thymic development T-cell sensitivity to self-antigens drives their selection and is dynamically regulated via multiple mechanisms. The microRNA miR-181 has been implicated as a post-transcriptional modulator of T-cell sensitivity due to its suppression of several negative regulators of T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling. By tuning developing thymocytes to be exquisitely sensitive to signals transduced through their TCR, miR-181 has previously been shown to be essential for the agonist selection of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. In this thesis, we extend the knowledge on the developmental control elicited by miR-181 in the thymus to cover mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT), regulatory T (Treg) and conventional T cells. Using a germline knock-out of mature miR-181a/b-1, we could show that all agonist-selected T cell populations are critically dependant on miR-181a/b-1, noting an absence of MAIT and a reduction of thymic-derived Tregs in miR-181a/b-1-deficient mice. Furthermore, we provided evidence that miR-181 is also required for the negative selection of conventional T cells, with miR-181a/b-1-deficient mice presenting with a near absence of apoptotic markers. Therefore, by heightening the TCR sensitivity to self-antigens, miR-181a/b-1 aids in the detection and subsequent elimination of autoreactive thymocytes. In addition, we characterised the murine primary miR-181a/b-1 transcript, which surprisingly has a transcription start site (TSS) more than 70kB upstream of the mature miRNA sequences. This shall hopefully lead to future research aimed at deciphering the upstream regulatory networks that promote dynamic miR-181a/b-1 expression in developing thymocytes. In summary, we present here a single miRNA subset with broad implications in T-cell development. In disagreement with central dogma that individual miRNAs generally provide weak to moderate modulation over cellular pathways, we showcase the miR-181 family subset, miR-181a/b-1, as an efficient regulator of TCR signalling pathways. Due to the sensitive nature of TCR signalling during thymocyte selection, miR-181a/b-1 elicits gross effects, which are essential for agonist selection, central tolerance and generating a functional self-tolerant peripheral T cell repertoire. We therefore conclude that miR-181a/b-1 is fundamental in T-cell development as a whole.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical posttranscriptional regulators of the immune system, including function and development of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Although this critical role has been firmly demonstrated through genetic models, key mechanisms of miRNA function in vivo remain elusive. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in Treg cell development and function. In particular, we focus on the question what the study of miRNAs in this context reveals about miRNA biology in general, including context-dependent function and the role of individual targets vs. complex co-targeting networks. In addition, we highlight potential technical pitfalls and state-of-the-art approaches to improve the mechanistic understanding of miRNA biology in a physiological context.
miR-142-3p expression is predictive for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in trauma patients
(2020)
Background: Predictive biomarkers in biofluids are the most commonly used diagnostic method, but established markers in trauma diagnostics lack accuracy. This study investigates promisingmicroRNAs(miRNA)releasedfromaffectedtissueafterseveretraumathathavepredictive values for the effects of the injury.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data and blood samples of n = 33 trauma patients (ISS≥16) is provided. Levels of miR-9-5p, -124-3p, -142-3p, -219a-5p, -338-3pand-423-3p inseverelyinjuredpatients (PT)withouttraumatic braininjury (TBI) or with severe TBI (PT + TBI) and patients with isolated TBI (isTBI) were measured within 6 h after trauma.
Results: The highest miR-423-3p expression was detected in patients with severe isTBI, followed by patients with PT + TBI, and lowest levels were found in PT patients without TBI (2−∆∆Ct,p = 0.009). ApositivecorrelationbetweenmiR-423-3plevelandincreasingAIShead (p = 0.001) and risk of mortality (RISC II, p = 0.062) in trauma patients (n = 33) was found. ROC analysis of miR-423-3p levels revealed them as statistically significant to predict the severity of brain injury in trauma patients (p = 0.006). miR-124-3p was only found in patients with severe TBI, miR-338-3p was shown in all trauma groups. miR-9-5p, miR-142-3p and miR-219a-5p could not be detected in any of the four groups. Conclusion: miR-423-3p expression is significantly elevated after isolated traumatic braininjuryandpredictableforsevereTBIinthefirsthoursaftertrauma. miR-423-3pcouldrepresent a promising new biomarker to identify severe isolated TBI.