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Das Vertrauen vieler Menschen in ihre mathematischen und musikalischen Fähigkeiten ist oftmals sehr niedrig ausgeprägt oder wenig ausdifferenziert. Sie glauben, dass sie in dem einen oder anderen Fach (oder beiden) nicht gut seien. Hinzukommt, dass die Aussage „Ich kann nicht singen“ oder „Mathematik habe ich noch nie verstanden“ durchaus gesellschaftsfähig ist und sie nicht daran hindern muss, eine erfolgreiche Karriere zu durchlaufen, noch wird es die Meinung anderer über sie ändern.
Das Projekt „European Music Portfolio – Sounding Ways into Mathematics“ (EMP-Maths) möchte dieses Verständnis ändern. Jeder kann singen und Musik machen und jeder kann Mathematik treiben. Beide Themen sind integraler Bestandteil unseres Lebens und unserer Gesellschaft. Was geändert werden muss, ist das Bild von diesen beiden Fächern und die Fähigkeit von Lehrpersonen, Lernenden die Gelegenheit zu geben, dieses zu verändern und die beiden Fächer als bereichernd für die Lebensgestaltung einzustufen.
Beispielhaft wird im Arbeitsbuch eine Aktivität vorgestellt, in welcher Mathematik und Musik in einer Unterrichtssequenz miteinander verbunden werden. Weitere Aktivitäten, die in der Schule genutzt werden können, finden sich im Handbuch für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer. Viele weitere Beispiele und Vorschläge sind bereits vorhanden (siehe Web-Seite des Projekts) und wir möchten jeden ermutigen, sie zu nutzen. Die Auswahl im Handbuch deckt einige zentralen Felder der Mathematik und der Musik ab: Singen, Tanzen, Hören, Probleme lösen, Zahlen, Messen, Raum und Form. Mit diesem Ansatz wollen wir das Projekt an die Kerncurricula der beteiligten Länder anbinden: Deutschland, Griechenland, Rumänien, Slowakei, Spanien, Schweiz und Großbritannien. Die Dokumentation der Beispiele erfolgt in einer Art von Didaktischen Design Patterns, deren Struktur an die Anforderungen des Projekts angepasst wurde.
Das Projekt „Sounding Ways into Mathematics“ stellt Aktivitäten mit unterschiedlichen mathematischen und musikalischen Inhalten vor, um Lehrpersonen ein möglichst breites Spektrum an Hilfsmitteln, Ideen und Beispielen anbieten zu können. Diese Aktivitäten sind so aufgebaut, dass sie erweiter- und anpassbar an unterschiedliche Kontexte sowie auf die Bedürfnisse einer jeden Lehrperson und deren Schülerinnen und Schülern sind. Ferner wurden diese Aktivitäten nicht nur entwickelt, um von der Lehrperson instruktiv ausgeführt zu werden, sondern, um sie gemeinsam mit der Lerngruppe zu nutzen und eventuell sogar gemeinsam zu verändern und weiter zu entwickeln.
Das Projekt „Sounding Ways into Mathematics“ steht in Verbindung zum EMP-Sprachen Projekt „A creative Way into Languages“ (http://emportfolio.eu/emp/).
European Music Portfolio (EMP) – Maths: 'Sounding ways into mathematics' : teacher’s handbook
(2016)
Music and mathematics share an odd character: many people believe that they are not good at one or the other (or both). However, ‘I cannot sing’ or ‘I never understood mathematics’ will probably not keep them from having successful careers, and nor will it change the opinions others have about them.
The project ‘European Music Portfolio – Sounding Ways into Mathematics’ (EMP-Maths) aims towards a different understanding with regards to this character. Everyone can sing and make music, and everyone can do mathematics. Both topics are integral parts of our life and society. What needs to be improved is our ability to give students opportunities to like them.
This teacher’s handbook presents activities with different mathematical and musical content in order to offer teachers resources, ideas and examples. These activities are designed to be expandable, adaptable to different contexts, and adjustable to the needs of each teacher and their students. Furthermore, these activities are not just planned to be carried out individually; a teaching unit could be used to make sense of them, or they could even be developed in connection with each other.
Apart from this teacher’s handbook, the project provides a continuing professional development (CPD) course, a webpage (http://maths.emportfolio.eu) from which all materials can be downloaded, and an online collaboration platform. A general overview of related literature and research is available in separate documents. Additional teacher booklets provide related materials and a brief overview of the theoretical background, and are the basis for the CPD courses. The project ‘Sounding Ways into Mathematics’ is related to the EMP-Languages project ‘A Creative Way into Languages’ (http://emportfolio.eu/emp/).
The behaviour of electronic circuits is influenced by ageing effects. Modelling the behaviour of circuits is a standard approach for the design of faster, smaller, more reliable and more robust systems. In this thesis, we propose a formalization of robustness that is derived from a failure model, which is based purely on the behavioural specification of a system. For a given specification, simulation can reveal if a system does not comply with a specification, and thus provide a failure model. Ageing usually works against the specified properties, and ageing models can be incorporated to quantify the impact on specification violations, failures and robustness. We study ageing effects in the context of analogue circuits. Here, models must factor in infinitely many circuit states. Ageing effects have a cause and an impact that require models. On both these ends, the circuit state is highly relevant, an must be factored in. For example, static empirical models for ageing effects are not valid in many cases, because the assumed operating states do not agree with the circuit simulation results. This thesis identifies essential properties of ageing effects and we argue that they need to be taken into account for modelling the interrelation of cause and impact. These properties include frequency dependence, monotonicity, memory and relaxation mechanisms as well as control by arbitrary shaped stress levels. Starting from decay processes, we define a class of ageing models that fits these requirements well while remaining arithmetically accessible by means of a simple structure.
Modeling ageing effects in semiconductor circuits becomes more relevant with higher integration and smaller structure sizes. With respect to miniaturization, digital systems are ahead of analogue systems, and similarly ageing models predominantly focus on digital applications. In the digital domain, the signal levels are either on or off or switching in between. Given an ageing model as a physical effect bound to signal levels, ageing models for components and whole systems can be inferred by means of average operation modes and cycle counts. Functional and faithful ageing effect models for analogue components often require a more fine-grained characterization for physical processes. Here, signal levels can take arbitrary values, to begin with. Such fine-grained, physically inspired ageing models do not scale for larger applications and are hard to simulate in reasonable time. To close the gap between physical processes and system level ageing simulation, we propose a data based modelling strategy, according to which measurement data is turned into ageing models for analogue applications. Ageing data is a set of pairs of stress patterns and the corresponding parameter deviations. Assuming additional properties, such as monotonicity or frequency independence, learning algorithm can find a complete model that is consistent with the data set. These ageing effect models decompose into a controlling stress level, an ageing process, and a parameter that depends on the state of this process. Using this representation, we are able to embed a wide range of ageing effects into behavioural models for circuit components. Based on the developed modelling techniques, we introduce a novel model for the BTI effect, an ageing effect that permits relaxation. In the following, a transistor level ageing model for BTI that targets analogue circuits is proposed. Similarly, we demonstrate how ageing data from analogue transistor level circuit models lift to purely behavioural block models. With this, we are the first to present a data based hierarchical ageing modeling scheme. An ageing simulator for circuits or system level models computes long term transients, solutions of a differential equation. Long term transients are often close to quasi-periodic, in some sense repetitive. If the evaluation of ageing models under quasi-periodic conditions can be done efficiently, long term simulation becomes practical. We describe an adaptive two-time simulation algorithm that basically skips periods during simulation, advancing faster on a second time axis. The bottleneck of two-time simulation is the extrapolation through skipped frames. This involves both the evaluation of the ageing models and the consistency of the boundary conditions. We propose a simulator that computes long term transients exploiting the structure of the proposed ageing models. These models permit extrapolation of the ageing state by means of a locally equivalent stress, a sort of average stress level. This level can be computed efficiently and also gives rise to a dynamic step control mechanism. Ageing simulation has a wide range of applications. This thesis vastly improves the applicability of ageing simulation for analogue circuits in terms of modelling and efficiency. An ageing effect model that is a part of a circuit component model accounts for parametric drift that is directly related to the operation mode. For example asymmetric load on a comparator or power-stage may lead to offset drift, which is not an empiric effect. Monitor circuits can report such effects during operation, when they become significant. Simulating the behaviour of these monitors is important during their development. Ageing effects can be compensated using redundant parts, and annealing can revert broken components to functional. We show that such mechanisms can be simulated in place using our models and algorithms. The aim of automatized circuit synthesis is to create a circuit that implements a specification for a certain use case. Ageing simulation can identify candidates that are more reliable. Efficient ageing simulation allows to factor in various operation modes and helps refining the selection. Using long term ageing simulation, we have analysed the fitness of a set of synthesized operational amplifiers with similar properties concerning various use cases. This procedure enables the selection of the most ageing resilient implementation automatically.
From Brownian motion with a local time drift to Feller's branching diffusion with logistic growth
(2011)
We give a new proof for a Ray-Knight representation of Feller's branching diffusion with logistic growth in terms of the local times of a reflected Brownian motion H with a drift that is affine linear in the local time accumulated by H
at its current level. In Le et al. (2011) such a representation was obtained by an approximation through Harris paths that code the genealogies of particle systems. The present proof is purely in terms of stochastic analysis, and is inspired by previous work of Norris, Rogers and Williams (1988).
Random ordinary differential equations (RODEs) are ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which have a stochastic process in their vector field functions. RODEs have been used in a wide range of applications such as biology, medicine, population dynamics and engineering and play an important role in the theory of random dynamical systems, however, they have been long overshadowed by stochastic differential equations.
Typically, the driving stochastic process has at most Hoelder continuous sample paths and the resulting vector field is, thus, at most Hoelder continuous in time, no matter how smooth the vector function is in its original variables, so the sample paths of the solution are certainly continuously differentiable, but their derivatives are at most Hoelder continuous in time. Consequently, although the classical numerical schemes for ODEs can be applied pathwise to RODEs, they do not achieve their traditional orders.
Recently, Gruene and Kloeden derived the explicit averaged Euler scheme by taking the average of the noise within the vector field. In addition, new forms of higher order Taylor-like schemes for RODEs are derived systematically by Jentzen and Kloeden.
However, it is still important to build higher order numerical schemes and computationally less expensive schemes as well as numerically stable schemes and this is the motivation of this thesis. The schemes by Gruene and Kloeden and Jentzen and Kloeden are very general, so RODEs with special structure, i.e., RODEs with Ito noise and RODEs with affine structure, are focused and numerical schemes which exploit these special structures are investigated.
The developed numerical schemes are applied to several mathematical models in biology and medicine. In order to see the performance of the numerical schemes, trajectories of solutions are illustrated. In addition, the error vs. step sizes as well as the computational costs are compared among newly developed schemes and the schemes in literature.
In the qualitative analysis of solutions of partial differential equations, many interesting questions are related to the shape of solutions. In particular, the symmetries of a given solution are of interest. One of the first more general results in this direction was given in 1979 by Gidas, Ni and Nirenberg... The main tool in proving this symmetry and monotonicity result is the moving plane method. This method, which goes back to Alexandrov’s work on constant mean curvature surfaces in 1962, was introduced in 1971 by Serrin in the context of partial differential equations to analyze an overdetermined problem...
Triangles of groups have been introduced by Gersten and Stallings. They are, roughly speaking, a generalization of the amalgamated free product of two groups and occur in the framework of Corson diagrams. First, we prove an intersection theorem for Corson diagrams. Then, we focus on triangles of groups. It has been shown by Howie and Kopteva that the colimit of a hyperbolic triangle of groups contains a non-abelian free subgroup. We give two natural conditions, each of which ensures that the colimit of a non-spherical triangle of groups either contains a non-abelian free subgroup or is virtually solvable.
This work proposes to employ the (bursty) GLO model from Bingmer et. al (2011) to model the occurrence of tropical cyclones. We develop a Bayesian framework to estimate the parameters of the model and, particularly, employ a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. This also allows us to develop a forecasting framework for future events.
Moreover, we assess the default probability of an insurance company that is exposed to claims that occur according to a GLO process and show that the model is able to substantially improve actuarial risk management if events occur in oscillatory bursts.