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Neuronal dynamics differs between wakefulness and sleep stages, so does the cognitive state. In contrast, a single attractor state, called self-organized critical (SOC), has been proposed to govern human brain dynamics for its optimal information coding and processing capabilities. Here we address two open questions: First, does the human brain always operate in this computationally optimal state, even during deep sleep? Second, previous evidence for SOC was based on activity within single brain areas, however, the interaction between brain areas may be organized differently. Here we asked whether the interaction between brain areas is SOC. ...
When studying real world complex networks, one rarely has full access to all their components. As an example, the central nervous system of the human consists of 1011 neurons which are each connected to thousands of other neurons. Of these 100 billion neurons, at most a few hundred can be recorded in parallel. Thus observations are hampered by immense subsampling. While subsampling does not affect the observables of single neuron activity, it can heavily distort observables which characterize interactions between pairs or groups of neurons. Without a precise understanding how subsampling affects these observables, inference on neural network dynamics from subsampled neural data remains limited.
We systematically studied subsampling effects in three self-organized critical (SOC) models, since this class of models can reproduce the spatio-temporal activity of spontaneous activity observed in vivo. The models differed in their topology and in their precise interaction rules. The first model consisted of locally connected integrate- and fire units, thereby resembling cortical activity propagation mechanisms. The second model had the same interaction rules but random connectivity. The third model had local connectivity but different activity propagation rules. As a measure of network dynamics, we characterized the spatio-temporal waves of activity, called avalanches. Avalanches are characteristic for SOC models and neural tissue. Avalanche measures A (e.g. size, duration, shape) were calculated for the fully sampled and the subsampled models. To mimic subsampling in the models, we considered the activity of a subset of units only, discarding the activity of all the other units.
Under subsampling the avalanche measures A depended on three main factors: First, A depended on the interaction rules of the model and its topology, thus each model showed its own characteristic subsampling effects on A. Second, A depended on the number of sampled sites n. With small and intermediate n, the true A¬ could not be recovered in any of the models. Third, A depended on the distance d between sampled sites. With small d, A was overestimated, while with large d, A was underestimated.
Since under subsampling, the observables depended on the model's topology and interaction mechanisms, we propose that systematic subsampling can be exploited to compare models with neural data: When changing the number and the distance between electrodes in neural tissue and sampled units in a model analogously, the observables in a correct model should behave the same as in the neural tissue. Thereby, incorrect models can easily be discarded. Thus, systematic subsampling offers a promising and unique approach to model selection, even if brain activity was far from being fully sampled.
Background: Following elective craniotomy patients routinely receive monitoring on ICU. However, the benefit of ICU monitoring in these patients is discussed controversially. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, there are further limitations of ICU capacities. This study aimed to compare this strategy with a standardized management of post-craniotomy patients on ICU.
Methods: Two postoperative strategies were compared in a matched-pair analysis: The first cohort included patients treated between May-August 2021 according to the “No ICU – unless” concept (NIU group), where patients were managed on the normal ward postoperatively. The second cohort contained patients routinely admitted to the ICU between February-April 2021 (control group). Outcome parameters contained complications, length of stay, duration to first postoperative mobilization, number of unplanned imaging, number/type of ICU interventions and pre- and postoperative mRS. Patient characteristics were analyzed using electronic medical records.
Results: The NIU group consisted of 96 patients, the control group of 75 patients. Complication rates were comparable in both cohorts (16% in NIU vs. 17% in control; p=0.123). Groups did not differ significantly in the number of imaging (10% in NIU vs. 13% in control; p=0.67), in the type of interventions on ICU (antihypertensive therapy 5% (NIU) vs. 6% (control); p=0.825) or in the time to first postoperative mobilization (average 1.1± 1.6 days vs. 0.9± 1.2 days; p=0.402). Length of hospital stay was shorter in the NIU group without reaching statistical significance (average 5.8 vs. 6.8 days; p=0.481). There was no significant change in the distribution of preoperative (p=0.960) and postoperative (p=0.425) mRS scores.
Conclusion: Postoperative ICU management does not reduce postoperative complications and has no effect on the surgical outcome of elective craniotomies. The majority of postoperative complications are detected after a 24-hour observation period. This approach may represent a potential strategy to prevent overutilization of ICU capacities while maintaining sufficient postoperative care for neurosurgical patients.
Fragestellung: Eine neu entwickelte Vertebroplastieschraube (Omega 21-System, Biomet©) wurde in Ihrem ersten klinischen Einsatz durch postoperative CT- und nativradiologische Kontrollen in Bezug auf den Füllungsgrad im Wirbelkörper und die Zementaustrittsrate paravertebral, intradiscal und intraspinal untersucht. Methode: Im Zeitraum von November 2005 bis Januar 2006 wurden 21 Patienten mit einer mono- oder multisegmentalen Spondylodese, in Kombination mit Vertebroplastieschrauben versorgt. Die Indikationen, welche zum Einsatz dieses Schraubentyps geführt haben, waren Revisionen von gelockerten Pedikelschrauben (5), Osteolysen im Wirbelkörperbereich, hervorgerufen durch Metastasen verschiedener Primärtumore (9) und osteoporotische Frakturversorgungen (7). Die Art des Zementaustrittes wurde nach der Klassifikation von Yeom et al.(2003) evaluiert. Ergebnisse: Bei 21 Patienten wurden 54 Wirbelkörper mit insgesamt 97 Vertebroplastieschrauben versorgt. Im Durchschnitt wurde pro Schraube ein Volumen von 2 ccm PMMA-Zement (Osteopal V©) mittels 1 ccm-Spritzen appliziert. In 35 (65%) Wirbelkörpern konnte ein Zementaustritt im CT nachgewiesen werden. 21 (60%) Wirbelkörper zeigten die Austrittsform vom Typ S (Segmentvene). Typ B-Austrittsformen (Vena basivertebralis) konnten in 9 Wirbelkörpern und Typ C-Austrittsformen (Korticalisdefekte) in 5 (14%) nachgewiesen werden. Während der Nachuntersuchungsperiode zw. 2-14 Monaten zeigte sich keine Schraubenlockerung. Weiterhin konnte klinisch in einem Fall eine Fußheberparese postoperativ diagnostiziert werden. Darüberhinaus fanden sich keine weiteren Komplikationen, die mit der neu entwickelten Schraube in Zusammenhang gebracht werden konnten. Schlussfolgerung: Die Durchführung der gleichzeitigen Vertebroplastie unter Verwendung eines Pedikelschraubensystemes ist durch die Entwicklung der Vertebroplastieschraube deutlich vereinfacht worden. Vertebroplastieschrauben führen weiterhin zu einer verbesserten Augmentation in pathologisch verändertem Knochen mit gleichmäßiger Distribution des injizierten Zementes. Hierdurch ergeben sich Indikationserweiterungen und Verkürzungen von Spondylodesestrecken. Die Zementaustrittsrate von 65% liegt unter den publizierten Austrittsraten von konventionellen Vertebroplastien.
Oral presentation: 23rd World Congress of the World Society of Cardio-Thoracic Surgeons. Split, Croatia. 12-15 September 2013.
Background: Partial upper sternotomy (PUS) is established less invasive approach for single and double valve surgery. Reports of aortic surgery performed through PUS are rare.
Methods: The records of 52 patients undergoing primary elective surgery on the proximal aorta through PUS between 2005 and 2011 were reviewed. Patients mean age was 57 years, 35% were in NYHA Class III or IV, 59% had recent cardiac decompensation, and 17% had pulmonary hypertension. The PUS was taken down to the 4th left intercostal space in 44 patients (85%).
Results: No conversion to full sternotomy was necessary. The aortic cross-clamp, cardiopulmonary bypass and operative times averaged 136 ± 20 min., 186 ± 36 min. and 327 ± 83 min., respectively. In eight patients, the right axillary artery was cannulated for establishing cardiopulmonary bypass; the others were cannulated centrally. All patients except one received a procedure on the ascending aorta, either replacement in 30 (58%) or reduction aortoplasty in 21 (40%). Aortic root replacement was additionally performed in 31 patients (60%), including David in 20 (38%) and Ross procedure in 6 (11.5%). The aortic arch was replaced either partially in 5 (10%) or totally in 3 (6%) patients, in moderate hypothermia employing antegrade cerebral perfusion. Additional procedures, included mitral valve repair in 15 (29%) patients and coronary grafting. Ventilation time, intensive care unit and hospital stay averaged 17 ± 12 hours, 2 ± 1, and 11 ± 9 days. Chest drainage was 470 ± 380 ml/24 hours. Permanent neurologic deficit did not occur. Wound dehiscence was observed in a single patient (2%). Thirty-day and hospital mortality were not observed.
Conclusions: Less invasive surgery on the aortic root, ascending aorta and aortic arch can be performed safely and reproducibly. Potential benefits include a minimized risk of wound dehiscence and reduced postoperative bleeding. The PUS does not compromise the quality of the operation.