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The volume changes of cesium under pressure are discussed with respect to the packing density of the atoms and valence. The element is univalent in densely packed Cs I and Cs II. Valence increases in Cs III (packing density q = 0.973), in Cs IV (q = 0.943), in Cs V (q ~ 0.99), and in close packed Cs VI. The diminuition of volume beyond ~ 15 GPa is caused by this increase only which implies that electrons of the fifth shell act as valence electrons.
The volume changes of lithium and sodium under pressure are discussed with respect to the packing density of the atoms and their valence. In densely packed Li I (bcc), Li II (fcc), and Li III (alpha-Hg ype), valence increases from 1 at ~ 5 GPa to ~ 2.5 at 40 GPa. The maximum valence 3 is attained in Li IV (body-centered cubic, 16 atoms per cell, packing density q = 0.965) at 47 GPa. In densely packed Na I (bcc) a linear increase of valence from 1 at ~ 10 GPa to 2.9 at 65 GPa is found which continues in Na II (fcc) up to 4.1 at 103 GPa.