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Ausgehend von Brechts Regieanweisung im Gedicht „Das Zeigen muss gezeigt werden !“ befasst sich das erste Kapitel mit dem deiktischen Prinzip im Stück Die Dreigroschenoper. Nachgewiesen wird seine Zeigestruktur, die die Beggar’s Opera von John Gay durch die Bauform der Dreigroschenoper, letztlich aber die Oper als „romantisches Institut“ generell >beybringt<: Es handelt sich bei diesem Werk im Grunde um ein Lehrstück in Form einer Oper. Zur Darstellung kommt, wie sich das zeigt, was schon allgemein bekannt zu sein scheint (Hegel), wie die Oper und das Zeigen selbst. Im Großformat: Soziale Verelendung. In etlichen Kleinformaten: Eine Hochzeit. Oder Eifersucht, Armut, Prostitution, Trunksucht, Liebe und Verrat oder das, was gemeinhin als „Kriminalität“ bezeichnet wird. Die Dialektik von Einfühlung und Verfremdung tritt als Index zutage: Die Beteiligung am Unbeteiligtsein durch das Zeigen „ohne Mitleid“. Das zweite Kapitel nimmt Brechts Kritik der Einfühlung beim Schauspielen auf und stellt sie reformpädagogischen Unterrichtskonzepten gegenüber. Diese Studien zur Didaktik beleuch-ten die ideologischen morphings der Formel „vom Kinde aus“ und arbeiten einen völlig neuen Begriff von Verfremdung heraus. Es geht um die problematische Vorherrschaft von Familiarisierungen durch Zeigen und Verfremden unter dem Fanal einer sich kindgerecht und human ausgebenden Pädagogik – das „Einfühlungstheater“. Kritisiert werden in Rücksicht auf Brechts Theater in Theorie und Praxis die Illusionen, die das >Beybringen< betreffen. Sei es beim „erfahrungsoffenen Lernen“, das auf den Phänomenen stehe (Wagenschein, Rumpf), sei es beim „handlungs- und schülerorientierten Unterricht“ (Meyer) oder aber beim „Methoden-training“ und dem „eigenverantwortlichen Arbeiten und Lernen“ (Klippert). Das Resultat ist, dass diese Einlassungen theoretisch nicht ganz koscher sind. Die Diagnose gilt nicht minder für eine Pilotstudie zum Holocaust als Unterrichtsthema. Favorisiert wird in diesen Reformen der Pädagogik „das Anschauen des Grauens“ (Brumlik). Im Schlußkapitel entsteht aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen eine Theorie der Didaktik. Die Didaktik selbst wird auf ihre eigentliche Aufgabe zurückgeführt: Die Deixis. Die Säulen der vorliegenden Arbeit bilden von Anfang an die Schriften von Klaus Prange, werden aber an dieser Stelle mit den Brechtschen besonders pointiert zusammengebracht. Entgegen Pranges Auffassung ist die Artikulation des Zeigens bereits als Elementarform der Verfremdung zu konstatieren. Rezeptionsästhetische Aspekte kommen ins Spiel (Gandelmann), die Rolle von präsentativen und diskursiven Symbolisierungsformen: „Das Zeigen des Zeigens gehört zur Sprache“ (Prange). Und es gehört nicht nur zur Sprache, sondern die Sprache kommt zur Sprache. Sie erfährt durch das Zeigemoment eine Rhetorisierung, gerade weil sie auch klingt. Die Formel „vom Kinde aus“ entpuppt sich vor dem Hintergrund als „leere Benzintonne“ (Whorf): Die Claqueure der Pädagogik der Reformen wähnen sich mit ihren illusorischen Theorien in Sicherheit, „rauchen“ und „trinken“ wie gewohnt weiter und nehmen nicht für wahr, das auch hier das Wesentliche und in dem Fall Gefährliche für die Augen unsichtbar ist: „How to do Things with words“ (Austin) – diese Frage ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die Pädagogik. Der Räuberhauptmann Macheath würde sagen: „Da kannst du was lernen.“
This study investigates supralaryngeal mechanisms of the two way voicing contrast among German velar stops and the three way contrast among Korean velar stops, both in intervocalic position. Articulatory data won via electromagnetic articulography of three Korean speakers and acoustic recordings of three Korean and three German speakers are analysed. It was found that in both languages the voicing contrast is created by more than one mechanism. However, one can say that for Korean velar stops in intervocalic position stop closure duration is the most important parameter. For German it is closure voicing. The results support the phonological description proposed by Kohler (1984).
Articulatory token-to-token variability not only depends on linguistic aspects like the phoneme inventory of a given language but also on speaker specific morphological and motor constraints. As has been noted previously (Perkell (1997), Mooshammer et al. (2004)), speakers with coronally high "domeshaped" palates exhibit more articulatory variability than speakers with coronally low "flat" palates. One explanation for that is based on perception oriented control by the speaker. The influence of articulatory variation on the cross sectional area and consequently on the acoustics should be greater for flat palates than for domeshaped ones. This should force speakers with flat palates to place their tongue very precisely whereas speakers with domeshaped palates might tolerate a greater variability. A second explanation could be a greater amount of lateral linguo-palatal contact for flat palates holding the tongue in position. In this study both hypotheses were tested.
In order to investigate the influence of the palate shape on the variability of the acoustic output a modelling study was carried out. Parallely, an EPG experiment was conducted in order to investigate the relationship between palate shape, articulatory variability and linguo-palatal contact.
Results from the modelling study suggest that the acoustic variability resulting from a certain amount of articulatory variability is higher for flat palates than for domeshaped ones. Results from the EPG experiment with 20 speakers show that (1.) speakers with a flat palate exhibit a very low articulatory variability whereas speakers with a domeshaped palate vary, (2.) there is less articulatory variability if there is lots of linguo-palatal contact and (3.) there is no relationship between the amount of lateral linguo-palatal contact and palate shape. The results suggest that there is a relationship between token-to-token variability and palate shape, however, it is not that the two parameters correlate, but that speakers with a flat palate always have a low variability because of constraints of the variability range of the acoustic output whereas speakers with a domeshaped palate may choose the degree of variability. Since linguo-palatal contact and variability correlate it is assumed that linguo-palatal contact is a means for reducing the articulatory variability.
Temporal development of compensation strategies for perturbed palate shape in German /S/-production
(2006)
The palate shape of four speakers was changed by a prosthesis which either lowered the palate or retracted the alveoles. Subjects wore the prosthesis for two weeks and were recorded several times via EMA. Results of articulatory measurements show that speakers use different compensation methods at different stages of the adaptation. They lower the tongue immediately after the insertion of the prosthesis. Other compensation methods as for example lip protrusion are only acquired after longer practising periods. The results are interpreted as supporting the existence of different mappings between motor commands, vocal tract shape and auditory-acoustic target.
Rate effects on aerodynamics of intervocalic stops : evidence from real speech data and model data
(2008)
This paper is a first attempt towards a better understanding of the aerodynamic properties during speech production and their potential control. In recent years, studies on intraoral pressure in speech have been rather rare, and more studies concern the air flow development. However, the intraoral pressure is a crucial factor for analysing the production of various sounds.
In this paper, we focus on the intraoral pressure development during the production of intervocalic stops.
Two experimental methodologies are presented and confronted with each other: real speech data recorded for four German native speakers, and model data, obtained by a mechanical replica which allows reproducing the main physical mechanisms occurring during phonation. The two methods are presented and applied to a study on the influence of speech rate on aerodynamic properties.
Die Beschreibungen der phonologischen und phonetischen Gebrauchsmerkmale erschöpfen sich aus der Sicht der informellen Kommunikation bekanntlich vorwiegend in den sprecherbezogenen phonologischen Prozessen, die dominant mit einer durch natürliches Sprechtempo bedingten ausspracheerleichternden Funktion einhergehen. Auch verfügt die moderne Interaktionslinguistik über Kenntnisse einiger linguistischer Funktionen von Intonation. Dennoch wissen wir immer noch sehr wenig über die soziale (d. h. auch strategische) Funktionalität der artikulatorischen und prosodischen (also der segmentalen und suprasegmentalen) Merkmale im Gesprächsverhalten. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich zum Ziel, die kontextsensitiven konversationsphonologischen Sprachmerkmale und ihre soziale Funktionsweise im Alltagsgespräch zu skizzieren. Die Problematik der Herangehensweise an die Erfassung der sozialen Bedeutung von konversationeller Phonetik, Phonologie und Prosodie wird anhand von drei exemplarischen Analysen der Kontextualisierung der sozialen Distanz in den Gesprächen bei verschiedenen informellen Gruppen Jugendlicher beleuchtet.
This work investigates laryngeal and supralaryngeal correlates of the voicing contrast in alveolar obstruent production in German. It further studies laryngealoral co-ordination observed for such productions. Three different positions of the obstruents are taken into account: the stressed, syllable initial position, the post-stressed intervocalic position, and the post-stressed word final position. For the latter the phonological rule of final devoicing applies in German. The different positions are chosen in order to study the following hypotheses:
1. The presence/absence of glottal opening is not a consistent correlate of the voicing contrast in German.
2. Supralaryngeal correlates are also involved in the contrast.
3. Supralaryngeal correlates can compensate for the lack of distinction in laryngeal adjustment.
Including the word final position is motivated by the question whether neutralization in word final position would be complete or whether some articulatory residue of the contrast can be found.
Two experiments are carried out. The first experiment investigates glottal abduction in co-ordination with tongue-palate contact patterns by means of simultaneous recordings of transillumination, fiberoptic films and Electropalatography (EPG). The second experiment focuses on supralaryngeal correlates of alveolar stops studied by means of Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA) simultaneously with EPG. Three German native speakers participated in both recordings. Results of this study provide evidence that the first hypothesis holds true for alveolar stops when different positions are taken into account. In fricative production it is also confirmed since voiceless and voiced fricatives are most of the time realised with glottal abduction. Additionally, supralaryngeal correlates are involved in the voicing contrast under two perspectives. First, laryngeal and supralaryngeal movements are well synchronised in voiceless obstruent production, particularly in the stressed position. Second, supralaryngeal correlates occur especially in the post-stressed intervocalic position. Results are discussed with respect to the phonetics-phonology interface, to the role of timing and its possible control, to the interarticulatory co-ordination, and to stress as 'localised hyperarticulation'.
Studying kinematic behavior in speech production is an indispensable and fruitful methodology in order to describe for instance phonemic contrasts, allophonic variations, prosodic effects in articulatory movements. More intriguingly, it is also interpreted with respect to its underlying control mechanisms. Several interpretations have been borrowed from motor control studies of arm, eye, and limb movements. They do either explain kinematics with respect to a fine tuned control by the Central Nervous System (CNS) or they take into account a combination of influences arising from motor control strategies at the CNS level and from the complex physical properties of the peripheral speech apparatus. We assume that the latter is more realistic and ecological. The aims of this article are: first, to show, via a literature review related to the so called '1/3 power law' in human arm motor control, that this debate is of first importance in human motor control research in general. Second, to study a number of speech specific examples offering a fruitful framework to address this issue. However, it is also suggested that speech motor control differs from general motor control principles in the sense that it uses specific physical properties such as vocal tract limitations, aerodynamics and biomechanics in order to produce the relevant sounds. Third, experimental and modelling results are described supporting the idea that the three properties are crucial in shaping speech kinematics for selected speech phenomena. Hence, caution should be taken when interpreting kinematic results based on experimental data alone.
In order to understand the functional morphology of the human voice producing system, we are in need of data on the vocal tract anatomy of other mammalian species. The larynges and vocal tracts of four species of Artiodactyla were investigated in combination with acoustic analyses of their respective calls. Different evolutionary specializations of laryngeal characters may lead to similar effects on sound production. In the investigated species, such specializations are: the elongation and mass increase of the vocal folds, the volume increase of the laryngeal vestibulum by an enlarged thyroid cartilage and the formation of laryngeal ventricles. Both the elongation of the vocal folds and the increase of the oscillating masses lower the fundamental frequency. The influence of an increased volume of the laryngeal vestibulum on sound production remains unclear. The anatomical and acoustic results are presented together with considerations about the habitats and the mating systems of the respective species.
Four speakers repeated 8 times 15 sentences containing 'pVp' syllables (V being /a/, /i/ and /u/). The 'pVp' syllables were located in final, penultimate and antepenultimate position relatively to the Intonational Phrase (IP) boundary. They were embedded in lexical words of 1-3 syllables and were either word-initial or word-final. Results show that the closer the vowel in word-final position is to the IP boundary, the longer the duration and the higher the fundamental frequency of the vowel; it is also characterised by larger lip opening gestures. The potential reduction or coarticulation of vowels in wordinitial position compared to their counterparts in word-final position is discussed.