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Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.
Australian subtropical rainforests and plant populations have become increasingly fragmented since European settlement. Managing relict populations and remnants within the landscape matrix is dependent upon our understanding of plant reproductive biology. The incidence of autogamous self-compatibility and dioecy was investigated in subtropical rainforests, near Taree, in the Manning Valley (northern New South Wales). The proportion of dioecious species in rainforests of the region is high (~17%), but varies among sites. The potential for hermaphroditic species to self-pollinate was examined by bagging inflorescences in the field. Of the > 30 species (in 14 families) studied, nine species exhibited high levels of selfcompatibility. These were predominantly pioneer and edge species, but other pioneer species were self-incompatible. Different behaviour occurred within families. Twenty species (in 13 families) regenerated from basal coppice or root suckers following bushfire. The significance of knowledge of reproductive biology for management is discussed.
Predication and equation
(2001)
English is one language where equative sentences and non-equative sentences have a similar surface syntax (but see Heggie 1988 and Moro 1997 for a discussion of more subtle differences). In this paper we address the fact that many other languages appear to use radically different morphological means which seem to map to intuitive differences in the type of predication expressed. We take one such language, Scottish Gaelic, and show that the real difference is not between equative and non-equative sentences, but is rather dependent on whether the predicational head in the structure proposed above is eventive or not.
We show that the aparently odd syntax of “equatives” in this language derives from the fact that they are constructed via a non-eventive Pred head. Since Pred heads cannot combine with non-predicative categories, such as saturated DPs, “equatives” are built up indirectly from a simple predicational structure with a semantically bleached predicate. This approach not only allows us to maintain a strict one-to-one syntax/semantics mapping for predicational syntax, but also for the syntax of DPs. The argument we develop here, then, suggests that the interface between the syntactic and semantic components is maximally economical— one could say perfect.
Two-pion correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV have been measured by the STAR (solenoidal tracker at RHIC) detector. The source size extracted by fitting the correlations grows with event multiplicity and decreases with transverse momentum. Anomalously large sizes or emission durations, which have been suggested as signals of quark-gluon plasma formation and rehadronization, are not observed. The Hanbury Brown-Twiss parameters display a weak energy dependence over a broad range in sqrt[sNN].
The minimum-bias multiplicity distribution and the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions for central collisions have been measured for negative hadrons ( h-) in Au+Au interactions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV. The multiplicity density at midrapidity for the 5% most central interactions is dNh-/d eta | eta = 0 = 280±1(stat)±20(syst), an increase per participant of 38% relative to pp-bar collisions at the same energy. The mean transverse momentum is 0.508±0.012 GeV/c and is larger than in central Pb+Pb collisions at lower energies. The scaling of the h- yield per participant is a strong function of pperp. The pseudorapidity distribution is almost constant within | eta |<1.
We report the first measurement of inclusive antiproton production at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The antiproton transverse mass distributions in the measured transverse momentum range of 0.25<pperp<0.95 GeV/c are found to fall less steeply for more central collisions. The extrapolated antiproton rapidity density is found to scale approximately with the negative hadron multiplicity density.
The first measurements of light antinucleus production in Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider are reported. The observed production rates for d-bar and 3He-bar are much larger than in lower energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. A coalescence model analysis of the yields indicates that there is little or no increase in the antinucleon freeze-out volume compared to collisions at CERN SPS energy. These analyses also indicate that the 3He-bar freeze-out volume is smaller than the d-bar freeze-out volume.
We report results on the ratio of midrapidity antiproton-to-proton yields in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[sNN] = 130 GeV per nucleon pair as measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. Within the rapidity and transverse momentum range of | y|<0.5 and 0.4<pt<1.0 GeV/c, the ratio is essentially independent of either transverse momentum or rapidity, with an average of 0.65±0.01(stat)±0.07(syst) for minimum bias collisions. Within errors, no strong centrality dependence is observed. The results indicate that at this RHIC energy, although the p-p-bar pair production becomes important at midrapidity, a significant excess of baryons over antibaryons is still present.
Cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIM) has been employed to image the momentum distributions of continuum electrons liberated in the impact of slow He2+ on He and H2. The distributions were measured for fully determined motion of the nuclei that is as a function of the impact parameter and in a well de ned scattering plane The single ionization (SI) of H2 leading to H2+ recoil ions in nondissociative states (He2+ + H+ -> He2+ + H+ + e-) and the transfer ionization (TI) of H2 leading to H2 dissociation into two free protons (He2+ H2 -> He+ + H+ + H+ + e-) were investigated. Similar measurements have been carried out for He target, the corresponding atomic two electron system, i.e. the single ionization (SI) (He2+ + He -> He+ + He2+ e- and the transfer ionization (TI) (He2+ + He -> He+ + He2+ + e-). These measurements have been exploited to understand the results obtained for H target. In comparing the continuum electron momentum distributions for H2 with that for He, a high degree of similarity is observed. In the case of transfer ionization of H2, the electron momentum distributions generated for parallel and perpendicular molecular orientations revealed no orientation dependence. The in scattering plane electron momentum distributions for the transfer ionization of H2 by He2+ and for the transfer ionization of He by He2e showed that the salient feature of these distributions for both collisions systems consists in the appearance of two groups of electrons with difeerent structures. In addition to the group of the saddle electrons forming two jets separated by a valley along the projectile axis we nd a new group of electrons moving with a velocity higher than the projectile velocity These new fast forward electrons result from a narrow range of impact parameters and appear as image saddle in the projectile frame. In contrast to the transfer ionization of He, the fast forward electrons group disappears in the in scattering plane electron momentum distribution generated for the single ionization of He. Instead of this group another new group of electrons appear These electrons exhibit an amount of backscattering These backward elec trons appear as image saddle in the target frame The structures that the saddle electrons show are owing to the quasi molecular nature of the collision process For the TI of H2, the TI of He and the SI of He, a pi-orbital shape of the electron momentum distribution is observed This indicates the importance of the rotational coupling 2-p-theta -> 2p-pi in the initial promotion of the ground state followed by further promotions to the continuum The backward electrons as well as the fast forward electrons are not discussed in the theoretical literature at all. However, a number of obvious indications of the existence of the backward and fast forward electrons could be seen in the experimental works of Abdallah et al. as well as in the theoretical calculations of Sidky et al One might speculate that electrons which are promoted on the saddle for some time during the collision could finally swing around the He+ ion in the way out of the collision, i.e. either around the projectile in the forward direction as in the TI case forming the fast forward electrons or around the recoil ion in the backward direction as in the SI case forming the backward electrons. This might be a result of the strong gradient, and hence the large acceleration of the screened He+ potential.