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Sie werden, meine Damen und Herren, diese Bilder "2001 – A Space Odyssey" von Stanley Kubrick erinnern. Dieser Film, 1968 gedreht, also noch vor der ersten bemannten Mondlandung und noch vor dem takeoff des Computerzeitalters – dieser Film ist nicht nur eine Inkunabel eines ganzen Filmgenres, sondern er hat unsere Bilder von Weltraum und Computer maßgeblich geprägt. Er vermochte dies auch deswegen, weil Kubrick hier technische Phantasien und religiöse Motive, psychodelische Zeitreisen und metaphysische Sinnsuche, Urgeschichte und Endgeschichte, Angst vor der Technik und Sehnsüchte nach einer Entgrenzung jenseits von Zeit und Raum in maßstabsetzende Bilder brachte, verbunden mit einem niemals zuvor derart ungeheuren Einsatz von Musik und einer so noch niemals zuvor gesehenen Herabsetzung des Mediums, das seit alters her als die Sphäre des Menschlichen überhaupt angesehen wurde, nämlich die Sprache. Von 141 Minuten Film sind nur 40 Minuten von Dialogen begleitet. Kubrick erweist den Film als dasjenige Medium, in welchem die visuellen Mythen unserer Zeit kreiert werden. ...
If reductionism and a search for deterministic, predictive 'laws' of nature represented the dominant research strategy – and world view – of the scientific community during the 20th century, 'emergence' has become a major theme, if not the dominant approach in the 21st century, reflecting a major shift of focus toward the study of complexity and complex systems. However, this important 'climate change' in the scientific enterprise has been accompanied by much confusion and debate about what exactly emergence is. How do you know it when you see it? Or don't see it? What are its defining properties? Is it possible to predict emergence? And is there more to emergence than meets the eye? Beyond these meta-theoretical issues, there is a deep question that is often skirted, or even ignored. How do we explain emergence? Why does emergence emerge? Here, I will briefly recount the history of this important concept and will address some of the many questions that surround it. I will also consider the distinction between reductionist and holistic approaches to the subject, as well as the distinction between epistemological and ontological emergence (that is, the ability to deduce or predict emergence versus the concrete reality of an emergent phenomenon). I will argue that living systems are irreducibly emergent in both senses and that biological evolution has quintessentially been a creative emergent process that is fully consistent with modern (Darwinian) evolutionary theory. Furthermore, as I will explain, novel 'synergies' of various kinds have been responsible for the 'progressive' evolution of more complex living systems over time. e selective advantages associated with emergent, synergistic effects have played a major causal role in the evolutionary process.