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Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer Studie präsentiert, die in ausgewählten Märchen die Entwicklung der substantivischen Diminutiva im Deutschen und im Tschechischen von der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zur Gegenwart untersucht hat. Im Fokus der Analyse stand vor allem die Wortbildung, in Verbindung mit ihrem Kontext wurden gleichzeitig auch die Funktionen der Diminutiva im Untersuchungszeitraum verfolgt.
Der Beitrag ist im Rahmen der Ausarbeitung eines derivationellen Valenzlexikons entstanden, in dem Valenzträger des Deutschen und Tschechischen für verschiedene kategoriale Kontexte erfasst werden sollen. Anhand des Musterlemmas für abfallen wird diskutiert, welche Kriterien zur Festlegung von zentralen und peripheren Varianten des jeweiligen Lexems geeignet sind und welche linguistischen Besonderheiten an der Peripherie des genannten Lexems auftreten.
The focus of the present paper is on the difference between English and German learners‘ use of perfectivity and imperfectivity. The latter is expressed by means of suffixation (suffix -va-). In contrast, perfectivity is encoded either by suffixation (-nou-) or by prefixation (twenty different prefixes that mostly modify not only aspectual but also lexical properties of the verb).
In the native Czech data set, there is no significant difference between the number of imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms. In the English data, imperfectively and perfectively marked verb forms are equally represented as well. However, German learners use significantly more perfective forms than English learners and Czech natives. When encoding perfectivity in Czech, German learners prefer to use prefixes to suffixes. Overall, English learners in comparison to German learners encode more perfectives by means of suffixation than prefixation.
These results suggest that German learners of Czech focus on prefixes expressing aspectual and lexical modification of the verb, while English learners rather pay attention to the aspectual opposition between perfective and imperfective. In a more abstract way, the German learner group focuses on the operations carried out on the left side from the verb stem while the English learner group concentrates on the operations performed on the right side qfrom the verb stem.
This sensitivity can be to certain degree motivated by the linguistic devices of the corresponding source languages: English learners of Czech use imperfectives mainly because English has marked fully grammatical form for the expression of imperfective aspect – the progressive -ing form. German learners, on the other hand, pay in Czech more attention to the prefixes, which like in German modify the lexical meaning of the verb. In this manner, Czech prefixes used for perfectivization function similar to the German verbal prefixes (such as ab-, ver-) modifying Aktionsart.
Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der tschechischen Aufnahme der deutschsprachigen Literatur um 1900 und ihrem Anteil an der Profilierung des literarischen Experiments. Tschechische Übersetzungen und Buchausgaben dieser Zeit zeichneten sich der deutschen Literatur gegenüber durch einen traditionellen Zugang aus, durch den die eigentliche deutschsprachige Moderne eher ausgeschlossen wurde und die ausgewählten Werke im Geiste des Parnassismus interpretiert und modifiziert wurden.
This paper evaluates trills [r] and their palatalized counterparts [rj] from the point of view of markedness. It is argued that [r]s are unmarked sounds in comparison to [r ]s which follows from the examination of the following parameters: (a) frequency of occurrence, (b) articulatory and aerodynamic characteristics, (c) perceptual features, (d) emergence in the process of language acquisition, (e) stability from a diachronic point of view, (f) phonotactic distribution, and (g) implications.
Several markedness aspects of [r]s and [rj] are analyzed on the basis of Slavic languages which offer excellent material for the evaluation of trills. Their phonetic characteristics incorporated into phonetically grounded constraints are employed for a phonological OT-analysis of r-palatalization in two selected languages: Polish and Czech.
(Non)retroflexivity of slavic affricates and its motivation : Evidence from polish and czech <č>
(2005)
The goal of this paper is two-fold. First, it revises the common assumption that the affricate <č> denotes /t͡ʃ/ for all Slavic languages. On the basis of experimental results it is shown that Slavic <č> stands for two sounds: /t͡ʃ/ as e.g. in Czech and /ʈʂ/ as in Polish.
The second goal of the paper is to show that this difference is not accidental but it is motivated by perceptual relations among sibilants. In Polish, /t͡ʃ/ changed to /ʈʂ/ thus lowering its sibilant tonality and creating a better perceptual distance to /tɕ/, whereas in Czech /t͡ʃ/ did not turn to /ʈʂ/, as the former displayed sufficient perceptual distance to the only affricate present in the inventory, namely, the alveolar /t͡s/. Finally, an analysis of Czech and Polish affricate inventories is offered.