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Speakers of various Southern german dialects may be heard to use two syntactic variants of subordinate clauses which are represented by the following Swabian examples: (1) daß er den net will komme lasse (2) daß er den net komme lasse will Of these two variants of the three-element verbal complex, only the non-dialect counterpart of (2) is accepted as standard modern written German: (3) daß er ihn nicht kommen lassen will In earlier periods of the German language, however, both variants were used by authors of written texts.
When in 1934, Robert BLEICHSTEINER published the Caucasian language specimina contained in the "travel book" of the 17th century Turkish writer Evliya Çelebi , he was struck by the amount of reliability he found in Evliya’s notations: "(Die Sprachproben) sind, von einzelnen Mißverständnissen abgesehen, und wenn man die falschen Punktierungen und Irrtümer der Kopisten abrechnet, außerordentlich gut, ja zuweilen mit einem gewissen phonetischen Geschick wiedergegeben, was der Auffassungsgabe und dem Eifer Evliyas ein hohes Zeugnis ausstellt. Man muß bedenken, wie schwer das arabische Alphabet, ohne weitere Unterscheidungszeichen, wie sie die islamischen Kaukasusvölker anwenden, die verwickelten, oft über 70 verschiedene Phoneme umfassenden Lautsysteme wiederzugeben imstande ist. Wenn trotzdem die Entzifferung der Sprachproben zum größten Teil geglückt ist, so muß man der ungewöhnlichen Begabung des türkischen Reisenden und Gelehrten schrankenlose Bewunderung zollen" (85). ...
Classical mutagenesis
(1992)
Classical genetic analyses require the presence of at least two different alleles per locus. Until the mid 1920's for the different alleles the investigators had to rely on spontaneous mutations. Since then mutagenic agents (mutagens) became available and these discoveries greatly enhanced the power of genetic analyses. Mutation is defined here as a heritable chemical alteration within the gene or the mutation process bringing about the change. Mutant is the individual (cell) containing the mutation. Point mutations are assumed to be free of loss, gain or rearrangement within the nucleotide sequence. Fonvard mutations are changes from the wild type allele (the allele predominant in wild populations) to a new allele, and the reverse process is backmutation. The frequency o/mutation per locus per generation (mutation rate) must be distinguished from mutant frequency, indicating simply the number of mutants in a population. Mutation in the broad sense involves also hereditary changes in chromosome number (polyploidy and aneuploidy) and chromosome structure, visible through the light microscope. The latter types are frequently called chromosomal aberrations. Arabidopsis, without further qualifications, in this context, will refer to Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. in its diploid form (2n = 10). This species has three genomes, the nuclear, plastidic and the mitochondrial. Its nuclear genome (n = 5) is the smallest among higher plants (Leutweiler et al., 1984), containing about 0.7 - 1 x 108 bp, and redundancy is very low (Meyerowitz and Pruitt, 1985). The plastid genome is about the same size as that of the mcYority of higher plants, ca. 150 kb. The size of the mitochondrial genome is ca. 400 kb. Arabidopsis is an excellent tool for genetics and its critical features and known mutants have been reviewed (R&Iei , 1970, 1975a,b; Kranz, 1978; Meyerowitz and Pruitt, 1984; Meyerowitz, 1987, 1989; Estelle and Somerville, 1986; Bowman et al., 1988).