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Recent work by Sudo (2012) and Klinedinst (2016) proposes a new perspective on differences between classes of presupposition triggers, with an empirical split roughly mirroring Abusch’s (2002) hard vs. soft distinction and related notions. These two authors propose that triggers differ in whether or not their presuppositional content simultaneously affects the calculation of the presuppositions and of the entailments of the sentences in which they appear.
Drawing on a proposal by Glanzberg (2005) we formulate the Removability/Independence Hypothesis: triggers that do not affect entailments are triggers that can be left out of sentences without affecting interpretability. We experimentally test the hypothesis by embedding 'return', '(go) again' and '(go) back' in non-monotonic environments, which Sudo argues to elicit differences in presuppositions and entailments. Our results provide clear evidence against the RI hypothesis: whereas only the trigger 'return' is crucial for the sake of interpretability, all three triggers produced similar results. At the same time, data for the triggers 'stop' and 'also', included as controls, lend further support in favor of Sudo’s entailment-contrast proposal.
'Enough'-/'too'-constructions (E/T constructions) have an implicative reading: e.g., "Mary was clever enough to leave early yesterday" entails Mary left early yesterday. I argue that this implicative reading is not due to the lexical semantics proper of 'enough'/'too', but due to its bi-clausal structure (e.g., the above-mentioned example is analyzed as "Mary left early yesterday because she was clever enough"). I analyze 'enough' and 'too' simply as degree modifiers that involve a comparison: 'enough' means reaching the lower bound of an interval, while 'too' means exceeding the upper bound of an interval. Then inspired by Schulz (2011), Baglini and Francez (2015), and Nadathur (2016), I relate the semantics of E/T constructions to causal dependence: due to some sufficiency/excess, the infinitival complement clause in E/T constructions is episodically or generically (depending on its aspect being perfective or imperfective) true/false. I also argue that this infinitive has its tense and aspect marked on the main predicate of sentences, resulting in the seeming correlation between aspect and implication in languages that overtly make a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects (e.g., French).
Theodor W. Adornos berühmt-berüchtigte Verteidigung des Fremdworts als "Exogamie der Sprache" wirft neben anderen Fragen auch die auf, ob denn hier Fremdsprache gleich Fremdsprache sei. [...] Immerhin lenkt Adornos Vergleich die Aufmerksamkeit auf einen in der Begriffsgeschichte unterschätzten Aspekt: Bedeutungsveränderungen, die eine Terminologie durchläuft, sind nicht selten mit sich wandelnden emotionalen Konnotationen verbunden. Begriffsgeschichte ist auch eine Geschichte der 'languages of emotion'. Besonders deutlich wird das an Begriffen wie 'Roboter'.
This paper addresses the question of how to account for the semantic variability of weak free adjuncts. Weak free adjuncts are non-clausal adjuncts that associate with an argument of the main predicate, contribute propositional content, and can interact with temporal or modal operators, which leads to different, adverbial-clause-like interpretations. I focus on a specific type of weak adjuncts, non-clausal as-phrases, and propose a unified semantic analysis for the full range of interpretational possibilities that takes into account the interpretational contingency on different syntactic positions. I show that this analysis improves on Stump’s (1985) original analysis of weak adjuncts. I then go on to discuss the limitations of both Stump’s account and the unified account. Both accounts fail to capture that the interaction of weak adjuncts with modal operators underlies certain restrictions on the properties of the modal operators—an observation that has not been discussed in the literature so far.
Verblendungszusammenhang
(2018)
'Verblendungszusammenhang' ist kein Wort aus der Fremde. Aber das, was der Begriff ausdrücken möchte, seine Intention, muss dem souveränen, vernünftigen Subjekt gewissermaßen fremd bleiben. Jeder Bestandteil des Kompositums und die zugrundeliegenden Verben und Nomen - Verblendung, blenden, Blindheit, blind, Zusammenhang, zusammen, Hang, hängen - stammen aus dem Deutschen und haben für sich genommen eine alltägliche, nicht-fachsprachliche Bedeutung und Verwendung. Zusammengenommen jedoch und in der Bedeutung, die die Rede vom Verblendungszusammenhang bei Theodor W. Adorno erhält, könnte uns das Wort fremder nicht sein. Denn vielleicht kommt die Intransigenz der Kritischen Theorie, ihre Radikalität und all das, was auch heute noch an ihr provoziert und nicht selten zum Widerspruch oder gar zur affektiven Abwehr reizt, nirgends so sehr zum Ausdruck wie in diesem einen Wort: Verblendungszusammenhang.
The article presents an interdisciplinary project that is focussed on an important cultural monument, namely a fortified hilltop settlement in the cadastre of Hradiště near Pilsen. This fortification is attested by five phases, which correspond to the main epochs of the erection of west Bohemian ramparts during the time span from the turn of the early to the Middle Bronze Age until the early medieval period. Geophysical prospection and trial excavations conducted there in 2012 and 2013 revealed important and new information on the stratigraphy and natural environment of the site. The project is particularly directed towards collaboration between archaeology and scientific studies. Geophysical and geochemical aspects of archaeological contexts, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological finds as well as geological composition of the materials from the fortification were analysed. Special attention was given to the problematic of the so-called vitrified walls (Schlackenwälle) associated with this site.