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The development of epilepsy (epileptogenesis) involves a complex interplay of neuronal and immune processes. Here, we present a first-of-its-kind mathematical model to better understand the relationships among these processes. Our model describes the interaction between neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuronal loss, circuit remodeling, and seizures. Formulated as a system of nonlinear differential equations, the model reproduces the available data from three animal models. The model successfully describes characteristic features of epileptogenesis such as its paradoxically long timescales (up to decades) despite short and transient injuries or the existence of qualitatively different outcomes for varying injury intensity. In line with the concept of degeneracy, our simulations reveal multiple routes toward epilepsy with neuronal loss as a sufficient but non-necessary component. Finally, we show that our model allows for in silico predictions of therapeutic strategies, revealing injury-specific therapeutic targets and optimal time windows for intervention.
Activated SUMOylation restricts MHC class I antigen presentation to confer immune evasion in cancer
(2022)
Activated SUMOylation is a hallmark of cancer. Starting from a targeted screening for SUMO-regulated immune evasion mechanisms, we identified an evolutionarily conserved function of activated SUMOylation, which attenuated the immunogenicity of tumor cells. Activated SUMOylation allowed cancer cells to evade CD8+ T cell–mediated immunosurveillance by suppressing the MHC class I (MHC-I) antigen-processing and presentation machinery (APM). Loss of the MHC-I APM is a frequent cause of resistance to cancer immunotherapies, and the pharmacological inhibition of SUMOylation (SUMOi) resulted in reduced activity of the transcriptional repressor scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB) and induction of the MHC-I APM. Consequently, SUMOi enhanced the presentation of antigens and the susceptibility of tumor cells to CD8+ T cell–mediated killing. Importantly, SUMOi also triggered the activation of CD8+ T cells and thereby drove a feed-forward loop amplifying the specific antitumor immune response. In summary, we showed that activated SUMOylation allowed tumor cells to evade antitumor immunosurveillance, and we have expanded the understanding of SUMOi as a rational therapeutic strategy for enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.
Zur Rolle der Typ-I-Interferone in der Abwehr von viralen Infektionen des zentralen Nervensystems
(2007)
Das zentrale Nervensystem (ZNS) bildet eine einzigartige Umgebung für Immunantworten, da Neuronen eine essentielle und in weiten Teilen nicht-erneuerbare Zellpopulation bilden. Virale Infektionen des ZNS und lokale anti-virale Immunantworten können zu dem Verlust von Neuronen und somit zu katastrophalen Erkrankungen führen. Unter normalen Bedingungen ist das ZNS weitgehend von der Kontrolle durch das Immunsystem ausgeschlossen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde das ZNS oft auch als „immunprivilegiert“ bezeichnet. Dieses Konzept musste in den letzten Jahren revidiert werden, da es sich gezeigt hat, dass das ZNS nicht völlig vom Immungeschehen isoliert ist. Wichtige Mediatoren antiviraler Immunantworten sind die Typ I Interferone (IFN). Die verschiedenen Typ I IFN binden an einen gemeinsamen Rezeptor, den Typ I Interferon-rezeptor (IFNAR). Die Bedeutung von Typ I IFN Antworten für die Kontrolle viraler Infektionen wurde besonders eindrucksvoll mit IFNAR-defizienten Mäusen (IFNAR-/-) gezeigt. Nach Infektion mit dem neurotropen Vesikulären Stomatitis Virus (VSV) führt das Fehlen des IFNAR zu einer stark erhöhten Empfänglichkeit für tödlich verlaufende Infektionen. In allen Organen und besonders im ZNS von VSV infizierten IFNAR-/- Tieren fanden sich stark erhöhte Virusmengen. Um zu untersuchen, ob die VSV-Infektion des zentralen Nervensystems in IFNAR-/- Mäusen in erster Linie auf ein Versagen der peripheren Immunität oder des IFN Systems innerhalb des ZNS zurückzuführen ist, wurden mittels der Cre loxP Tech-nologie Mäuse hergestellt, die auf allen peripheren Zellen IFNAR exprimieren, während die Neuronen des ZNS IFNAR defizient sind (NesCre+/-IFNARflox/flox). Nach intranasaler VSV Infektion zeigten NesCre+/-IFNARflox/flox Mäuse zunächst keine Krankheitssymptome. Nach 5 bis 6 Tagen traten aber aufsteigende und halbseitige Lähmungen auf, so dass die infizierten Tiere verstärkt im Kreis liefen und schließlich verstarben. Im Vergleich dazu verstarben IFNAR-/- Mäuse bereits nach 2 bis 3 Tagen während normale C57BL/6 Tiere nach Infektion keine Symptome zeigten und überlebten. Der beobachtete Krankheitsverlauf lässt in den IFNAR-/- Mäuse auf ein Multiorganversagen als Todesursache schließen. 3 und 6 Tage nach Infektion konnte in den Organen von C57BL/6 Tieren kein Virus reisoliert werden. In den NesCre+/ IFNARflox/flox Tieren fanden sich zum Todeszeitpunkt nur im Gehirn Viruspar-tikel, während alle anderen Organe virusfrei waren. Die Virustiter im Hirn waren im Vergleich zu den IFNAR-/- Mäusen 10- bis 100-fach erhöht. In den anderen Organen und im Blut sind keine Viruspartikel nachweisbar. Dieser Befund deutete gemeinsam mit den beobachteten Krankheitsverläufen auf eine neuropathologische Symptomatik hin, bei der es wahrscheinlich zu einer VSV-Infektion des Hirnstammes kam. Die Analyse einzelner Regionen des ZNS zeigte in IFNAR-/- Tieren, dass 2 Tage nach Infektion in allen Regionen des ZNS signifikante Virusmengen zu finden waren. In den NesCre+/-IFNARflox/flox und den C57BL/6 Tieren fanden sich zu diesem Zeitpunkt nur im Riechhirn (Bulbus olfactorius) signifikante Virustiter. In den C57BL/6 Tieren blieb das Virus auf diese Region beschränkt und wurde dort innerhalb von 6 Tagen eliminiert. In den NesCre+/-IFNARflox/flox Tieren kam es in den folgenden Tagen jedoch zu einer fortschreitenden Infektion des ZNS, und auch das Großhirn, das Kleinhirn, der Hirn-stamm und das Rückenmark zeigten hohe Virustiter. In der Induktion peripherer Immunantworten unterschieden sich NesCre+/-IFNARflox/flox und C57BL/6 Mäuse nicht. In den WT Tieren kam es im Gegensatz zu den NesCre+/ IFNARflox/flox und IFNAR-/- Tieren innerhalb von 48 Stunden nach Infektion im Riechhirn zu einer Typ I IFN abhängigen Phosphorylierung von STAT-1, einer Komponente des IFNAR-Signaltransduktionsweges. Alles deutet darauf hin, dass die Induktion geringer Mengen Typ I IFN innerhalb des Riechhirns notwendig ist, um Im-munantworten zu aktivieren, die ein Übergreifen der Virusinfektion auf andere Regio-nen des ZNS verhindern. Eine funktionierende Immunität in der Peripherie und die Blut-Hirn-Schranke scheinen nicht ausreichend zu sein, um eine Infektion des ZNS mit VSV zu verhindern. Stattdessen muss es zur Aktivierung von IFN-abhängigen Mechanismen innerhalb des Riechhirns kommen, die ein Übergreifen der VSV Infektion auf andere Hirnregionen verhindert und zur Elimination von VSV im Riechhirn beiträgt.
Experimental work on highly pathogenic viruses such as Ebola virus (EBOV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 requires high-level biosafety facilities. Here, we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol which details the production and application of replication-incompetent murine leukemia virus-based pseudotyped particles to monitor and quantify the viral entry efficiency in human cell lines under biosafety level-2 conditions. We describe the use of viral particles encoding luciferase gene and the quantification of transduction efficiency by measuring luciferase activity.
Antigen presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules depends on the heterodimeric transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). For efficient antigen supply to MHC I molecules in the ER, TAP assembles a macromolecular peptide-loading complex (PLC) by recruiting tapasin. In evolution, TAP appeared together with effector cells of adaptive immunity at the transition from jawless to jawed vertebrates and diversified further within the jawed vertebrates. Here, we compared TAP function and interaction with tapasin of a range of species within two classes of jawed vertebrates. We found that avian and mammalian TAP1 and TAP2 form heterodimeric complexes across taxa. Moreover, the extra N-terminal domain TMD0 of mammalian TAP1 and TAP2 as well as avian TAP2 recruits tapasin. Strikingly, however, only TAP1 and TAP2 from the same taxon can form a functional heterodimeric translocation complex. These data demonstrate that the dimerization interface between TAP1 and TAP2 and the tapasin docking sites for PLC assembly are conserved in evolution, whereas elements of antigen translocation diverged later in evolution and are thus taxon specific.
Background/aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading indication for liver transplantation (LT) worldwide. Early identification of patients at risk for HCC recurrence is of paramount importance since early treatment of recurrent HCC after LT may be associated with increased survival. We evaluated incidence of and predictors for HCC recurrence, with a focus on the course of AFP levels.
Methods: We performed a retrospective, single-center study of 99 HCC patients who underwent LT between January 28th, 1997 and May 11th, 2016. A multi-stage proportional hazards model with three stages was used to evaluate potential predictive markers, both by univariate and multivariable analysis, for influences on 1) recurrence after transplantation, 2) mortality without HCC recurrence, and 3) mortality after recurrence.
Results: 19/99 HCC patients showed recurrence after LT. Waiting time was not associated with overall HCC recurrence (HR = 1, p = 0.979). Similarly, waiting time did not affect mortality in LT recipients both with (HR = 0.97, p = 0.282) or without (HR = 0.99, p = 0.685) HCC recurrence. Log10-transformed AFP values at the time of LT (HR 1.75, p = 0.023) as well as after LT (HR 2.07, p = 0.037) were significantly associated with recurrence. Median survival in patients with a ratio (AFP at recurrence divided by AFP 3 months before recurrence) of 0.5 was greater than 70 months, as compared to a median of only 8 months in patients with a ratio of 5.
Conclusion: A rise in AFP levels rather than an absolute threshold could help to identify patients at short-term risk for HCC recurrence post LT, which may allow intensification of the surveillance strategy on an individualized basis.
In ischemic vascular diseases, leukocyte recruitment and polarization are crucial for revascularization and tissue repair. We investigated the role of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in vascular repair. After hindlimb ischemia induction, blood flow recovery, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and leukocyte infiltration into ischemic muscles in VASP−/− mice were accelerated. VASP deficiency also elevated the polarization of the macrophages through increased signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling, which augmented the release of chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors to promote leukocyte recruitment and vascular repair. Importantly, VASP deletion in bone marrow–derived cells was sufficient to mimic the increased blood flow recovery of global VASP−/− mice. In chemotaxis experiments, VASP−/− neutrophils/monocytes were significantly more responsive to M1-related chemokines than wild-type controls. Mechanistically, VASP formed complexes with the chemokine receptor CCR2 and β-arrestin-2, and CCR2 receptor internalization was significantly reduced in VASP−/− leukocytes. Our data indicate that VASP is a major regulator of leukocyte recruitment and polarization in postischemic revascularization and support a novel role of VASP in chemokine receptor trafficking.
HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 genetic diversity modulates response to lithium in bipolar affective disorders
(2021)
Bipolar affective disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric illness, for which lithium (Li) is the gold standard for acute and maintenance therapies. The therapeutic response to Li in BD is heterogeneous and reliable biomarkers allowing patients stratification are still needed. A GWAS performed by the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) has recently identified genetic markers associated with treatment responses to Li in the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) region. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this association, we have genetically imputed the classical alleles of the HLA region in the European patients of the ConLiGen cohort. We found our best signal for amino-acid variants belonging to the HLA-DRB1*11:01 classical allele, associated with a better response to Li (p < 1 × 10−3; FDR < 0.09 in the recessive model). Alanine or Leucine at position 74 of the HLA-DRB1 heavy chain was associated with a good response while Arginine or Glutamic acid with a poor response. As these variants have been implicated in common inflammatory/autoimmune processes, our findings strongly suggest that HLA-mediated low inflammatory background may contribute to the efficient response to Li in BD patients, while an inflammatory status overriding Li anti-inflammatory properties would favor a weak response.
India has recorded 142,186 deaths over 36 administrative regions placing India third in the world after the US and Brazil for COVID-19 deaths as of 12 December 2020. Studies indicate that south-west monsoon season plays a role in the dynamics of contagious diseases, which tend to peak post-monsoon season. Recent studies show that vitamin D and its primary source Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation may play a protective role in mitigating COVID-19 deaths. However, the combined roles of the monsoon season and UVB radiation in COVID-19 in India remain still unclear. In this observational study, we empirically study the respective roles of monsoon season and UVB radiation, whilst further exploring, whether the monsoon season negatively impacts the protective role of UVB radiation in COVID-19 deaths in India. We use a log-linear Mundlak model to a panel dataset of 36 administrative regions in India from 14 March 2020–19 November 2020 (n = 6751). We use the cumulative COVID-19 deaths as the dependent variable. We isolate the association of monsoon season and UVB radiation as measured by Ultraviolet Index (UVI) from other confounding time-constant and time-varying region-specific factors. After controlling for various confounding factors, we observe that a unit increase in UVI and the monsoon season are separately associated with 1.2 percentage points and 7.5 percentage points decline in growth rates of COVID-19 deaths in the long run. These associations translate into substantial relative changes. For example, a permanent unit increase of UVI is associated with a decrease of growth rates of COVID-19 deaths by 33% (= − 1.2 percentage points) However, the monsoon season, mitigates the protective role of UVI by 77% (0.92 percentage points). Our results indicate a protective role of UVB radiation in mitigating COVID-19 deaths in India. Furthermore, we find evidence that the monsoon season is associated with a significant reduction in the protective role of UVB radiation. Our study outlines the roles of the monsoon season and UVB radiation in COVID-19 in India and supports health-related policy decision making in India.
Although essential for T cell function, the identity of the T cell receptor (TCR) “inside-out” pathway for the activation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is unclear. SKAP1 (SKAP-55) is the upstream regulator needed for TCR-induced RapL-Rap1 complex formation and LFA-1 activation. In this paper, we show that SKAP1 is needed for RapL binding to membranes in a manner dependent on the PH domain of SKAP1 and the PI3K pathway. A SKAP1 PH domain-inactivating mutation (i.e. R131M) markedly impaired RapL translocation to membranes for Rap1 and LFA-1 binding and the up-regulation of LFA-1-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) binding. Further, N-terminal myr-tagged SKAP1 for membrane binding facilitated constitutive RapL membrane and Rap1 binding and effectively substituted for PI3K and TCR ligation in the activation of LFA-1 in T cells.