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‘Çeviribilim’ olarak adlandırılan araştırma alanında geride bırakılan son birkaç on yıla bakıldığında bilim ve kültürde yaşanan kimi olay ve gelişmelerin Almanya ve Avrupa merkezli ‘çeviri’ araştırmalarına yön verdiği söylenebilir. Bilişim konusundaki gelişmeler, eylem kuramının ve iletişimbilimin dönüşümü, işlevselciliğin yeniden yorumlanması; edimbilimin evrimi, bilişsel felsefedeki yeni gelişmeler, yeni bakış açılarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bakış açılarının birer sonucu olarak ‘çeviribilim’ olarak adlandırılan çeviri odaklı düşünmelerde yeni ağırlık noktaları ve buradan hareketle ‘kuram’ ya da ‘yaklaşım’ biçiminde ifade edilen çalışmalar oluşmuştur. Kuramcıların belli olgulara bakış açıları onların nesneye yaklaşım biçimlerini ve algılarını etkiler. Çeviri olgusuna dönük savlar ortaya koyan kuramcılara bakıldığında ‘olgular bütünü’ ya da ‘karmaşık olgu’ olarak değerlendirilebilecek bir olguya dair farklı yaklaşım ve tutum alışlardan söz edilmektedir. Bu noktada, karmaşık bir dünyayı temsil eden çok boyutlu bir olgu olarak ‘çeviri’nin kendine özgü niteliği, 90’lı yıllardan başlayarak günümüze kadar gelen süreçte, ‘çeviribilimin’ psikoloji alanı ile ilişkilendirilmesi sonucunu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çerçevede araştırmaların ilgisi, ‘çeviri gerçekliği’nde merkeze oturtulan ‘çevirmen’e yönelmiş, ‘çevirmen’in bir ürün olarak ‘çeviri’yi hangi tutum ve ruhsal duruma dayanarak ortaya koyduğuna ilişkin araştırma yönelimi önem kazanmıştır. “Belli koşullar altında bir çevirmeni belli bir çeviri çıktısına, diğer bir deyişle belli bir çeviri metne götüren olay örgüsü nedir?” ya da “çeviri sırasında hangi zihinsel işlemler gerçekleşiyor?” gibi sorulardan hareket eden yaklaşımların bir üst bakışla ele alınması bu çalışmanın ana konusunu oluşturmaktadır.
This article will attempt to suggest translation procedures necessary to translate culturally bound items in the referential level of a literary work illustrated with examples from two novels: “The Bluest Eye” by Toni Morrison and “Vineland” by Thomas Pynchon. First, the article will include a general description of the referential level in literary works offering possible avenues of 285 its rendition, then and finally suggest a translation methodology and techniques together with practical examples of the theory at work.
This paper highlights the theoretical foundations of the turn from the classical understanding of translation as the interlingual transmission of texts to the broader and partly metaphorical conception of translation as the transfer and mediation of different types of spatial and temporal boundaries. The intersection of fictional memory with translation will be explored in the context of theoretical considerations for establishing a framework for analysing the role of translates in circulating transcultural memory.
The present paper focuses upon a translatological perspective of the cultureme theory, as initially presented by Els Oksaar and developed later by other linguists. By examining a few expressions from a novel of the Romanian-German writer Aglaja Veteranyi and their translations into Romanian, the paper illustrates the categories micro- and macro-cultureme.
Languages in general have various possibilities to express one and the same propositional content. One of these possibilities is grammatical variation. This thesis is concerned with the variation of the linear word order in a clause and the effects triggered by word order alternations. Although sharing the same propositional content, different word order variants can carry different functions; word order variation can be used to achieve certain stylistic effects. The dissertation looks at functional and stylistic preferences of English regarding variation from the canonical word order in (1).
(1) [Ernie]S [sits]V [on the table]O. (SVO)
The variation under consideration is locative inversion (LOCI), exemplified in (2).
(2) On the table sits Ernie.
As any variation from the canonical word order is said to strongly depend on the grammatical system of the language a sentence is realized in, the perspective is extended to the word order equivalent of the sentence above in German (3). The goal is to highlight possible differences/similarities between English and German with respect to one specific word order variant in a declarative main clause.
(3) Auf dem Tisch liegt ein Brief.
On the table lies a letter
‘On the table lies a letter’.
As the variation from the canonical word order is not expected to be coincidental in both languages, the features that favor the pattern under consideration are examined. This is done through a statistical analysis by employing two comparable corpora, the BNC for English and the TÜPP D/Z for German. The central questions for the thesis therefore are: What are the functions of the inverted constructions in English and German, what features favor their use in the respective languages, and how are they realized syntactically?
One finding is that German uses the syntactic pattern PP-V-NP for very similar reasons this pattern is used for in English. There seems to be a general tendency to order shorter before longer constituents. The syntactic pattern under consideration fulfills similar discourse functions in both languages. Both languages show similar preferences, they are driven by similar factors when having to decide on whether to stay with the canonical order or to prepose (respectively invert) the canonically postverbal PP.
Visualization of cytosolic ribosomes on the surface of mitochondria by electron cryo‐tomography
(2017)
We employed electron cryo‐tomography to visualize cytosolic ribosomes on the surface of mitochondria. Translation‐arrested ribosomes reveal the clustered organization of the TOM complex, corroborating earlier reports of localized translation. Ribosomes are shown to interact specifically with the TOM complex, and nascent chain binding is crucial for ribosome recruitment and stabilization. Ribosomes are bound to the membrane in discrete clusters, often in the vicinity of the crista junctions. This interaction highlights how protein synthesis may be coupled with transport. Our work provides unique insights into the spatial organization of cytosolic ribosomes on mitochondria.
It has been observed from the intense discussions that the function and importance of translation in foreign language teaching have been going on since the second half of the last century. On the basis of these discussions, it has been understood, from numerous studies carried out about the subject that translation is used as a methodological means of developing language skills in foreign language teaching. Nevertheless, “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” defines the function of translation in foreign language teaching over again and emphasizes that the translation skill is a “skill” that foreign language teachers should acquire. In spite of this fact, the changes in that subject have not been reflected in German Language Teacher Education Curriculum. Translation is still dealt with in its traditional form as teaching the grammatical rules and vocabulary in German language teaching. However, translation can be used as a multi-sided means which supports developing language skills and communication ability. Thus, with suitable exercises, translation can contribute to the development of the students’ communication skill. In this study, how translation lesson can be organized more effectively and productively in the teaching of German as a foreign language is dealt with by taking the views mentioned above into consideration.
The North Transylvanian linguist Friedrich Krauss has dealt with the Northern Transylvanian plant inventory in his work “Noesnerlaendish Plant Names” (1943) referring to the town of Bistritz and surroundings. The referenced popular names of the plants are rendered phonetically, the way the linguist heard (understood) them. I have selected 68 descriptive case samples of popular plantnames for my study and have grouped them according to certain criteria. These samples exemplify the fact that the cohabitation of Saxons, Romanians and Hungarians is reflected as well in the ethnographic plant naming phenomenon. They belong to the old Transylvanian vernacular names which the linguist and plantlover, Friedrich Krauss, has saved from oblivion.
After the First Wald War, the community of Transyvanian Saxons found itself in a new political context. This study analyses cultural representations as both self-identification and cultural dialogue in two of the main publications in German language of the early inter-war period, the cultural journals Ostland and Klingsor. Literary translations and the representation of other literatures through the selection of authors and texts are also subjects of this study.
The topic of the article is the status of translation and homophony in philosophy, psychoanalysis and philology. The article focuses on the question of how translation is carried out using the basic principle of equivalence of meaning by homophony and what effects this can produce. The analysis of two case studies by Freud and Lacan shows that homophonic transfer from one language to another can be extremely productive for the subjective traversal of a phantasm. It is then shown that this is not, however, of purely subjective interest. Werner Hamacher has sketched the future of philology starting from such homophonic translations; Lacan has tried to advance to another theory of language through homophonic formations.