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Tibnīn was an important small Crusader fief and a fortified castle. It was vital for the Kingdom of Jerusalem, because it included fertile agricultural lands, was a tax collection centre, and because it controlled the Damascus-to-Tyre commercial route. Additionally, its castle played defensive and offensive role in the north of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and upper Galilee, and its rulers of Tibnīn played a major role in forming the history of the Latin East. When the Crusaders invaded the Levant at the end of the eleventh century, it was given rise to new demographic, cultural, socio-economic, and architectural features. The present Paper aims at removing some of the mystery concerning the fief of Tibnīn and its castle in the Latin East. This paper thus is a study of the demographic structure of Tibnīn and discusses the socio-economic role of Tibnīn in the Latin east. Moreover, the role of Tibnīn in influencing the relations between Muslims and the Crusaders in the Levant and the architecture of the castle of Tibnīn and its importance in the age of the Crusade will be examined.
El libro pretende brindar un recorrido inicial a través de la fauna de arañas de la Argentina. Está organizado en veintiún capítulos. En el primero de ellos se presentan características generales de las arañas. Cada uno de los capítulos siguientes corresponde a una familia distinta. Se exponen aspectos morfológicos, fisiológicos y etológicos, entre otros. Las arañas de interés sanitario presentes en el país se encuentran incluidas. El libro cuenta con más de 120 fotografías, todas fueron realizadas por el autor, y hasta ahora no habían sido publicadas. La obra está dirigida a todos los que se interesan por el mundo de las arañas, en particular a estudiantes y profesionales de ciencias biológicas, médicas y afines.
Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg war das Stadtzentrum Frankfurt am Main fast vollkommen zerstört worden. In den Nachkriegsjahren war nun fraglich, wie die Stadt von den Trümmermassen befreit werden sollte. Der Straßenraum musste von Schutt geräumt werden, Krankenhäuser und Versorgungseinrichtungen mussten wiederhergestellt werden und es musste neuer Wohnraum geschaffen werden. Es herrschte großer Baumaterialmangel, dass damals als großes Problem galt. Über eine Wiederverwertung des Trümmerschutts und die Verarbeitung zu neuen Baustoffen machte sich der damals amtierende Bürgermeister Kurt Blaum im Sommer 1945 die ersten Gedanken. Am 18. Oktober 1945 beschloss man in einer geheimen Sitzung die Gründung der Trümmerverwertungsgesellschaft. Die Aufgaben der Trümmerverwertungsgesellschaft wurde klar festgehalten: 1) Abbruch von Gefahrenstellen, Leitung der Trümmergewinnung und Transport zur Verwertungsanlage 2) Forschung zur Verwertung von Trümmerschutt 3) Errichtung und Betrieb der Aufbereitungsanlage sowie das Betonwerks.
Auf einem 10 Hektar großen Baugelände im Frankfurter Riederwald wurde die Trümmerverwertungsanlage gebaut. Zunächst wurde eine provisorische Aufbereitungsanlage gebaut, die 1947 in Betrieb war. Nach der Fertigstellung der Aufbereitungs- und Sinteranlage sowie das Betonwerk im Jahr 1950, wurde die provisorische Anlage zurückgebaut.
Die Philipp Holzmann AG war einer ihrer Gründer und trug ihren Teil zum Wiederaufbau der Stadt bei.
A three-dimensional gridded climatology of carbon monoxide (CO) has been developed by trajectory mapping of global MOZAIC-IAGOS in situ measurements from commercial aircraft data. CO measurements made during aircraft ascent and descent, comprising nearly 41 200 profiles at 148 airports worldwide from December 2001 to December 2012 are used. Forward and backward trajectories are calculated from meteorological reanalysis data in order to map the CO measurements to other locations, and so to fill in the spatial domain. This domain-filling technique employs 15 800 000 calculated trajectories to map otherwise sparse MOZAIC-IAGOS data into a quasi-global field. The resulting trajectory-mapped CO dataset is archived monthly from 2001–2012 on a grid of 5° longitude × 5° latitude × 1 km altitude, from the surface to 14 km altitude.
The mapping product has been carefully evaluated, by comparing maps constructed using only forward trajectories and using only backward trajectories. The two methods show similar global CO distribution patterns. The magnitude of their differences is most commonly 10 % or less, and found to be less than 30 % for almost all cases. The trajectory-mapped CO dataset has also been validated by comparison profiles for individual airports with those produced by the mapping method when data from that site are excluded. While there are larger differences below 2 km, the two methods agree very well between 2 and 10 km with the magnitude of biases within 20 %.
Maps are also compared with Version 6 data from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) satellite instrument. While agreement is good in the lowermost troposphere, the MOPITT CO profile shows negative biases of ∼ 20 % between 500 and 300 hPa. These upper troposphere biases are not related to the
mapping procedure, as almost identical differences are found with the original in situ MOZAIC-IAGOS data. The total CO trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS climatology column agrees with the MOPITT CO total column within ±5 %, which is consistent with previous reports.
The maps clearly show major regional CO sources such as biomass burning in the central and southern Africa and anthropogenic emissions in eastern China. The dataset shows the seasonal CO cycle over different latitude bands and altitude ranges that are representative of the regions as well as long-term trends over latitude bands. We observe a decline in CO over the Northern Hemisphere extratropics and the tropics consistent with that reported by previous studies.
Similar maps have been made using the concurrent O3 measurements by MOZAICIAGOS, as the global variation of O3–CO correlations can be a useful tool for the evaluation of ozone sources and transport in chemical transport models. We anticipate use of the trajectory-mapped MOZAIC-IAGOS CO dataset as an a priori climatology for satellite retrieval, and for air quality model validation and initialization.
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