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Highlights
• PUR, PVC and PLA microplastics affect life-history parameters of Daphnia magna.
• Natural kaolin particles are less toxic than microplastics.
• Microplastic toxicity is material-specific, e.g. PVC is most toxic on reproduction.
• In case of PVC, plastic chemicals are the main driver of microplastic toxicity.
• PLA bioplastics are similarly toxic as conventional plastics.
Abstract
Given the ubiquitous presence of microplastics in aquatic environments, an evaluation of their toxicity is essential. Microplastics are a heterogeneous set of materials that differ not only in particle properties, like size and shape, but also in chemical composition, including polymers, additives and side products. Thus far, it remains unknown whether the plastic chemicals or the particle itself are the driving factor for microplastic toxicity. To address this question, we exposed Daphnia magna for 21 days to irregular polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics as well as to natural kaolin particles in high concentrations (10, 50, 100, 500 mg/L, ≤ 59 μm) and different exposure scenarios, including microplastics and microplastics without extractable chemicals as well as the extracted and migrating chemicals alone. All three microplastic types negatively affected the life-history of D. magna. However, this toxicity depended on the endpoint and the material. While PVC had the largest effect on reproduction, PLA reduced survival most effectively. The latter indicates that bio-based and biodegradable plastics can be as toxic as their conventional counterparts. The natural particle kaolin was less toxic than microplastics when comparing numerical concentrations. Importantly, the contribution of plastic chemicals to the toxicity was also plastic type-specific. While we can attribute effects of PVC to the chemicals used in the material, effects of PUR and PLA plastics were induced by the mere particle. Our study demonstrates that plastic chemicals can drive microplastic toxicity. This highlights the importance of considering the individual chemical composition of plastics when assessing their environmental risks. Our results suggest that less studied polymer types, like PVC and PUR, as well as bioplastics are of particular toxicological relevance and should get a higher priority in ecotoxicological studies.
The design of rainwater harvesting based gardens requires considering current climate but also climate change during the lifespan of the facility. The goal of this study is to present an approach for designing garden variants that can be safely supplied with harvested rainwater, taking into account climate change and adaptation measures. In addition, the study presents a methodology to quantify the effects of climate change on rainwater harvesting based gardening. Results of the study may not be accurate due to the assumptions made for climate projections and may need to be further refined. We used a tank flow model and an irrigation water model. Then we established three simple climate scenarios and analyzed the impact of climate change on harvested rain and horticulture production for a semi-arid region in northern Namibia. In the two climate scenarios with decreased precipitation and medium/high temperature increase; adaptation measures are required to avoid substantial decreases in horticulture production. The study found that the most promising adaptation measures to sustain yields and revenues are a more water efficient garden variant and an enlargement of the roof size. The proposed measures can partly or completely compensate the negative impacts of climate change.
Namibia is known to be the most arid country south of the Sahara. Average annual rainfall is not only relatively low in most parts of the country, it is also highly variable. Only 8 per cent of the country receives enough rain during a normal rainy season to practice rainfed cultivation. At the same time between 60 per cent and 70 per cent of the population depend on subsistence agro-pastoralism in non-freehold or communal areas. Against the background of rising unemployment, the livelihoods of the majority of these people are likely to depend on natural resources in the foreseeable future.
Natural resources generally are under considerable strain. As the rural population increases, so is the demand for natural resources, land and water specifically. Dependency on subsistence farming which is the result of large scale rural poverty exacerbates the problem. Large parts of the country are stocked injudiciously, resulting in overgrazing and water is frequently overabstracted, leading to declining water tables (MET 2005: 2).
Unequal access to both land and water has prompted government to introduce reforms in these sectors. These reforms were guided by the desire to manage resources more sustainably while providing more equal access to them. In terms of NDP 2, sustainability means to use natural resources in such a way so as not to ‘compromise the ability of future generations to make use of these resources’ (NDP 2: 595).
Immediately after Independence government started reform processes in the land and water sectors. However, these reforms have happened at different paces and largely independent of each other. Increasingly policy makers and development practitioners realised that land and water management needed to be integrated, as decisions about land management and land use options had a direct impact on water resources. Conversely the availability of water sets the parameters for what is possible in terms of agricultural production and other land uses. The north-central regions face a particular challenge in this regard as the region carries more livestock than it can sustain in the long run. At the same time, close to half the households do not own any livestock. Access to livestock by these households would improve their abilities to cultivate their land more efficiently in order to feed themselves and thus reduce poverty levels.
But livestock are a major consumer of water. In 2000 livestock was consuming more water than the domestic sector. The figures were 77Mm3/a and 67Mm3/a respectively (Urban et al. 2003 Annex 7: 2). This situation has prompted a Project Progress Report on the Namibia Water Resources Management Review in 2003 to conclude that Given the extreme water scarcity in most parts of the country, land and water issues are closely linked. It therefore seems indispensable to mutually adjust land – and water sector reform processes (Ibid: 20).
This paper will briefly look at four institutions that are central to land and water management with a view to assess the extent to which they interact. These are Communal Land Boards, Water Point Committees, Traditional Authorities and Regional Councils. A discussion of relevant policy documents and legislative instruments will investigate whether the existing policy framework
provides for an integrated approach or not. Before doing this, it appears sensible to briefly situate these four institutions in the wider maze of institutions operating at regional and
sub-regional level. All these institutions – important as they are in the quest to improve participation at the regional and sub-regional level – are competing for time and input fros mallscale farmers.
Vorarbeiten zu einer sozial-ökologischen RisDie Nanotechnologie gilt als eine der Schlüsseltechnologien der Zukunft: Die Verringerung der Teilchengröße in den nanoskaligen Bereich führt zu neuartigen physikalischen und chemischen Stoffeigenschaften, welche Innovationspotenzial in vielfältigen Anwendungsfeldern versprechen. Besonders in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten hat die Nanotechnologie wirtschaftlich an Bedeutung gewonnen, da immer mehr nanotechnologische Entwicklungen kommerziell umgesetzt werden. Aufgrund des breiten Anwendungsspektrums und der Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Materialien ist bisher weder eine transparente Darstellung der tatsächlichen wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung noch eine adäquate Bewertung potenzieller Gesundheits- und Umweltrisiken, die aus den neuartigen nanospezifischen Eigenschaften hervorgehen könnten, möglich.
Das Papier gibt einen aktuellen Überblick über den Stand des Wissens zum Thema Nanotechnologie, wobei besonderer Fokus auf den Bereich Risiko, Toxikologie und Ökotoxikologie sowie Risikowahrnehmung und -kommunikation gelegt wird. Die Ergebnisse der Literaturstudie sollen künftig dazu dienen, zu prüfen, welchen Beitrag ein sozial-ökologischer Forschungsansatz zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung und Nutzung der Nanotechnologie leisten kann.
Arzneimittelrückstände werden heute in zahlreichen Gewässern nachgewiesen. Kleinste Spuren finden sich sogar im Trinkwasser. Auch wenn die Konzentrationen in der Regel sehr gering sind, belegen Forschungsergebnisse für einzelne Wirkstoffe klare Umweltrisiken. Fische, Frösche und Kleinstlebewesen zeigen deutliche Reaktionen auf Medikamentenwirkstoffe im Wasser. Gefahren für die menschliche Gesundheit bestehen nach heutigem Kenntnisstand nicht. Aus Umweltschutz- und Vorsorgegründen ist es jedoch geboten, die Einträge von Arzneimittelwirkstoffen in die Umwelt zu reduzieren. Der aktuelle rechtliche Rahmen liefert für wirksame Maßnahmen kaum eine Handhabe. Deshalb muss auch über Handlungsmöglichkeiten nachgedacht werden, die jenseits rechtlicher Lösungsansätze durchführbar sind. Der hier vorgelegte Text umreißt den gegenwärtigen Wissensstand zum Thema „Arzneimittelwirkstoffe im Wasserkreislauf“ und zeigt praktische Handlungsoptionen auf, wie der Eintrag von Arzneimittelwirkstoffen in die Umwelt verringert werden kann. Dabei wird ein integrierter Ansatz verfolgt, der Handlungsmöglichkeiten auf drei verschiedenen Ebenen empfiehlt: bei der Arzneimittelentwicklung, der technischen Abwasserbehandlung und beim Umgang mit Arzneimitteln. Dieser Bericht ist im Rahmen des Projekts „Arznei für Mensch und Umwelt?“ im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes entstanden und richtet sich in erster Linie an die Zielgruppe Ärztinnen/Ärzte und Studierende der Medizin.
Medieninhaltsanalyse zu anthropogenen Spurenstoffen im Wasser : Ergebnisse aus dem Projekt TransRisk
(2014)
Im Projekt TransRisk erstellt das ISOE in Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall (DWA) und der TU-Dresden ein Kommunikationskonzept zur Reduzierung von anthropogenen Spurenstoffen im Wasserkreislauf für die allgemeine Bevölkerung. Hierfür hat das ISOE als Vorarbeit eine Medieninhaltsanalyse von Zeitungsartikeln durchgeführt. Es ging dabei um die Frage, wie das Thema anthropogene Spurenstoffe bisher in der Presse behandelt worden ist. In diesem Studientext werden die Ergebnisse der Medienanalyse vorgestellt. Sie zeigen, dass die Berichterstattung zu anthropogenen Spurenstoffen im Wasserkreislauf in der Regel sachlich ist und nur selten reißerisch oder verharmlosend. Von der Vielzahl an Spurenstoffen stehen Medikamentenreste und Hormone im Mittelpunkt. Konkretes Handlungswissen für Verbraucher wird eher selten vermittelt. Eine zukünftige Kommunikationsstrategie zu anthropogenen Spurenstoffen im Wasserkreislauf sollte daher auf die Vermittlung von solidem Handlungswissen zielen. Weiter lässt sich aus den Ergebnissen ableiten, dass insbesondere bei Spurenstoffen, die nicht aus Medikamenten stammen, zunächst einmal Problembewusstsein geschaffen werden muss.