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Background: Culture-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) exhibit variable characteristics when manufactured using different methods and different source materials. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact on MSC characteristics when different laboratories propagated MSCs from cultures initiated with BM aliquots derived from the same donor source material.
Methods and Methods: Five aliquots from each of three different BM donors were distributed to five independent laboratories. Three laboratories plated whole BM and two laboratories a mononuclear BM cell fraction. Four laboratories cultured in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and one laboratory used human platelet lysate (hPL). Initial cell seeding densities (i.e., P0) ranged from 19.7 × 103/cm2–282 × 103/cm2 and for second seeding (i.e., P1) 0.05 × 103–5.1 × 103 cells/cm2. Post-thawed MSCs from each laboratory were analyzed for cell viability, immunophenotype, tri-lineage differentiation, fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F), gene expression, and immunosuppressive activity.
Results: Transit times from BM collection to receipt by laboratories located in the United States ranged from 16.0–30.0 h and from 41.5–71.5 h for a laboratory in Asia. Post-thaw culture derived MSCs rom BM #1, #2, and #3 exhibited viabilities that ranged from 74–92%, 61–96%, and 23–90%, respectively. CFU activity from BM #1, #2, and #3 per 200 MSCs plated averaged 45.1 ± 21.4, 49.3 ± 26.8 and 14.9 ± 13.3, respectively. No substantial differences were observed in immunophenotype, and immunosuppressive activities. Global gene expression profiles of MSCs revealed transcriptome differences due to different inter-laboratory methods and to donor source material with the center effects showing greater molecular differences than source material.
Conclusion: Functional and molecular differences exist among MSCs produced by different centers even when the same BM starting material is used to initiate cultures. These results indicated that manufacturing of MSCs by five independent centers contributed more to MSC variability than did the source material of the BM used in this study. Thus, emphasizing the importance of establishing worldwide standards to propagate MSCs for clinical use.
L. religiosum Simon, 1879 was found at Mayen near Koblenz (Rhineland-Palatinate), Germany. This is the first record for Germany and is about 500 km from the known distribution area of the species in the southwestern Alps. The German population seems to be restricted to the ancient Roman quarry “Mayener Grubenfeld” where it is confined to stone walls and cave systems with balanced microclimatic conditions. Genital morphological structures were found to be very fragile, were easily deformed and therefore apparently variable. Difficulties in using these characters for taxonomy are discussed. Ecology, provenance and conservation status of the newly discovered population are considered.
The brain is a highly dynamic and variable system: when the same stimulus is presented to the same animal on the same day multiple times, the neural responses show high trial-to-trial variability. In addition, even in the absence of sensory stimulation neural recordings spontaneously show seemingly random activity patterns. Evoked and spontaneous neural variability is not restricted to activity but is also found in structure: most synapses do not survive for longer than two weeks and even those that do show high fluctuations in their efficacy.
Both forms of variability are further affected by stochastic components of neural processing such as frequent transmission failure. At present it is unclear how these observations relate to each other and how they arise in cortical circuits.
Here, we will investigate how the self-organizational processes of neural circuits affect the high variability in two different directions: First, we will show that recurrent dynamics of self-organizing neural networks can account for key features of neural variability. This is achieved in the absence of any intrinsic noise sources by the neural network models learning a predictive model of their environment with sampling-like dynamics. Second, we will show that the same self-organizational processes can compensate for intrinsic noise sources. For this, an analytical model and more biologically plausible models are established to explain the alignment of parallel synapses in the presence of synaptic failure.
Both modeling studies predict properties of neural variability, of which two are subsequently tested on a synapse database from a dense electron microscopy reconstruction from mouse somatosensory cortex and on multi-unit recordings from the visual cortex of macaque monkeys during a passive viewing task. While both analyses yield interesting results, the predicted properties were not confirmed, guiding the next iteration of experiments and modeling studies.
Der Zilpzalp verwendet zum Beuteerwerb verschiedene Fangtechniken, die in ihrer relativen Häufigkeit variieren. Die Haupttechniken waren Picken, Schwirrflug, Pickflug und Fangflug. Mit der bevorzugten Anwendung einzelner Techniken waren spezifische Bewegungsmuster verbunden. Als ursächliche Faktoren für die Variabilität der Verhaltensstrategien beim Nahrungserwerb werden die Vegetationsdichte und –struktur, das Nahrungsangebot und der Brutstatus diskutiert. In hoher Vegetationsdichte sowie bei der Jagd nach sehr kleinen Beutetieren, die in hoher Dichte vorkamen, war Picken aus dem Stand die häufigste Beutefangtechnik. In geringer Vegetationsdichte bevorzugten die Zilpzalpe Techniken, die mit einem Flugmanöver verbunden sind. Im Schwirrflug wurden unübersichtliche Vegetationsbereiche abgesammelt, der Pickflug wurde bevorzugt in großblättrigen Baumarten angewandt. Am Jahresanfang war die Variabilität der Strategien besonders groß. Dies kann mit dem noch knappen Nahrungsangebot begründet werden, welches die Vögel zur Ausnutzung ihres gesamten Potenzials an Verhaltensstrategien zwingt. Während der Brutzeit benutzten Futter tragende Vögel im Vergleich zu nicht Futter tragenden Männchen bei der Nahrungssuche in den gleichen Pflanzenarten einen höheren Anteil von Pick- und Schwirrflug. Gemäß optimal foraging- Theorien ist anzunehmen, dass diese Techniken zwar energieaufwändiger, bei passendem Nahrungsangebot aber effizienter sind als einfaches Picken. Im Vergleich mit anderen Untersuchungen an Insekten fressenden Vogelarten erscheint der Zilpzalp sehr variabel in Bezug auf sein Verhalten beim Nahrungserwerb.