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Naturalness is one of the most important criteria in nature conservation. This paper examines the fundamental concepts underlying the definition and assessment of naturalness. Its role in nature conservation and forest management under conditions of global change is also discussed. The degree of naturalness may be defined in ordinal classes. The “static” concept of the potential natural vegetation (pnV), developed in the 1950ies, is mostly used as the reference state. In other cases, its reversed concept, the hemeroby (degree of articifiality) is assessed, based on the intensity and frequency of human impacts. Since the 1970ies, more attention has been given to natural dynamics than in earlier approaches, e.g. in forest succession models. At the end of the 1980ies, the previous importance was increasingly stressed of natural browsing by large herbivores and the role of predators. These large herbivors are extinct today in most cultural European landscapes. It is assumed, that they open up the canopy, and create park-like forest structures which contain a diversity of habitats for other types of organism (birds, insects). Changed and permanently changing environments and altering patterns of competition between species continue to modify natural processes today. Some of the more conspicuous effects are the extinction of native species and immigration of species to new regions. Long-lived ecosystems like forests are however not able to adapt quickly to such changes and may be unable to find a new balance with the environment. Today, such changes occur very rapidly, and are reducing the original naturalness of ecosystems. Because of this, the criterion “naturalness” must be downweighted. Conversely, more importance should be attached to other criteria: particularly originality (= original naturalness) and restorability. Forestry is contributing to this accelerated change of biocoenoses by increasing disturbances and introducing exotic tree species. Naturalisation of some exotic tree species modifies the natural processes and creates a “new allochthonous naturalness”. Because of this, forest planning should try to preserve or restore stands with attributes of the “original forest”. Exotic species should not be planted, or only in a very restricted way.
In our present-day landscape in Central Europe major parts of the xylobiontic especially of the saproxylic beetle fauna belong to the group of endangered species assemblages (Speight 1989, Geiser 1994). Oaks, in Central Europe mainly Quercus robur and Q. petraea, are well known for their large number of associated insect species and harbour the highest beetle diversity, especially for dead wood inhabiting species, of all broadleaved tree species in this region (e.g. Palm 1959). A characteristic species associated with oaks in its life-cycle is the endangered Great Capricorn Cerambyx cerdo. C. cerdo is one of the protected species explicitly named in the Habitats Directive of the European Union with the goal of maintaining existing populations and establishing long-term survival (Council of the European Communities 1992). The last remaining colonised areas of this longhorn beetle in Central Europe are well known for the enormous number of very rare xylobiontic beetle species. Thus, we are interested in the following research questions: 1) Are there typical species associated with C. cerdo? 2) If so, what kind of relationship do these associated species have to C. cerdo from a nature conservation point of view?
Dieser Newsletter informiert monatlich über den aktuellen Stand des Wiederansiedlungsprojekt des Bartgeiers (Gypaetus barbatus) im Alpenraum, im speziellen in Österreich. Das Bartgeier-Wiederansiedlungsprojekt wird derzeit durch ein LIFE-Programm der Europäischen Union gefördert. Weiters wird das Projekt in Österreich gemeinschaftlich vom Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, dem Verein Eulen- und Greifvogelschutz sowie dem WWF Österreich in Verbindung mit folgenden Partnern durchgeführt: - Nationalpark Hohe Tauern - Verein Eulen- und Greifvogelschutz - WWF Österreich - Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien - Lebensministerium - Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt Das Projekt wird zusätzich unterstützt vom Alpenzoo Innsbruck, dem Tiergarten Schönbrunn, der Vorarlberger Jägerschaft, der Salzburger Jägerschaft, der Kärntner Jägerschaft, dem Tiroler Jägerverband, dem Nationalpark Stilfser Joch, der Stiftung Pro Bartgeier sowie der Foundation for the Conservation of the Bearded Vulture.