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In the present monograph, we will deal with questions of lexical typology in the nominal domain. By the term "lexical typology in the nominal domain", we refer to crosslinguistic regularities in the interaction between (a) those areas of the lexicon whose elements are capable of being used in the construction of "referring phrases" or "terms" and (b) the grammatical patterns in which these elements are involved. In the traditional analyses of a language such as English, such phrases are called "nominal phrases". In the study of the lexical aspects of the relevant domain, however, we will not confine ourselves to the investigation of "nouns" and "pronouns" but intend to take into consideration all those parts of speech which systematically alternate with nouns, either as heads or as modifiers of nominal phrases. In particular, this holds true for adjectives both in English and in other Standard European Languages. It is well known that adjectives are often difficult to distinguish from nouns, or that elements with an overt adjectival marker are used interchangeably with nouns, especially in particular semantic fields such as those denoting MATERIALS or NATlONALlTIES. That is, throughout this work the expression "lexical typology in the nominal domain" should not be interpreted as "a typology of nouns", but, rather, as the cross-linguistic investigation of lexical areas constitutive for "referring phrases" irrespective of how the parts-of-speech system in a specific language is defined.
The goal of this paper is to study the influence of information structure in the referential status of linguistic expressions such as bare plurals and indefinite NPs in Spanish. In particular, we will argue for the following claims: (a) Spanish bare plurals can receive a generic interpretation in object position and (b) Spanish bare plurals in object position can be topics in siru. We will focus on object position because of the well known semantic and syntactic constraints that affect preverbal subject bare plurals in Spanish.
Gramatica dependenţială, aşa cum a fost elaborată în spaţiul de limbă germană, în special de Ulrich Engel, a fost receptată în lingvistica românească cu mare întârziere.
Lucrarea de faţă se concentrează asupra unui fenomen lingvistic specific, fraza nominală, şi analizează un text subsumabil limbajului juridic din perspectiva nucleelor nominale formate de cuvinte compuse în limba germană. Pornind de la conceptul de valenţă se analizează din perspectivă contrastivă varianta textului în limba germană şi traducerea în limba română.
Se evidenţiază diferenţele structurale dintre cele două limbi la nivelul sintactic şi semantic, diferenţe care, dacă nu sunt sesizate şi interpretate corect, au drept repercusiuni traduceri deficitare.
This paper focuses on restrictions on the ordering of internal constituents of noun phrases in Chichewa, especially when those constituents are discontinuous. The motivation for discontinuity of the NP constituents will be given, together with discussion of constructions that can be subsumed under this rubric but that do not really involve discontinuity in the canonical sense. These are constructions where a topic NP in a left periphery position is either linked anaphorically with a modifier "remnant" or semantically with its hyponym in post-verbal position. According to Guthrie's classification of Bantu languages, Chichewa is placed in zone N unit N31. It is regarded as a dialect of Nyanja, classified as belonging to unit N30 (Guthrie 1967-71).
Chinese is often taken as a prime example of an isolating language. Most relation marking takes the form of particles rather than affixes or inflections. Possibly relevant to the facts that are presented below, Chinese has been argued to not have grammaticalized the sort of pivot constructions normally associated with grammatical relations. That is, it has been argued to not have any particular alignment, as there are no grammatical relations, and the clause pattern is simply topic-comment (Chao 1968, Lü 1979, LaPolla 1993, 1995, 2009; LaPolla & Poa 2005, 2006). We will first talk more generally about structures found in Sino-Tibetan languages, and then focus on Modern Mandarin Chinese.
Maschinelles Lernen wird häufig zur effzienten Annotation großer Datenmengen eingesetzt. Die Forschung zu maschinellen Lernverfahren beschränkt sich i.a. darauf unterschiedliche Lernverfahren zu vergelichen oder die optimale größe der Trainingsdaten zu bestimmen. Bisher wurde jedoch nicht untersucht, in wie weit sich linguistisches Wissen bei der Aufgabendefinition positiv auswirken kann. Dies soll hier anhand des Lernens von Base-Nominalphrasen mit drei unterschiedlichen Definitionen untersucht werden. Die Definitionen unterscheiden sich im Grad der linguistisch motivierten Erweiterungen, die zu einer eher praktisch motivierten ersten Definition hinzu kamen. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sich die Anzahl der falsch klasssifizierten Wörter um ein Drittel reduzieren lässt.
Im folgenden sollen Nominalphrasen im Zentralthai auf die ihnen eigentümliche Erscheinung der Numeralklassifikatoren untersucht werden. Der inzwischen allgemein üblich gewordene Terminus Klassifikator bezeichnet eine im Thai relativ umfangreiche Gruppe von Lexemen, die als Exponenten von nach inhaltlichen Merkmalen geschiedenen Nominalklassen figurieren. Doch ist es unverkennbar, daß diesen Lexemen abgesehen von ihrer lexikalischen Funktion vor allem eine wesentliche syntaktische Funktion zukommt: denn ihr Auftreten ist an ganz bestimmte Konstruktionen gebunden. Mit dieser syntaktischen Funktion wollen wir uns im folgenden befassen.
The purpose of this paper is to provide a unified (i.e. independent of lexical categories) account of Persian stress. I show that by differentiating word- and phrase-level stress rules, one can account for the superficial differences exemplified in (1) above and many of the stipulations suggested by previous scholars. The paper is organized as follows. In section 1, I look at nouns and adjectives and propose a rule that would account for their stress pattern. In section 2, I extend the stress rule to verbs and show the problem this category poses to our generalization. The main proposal of this paper is discussed in section 3. I introduce the phrasal stress rule in Persian and show that by differentiating word-level and phrase-level stress rules, one can come to a unified account of Persian stress. Section 4 deals with some problematic eases for the proposed generalization and discusses some tentative solutions and their theoretical consequences. Section 5 concludes the paper.
The left periphery has enjoyed extensive study over the past years, especially drawn against the framework of Rizzi (1997). It is argued that in this part of the clause, relations are licensed that have direct impact on discourse interpretation and information structure, such as topic, focus, clause type, and the like. I take this line of research up and argue in favour of a split CP on the basis of strictly left-peripheral phenomena across languages. But I also want to link the relation of articulated clause structure, syntactic derivations, and information structure. In particular, I outline the basics of a model of syntactic derivation that makes explicit reference to the interpretive interfaces in a cyclic, dynamic manner.
I suggest a return to older stages of generative grammar, at least in spirit, by proposing that clausal derivation stretches over three important areas which I call prolific domains: the part of the clause which licenses argument/thematic relations (V- or θ-domain), the part that licenses agreement/grammatica1 relations (T- or ϕ-domain), and the part that licenses discourse/information-relevant relations (C- or ω-domain). It is thus a rather broad and conceptual notion of "adding" and "omitting" that I am concerned with here, namely licensing of material to relate to information structure, and the desire to find an answer to the question which elements might be added or omitted across languages to establish such links.