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Vögel spielen vor allem aufgrund ihrer Häufigkeit in natürlichen und anthropogenen Habitaten sowie ihrer von anderen Wirbeltieren unübertroffenen Mobilität als natürliche Reservoire von Krankheitserregern eine bedeutende infektionsepidemiologische Rolle. Darüber hinaus können Zugvögel während ihrer Migration Erreger wie Vektoren über hunderte oder tausende von Kilometern transportieren und in ihrer Verbreitung extrem begünstigen. Dass Vögel neben anderen Tiergruppen eine wichtige Wirtsfunktion für Zecken besitzen, ist bekannt. Ebenso wird Vögeln eine Reservoirfunktion für bestimmte Genospezies des Borrelia burgdorferi-Artenkomplexes zugesprochen (GERN et al. 1998; GYLFE et al. 2000). In welchem Maße verschiedene Vogelarten an der geographischen Verbreitung dieser Bakterienarten beteiligt sind, ist jedoch noch weitgehend unklar. In dieser Studie sollte durch die Untersuchung von an Vögeln abgesammelten Zecken (Ixoes ricinus) die Bedeutung von drei Drosselarten (Turdidae) für den Lebenszyklus der Borrelien genauer untersucht werden. Des Weiteren wurde die Reservoirfunktion dieser Vogelarten für vier verschiedene Genospezies des B. burgdorferi-Komplexes geprüft.
Aim: Recent studies in southern Africa identified past biome stability as an important predictor of biodiversity. We aimed to assess the extent to which past biome stability predicts present global biodiversity patterns, and the extent to which projected climatic changes may lead to eventual biome changes in areas with constant past biome.
Location: Global.
Taxon: Spermatophyta; terrestrial vertebrates.
Methods: Biome constancy was assessed and mapped using results from 89 dynamic global vegetation model simulations, driven by outputs of palaeoclimate experiments spanning the past 140 ka. We tested the hypothesis that terrestrial vertebrate diversity is predicted by biome constancy. We also simulated potential future vegetation, and hence potential future biome patterns, and quantified and mapped the extent of projected eventual future biome change in areas of past constant biome.
Results: Approximately 11% of global ice-free land had a constant biome since 140 ka. Apart from areas of constant Desert, many areas with constant biome support high species diversity. All terrestrial vertebrate groups show a strong positive relationship between biome constancy and vertebrate diversity in areas of greater diversity, but no relationship in less diverse areas. Climatic change projected by 2100 commits 46%–66% of global ice-free land, and 34%–52% of areas of past constant biome (excluding areas of constant Desert) to eventual biome change.
Main conclusions: Past biome stability strongly predicts vertebrate diversity in areas of higher diversity. Future climatic changes will lead to biome changes in many areas of past constant biome, with profound implications for biodiversity conservation. Some projected biome changes will result in substantial reductions in biospheric carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services.
There was always a close connection between human beings and plants, mammals and insects, but also birds, which enlivened yards and gardens, fields and forests with their flight, playfulness and their voices. Therefore it does not come as a surprise that some of our linguists and folklorists like the North-Transylvanian linguist Gustav Kisch and the South-Transylvanian linguist and folklorist Pauline Schullerus refer in some minor works to wellknown bird names as they appear in traditions, fairy tales, rhymes, idioms (sayings) and proverbs. But they never mention any owl species. This presentation provides the names of certain owl species as they appear in Transylvanian-Saxon and neighboring languages, as they were grouped by certain criteria according to their appearance. Descriptive idiomatic examples reflect their specific features and way of life.
he most basic behavioural states of animals can be described as active or passive. While high-resolution observations of activity patterns can provide insights into the ecology of animal species, few methods are able to measure the activity of individuals of small taxa in their natural environment. We present a novel approach in which a combination of automatic radiotracking and machine learning is used to distinguish between active and passive behaviour in small vertebrates fitted with lightweight transmitters (<0.4 g).
We used a dataset containing >3 million signals from very-high-frequency (VHF) telemetry from two forest-dwelling bat species (Myotis bechsteinii [n = 52] and Nyctalus leisleri [n = 20]) to train and test a random forest model in assigning either active or passive behaviour to VHF-tagged individuals. The generalisability of the model was demonstrated by recording and classifying the behaviour of tagged birds and by simulating the effect of different activity levels with the help of humans carrying transmitters. The model successfully classified the activity states of bats as well as those of birds and humans, although the latter were not included in model training (F1 0.96–0.98).
We provide an ecological case-study demonstrating the potential of this automated monitoring tool. We used the trained models to compare differences in the daily activity patterns of two bat species. The analysis showed a pronounced bimodal activity distribution of N. leisleri over the course of the night while the night-time activity of M. bechsteinii was relatively constant. These results show that subtle differences in the timing of species' activity can be distinguished using our method.
Our approach can classify VHF-signal patterns into fundamental behavioural states with high precision and is applicable to different terrestrial and flying vertebrates. To encourage the broader use of our radiotracking method, we provide the trained random forest models together with an R package that includes all necessary data processing functionalities. In combination with state-of-the-art open-source automated radiotracking, this toolset can be used by the scientific community to investigate the activity patterns of small vertebrates with high temporal resolution, even in dense vegetation.
Einleitung
(1996)
Biologische Vielfalt ist ein unersetzbarer Reichtum der Erde. Ihrer zunehmenden Beeinträchtigung Einhalt zu gebieten, galt die internationale Umweltkonferenz 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. Das dort verabschiedete Übereinkommen über die biologische Vielfalt, das inzwischen von über 170 Staaten unterzeichnet worden ist, soll dazu beitragen, dem Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt die ihm gebührende Bedeutung nicht nur beizumessen, sondern ihn auch in verstärktem Maße durchzusetzen. Deutschland hat maßgeblich zu dieser Biodiversitätskonvention beigetragen und sie am 21.12.1993 ratifiziert. Auf die Bedeutung und die Schwerpunkte der Konvention sei hier nur im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der internationalen Vogelschutzgebiete im europäischen Biotopverbund besonderer Schutzgebiete "Natura 2000" eingegangen.