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Based on an integrative taxonomic approach, a new species of the genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832, is described from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. is described based on DNA barcoding using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and morphology. For species delimitation, four molecular methods were implemented: 1) corrected p-distances under neighbor joining (NJ); 2) automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD); 3) general mixed yule coalescent model (GMYC) and 4) Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP). The new species morphologically resembles L. jaca, another species from Hidalgo, but there are morphological differences mainly in the tibiae of the male palp, the seminal receptacles of the females and also the high genetic p-distances. CO1 was more informative than ITS2 for the genetic separation; however, both concatenated genes (CO1 + ITS2) present robust evidence for species delimitation. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. is considered a unique species for four reasons: 1) it can be diagnosed and distinguished by morphological characters (of the male palps mainly, but also of the seminal receptacles of the females); 2) the genetic p-distances with CO1 were high (>10%); 3) the molecular species delimitation methods were congruent under CO1 and CO1 + ITS2; and 4) under CO1 and CO1 + ITS2, the new species is a putative sister group of L. jaca + L. tenango.
In this review (third part), several species within the Nassarius pauperus complex from the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific are treated, including a revised concept of Nassa paupera Gould, 1850, type species of the genus Reticunassa Iredale, 1936. In the most recent taxonomic revision, several species had been synonymized with Nassarius pauperus (Gould, 1850), despite distinctive differences among these species in shell morphology. We sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear 28S genes of all available Nassarius pauperus complex species. Automatic barcode gap discovery and reciprocal monophyly were applied to propose species delimitation hypotheses and to support a new concept of the genus. Using morphological and molecular characters, Reticunassa is elevated to full genus rank. Six new species are described: Reticunassa visayaensis sp. nov., R. poppeorum sp. nov., R. annabolteae sp. nov., R. goliath sp. nov., R. intrudens sp. nov. and R. thailandensis sp. nov., while R. tringa (Souverbie, 1864) is recognized as a valid species.
The small conoidean Hemilienardia ocellata is one of the easily recognizable Indo-Pacific “turrids”, primarily because of its remarkable eyespot colour pattern. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed four species that share this “characteristic” colour pattern but demonstrate consistent differences in size and shell proportions. Three new species – Hemilienardia acinonyx sp. nov. from the Philippines, H. lynx sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea and H. pardus sp. nov. from the Society and Loyalty Islands – are described based on the results of phylogenetic analyses. Although the H. ocellata species complex clade falls in a monophyletic Hemilienardia, H. ocellata and H. acinonyx sp. nov. possess a radula with semi-enrolled or notably flattened triangular marginal teeth, a condition that diverges substantially from the standard radular morphology of Hemilienardia and other raphitomids.